Abstract
The main features of autogenic bog development are discussed. Using extensive literature the changes in vegetation, surface topography, soil environment and hydrology are characterized. Oligotrophy and low pH seem to be the most important factors directing bog succession. The decrease in decomposition rates correlates with increase of the content of dissolved oxygen in the soil water. Due to substantial changes in local environment bog succession should be considered first of all as an ecosystem process. In comparison with mineral land communities bog succession is characterized by more deterministic development. Both successional convergence and divergence are observed. In every case the concrete character of bog dynamics depends on the spatial and temporal scales of investigation.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Literature Cited
Aario L. (1932): Pflanzentopographische und paläogeographische Mooruntersuchungen in Nord-Satakunta.— Fennia 55: 1–179.
Aartolahti T. (1965): Oberflächenformen von Hochmooren und ihre Entwicklung in Südwest-Häme und Nord-Satakunta.—Fennia 93: 1–286.
Aaviksoo K., Masing V. etZobel M. (1984): Autogenic succession of mires: a markovian approach.— In: Estonia. Nature, man, economy, p. 56–67.—Tallinn.
Abolin R. I. (1914): Opyt epigenologičeskoi klassifikatsij bolot.—Bolotovedenije 3: 3–55.
Abolin R. I. (1928): K voprosu o klassifikatsij bolot Severo-Zapadnoi oblasti.—In: Materialy po opytnomu meliorativnomy delu 2, p. 3–55.—Moskva.
Aleksandrov G. A. etLogofet D. O. (1985): Dinamičeskaja model sovmestnogo krugovorota organičeskogo vešestva i azota.—In:Svirižev J. M. (ed.), Matematičeskoje modelirovanije biogeocenotičeskich processov, p. 80–97.—Moskva.
Aleksandrova V. D. (1964): Izučenije smen rastitelnogo pokrova.—In: Polevaja geobotanika 3, p. 300–447.—Moskava.
Antonovsky M. Y., Korzuhin M. D. etLitvin V. A. (1981): Dinamičeskaja model načalnoi stadii poverhnostnogo zaboločivanija.—In: Problemy biosfery: informacionnyi bjulleten 2, p. 54–59.—Moskva.
Auer V. (1920): Über die Entstehung der Stränge auf der Torfmooren.—Acta Bot. Fenn. 12: 1–145.
Backeus I. (1972): Bog vegetation re-mapped after sixty years.—Oikos 23: 384–393.
Barber K. E. (1981): Peat stratigraphy and climatic change.—Rotterdam, 219 pp.
Barry T. A. etSynnott D. M. (1984): Bryophytic succession in woody fen and other peat types in two hochmoore in central Ireland.—Proc. 7th Int. Peat Congr. 1: 1–26.—Dublin.
Bell P. R. (1959): The ability ofSphagnum to absorb cations preferentially from dilute solutions resembling natural waters.—J. Ecol. 47: 351–355.
Bellamy P. J. (1968): An ecological approach to the classification of European mires.—Proc. 3rd Int. Peat Congr., p. 74–79.—Quebec.
Bellamy D. J. etRieley J. (1967): Some ecological statistics of a “miniature bog”.—Oikos 18: 33–40.
Bernard J. M., Seischeb F. K. etGauch H. G. Jr. (1983): Gradient analysis of the vegetation of the Byron-Bergen swamp, a rich fen in western New-York.—Vegetatio 53: 85–91.
Boatman D. J. (1977): Observations on the growth ofSphagnum cuspidatum in a bog pool on the Silver National Nature Reserve.—J. Ecol. 65: 119–126.
Boatman D. J. (1984): HydrophilicSphagnum species and the development of pattern on the Silver Flowe National Nature Reserv, Scotland.—Proc. 7th Int. Peat Congr. Dublin 1: 45–53.
Boatman D. J. etArmstrong W. (1968): A bog type n north-west Sutherland.—J. Ecol. 56: 129–141.
Boatman D. J., Goode D. A. etHulme P. D. (1981): The Silver Flowe. III. Pattern development on Long Lock B and Craigeazle mires.—J. Ecol. 69: 897–918.
Boatman D. J. etTomlinson R. W. (1973): The Silver Flowe. I. Some structural and hydrological features of Brishie bog and their bearing on pool formation.—J. Ecol. 61: 653–666.
Bogdanovskaja-Guiheneuf I. D. (1936): Obrazovanije i razvitije grjad i močažin na bolotach.— Sov. botanika 6: 35–52.
Bogdanovskaja-Guiheneuf I.D. (1969): Zakonomernosti formirovanija bolot verhovogo tipa.—Leningrad, 186 pp.
Boggie R. Hunter R. F. etKnight A. H. (1958): Studies on the root development of plants in the field using radioactive tracers. II. Community growing in deep peat.—J. Ecol. 46: 629–639.
Botch M. S. (1972): O primenenij indikacionnych svoistv rastitelnosti bolot pri ustanovlenij tipa pitanija.—In: Osnovnyje principy izučenija bolotnych biogeocenozov, p. 39–54.—Leningrad.
Botch M. S. (1978a): Dostiženija sovremennogo bolotovedenija.— In Itogi nauki i tehniki 2. Botanika, p. 5–65.—Moskva.
Botch M. S. (1978): Nekotoryje zakonomernosti razloženija rastenij na bolotach kak osnova dinamiki bolot.—In: Genezis in dinamika bolot 1, p. 18–24,—Moskva.
Botch M. S. etMasing V. (1979): Ekosistemy bolot SSSR.—Leningrad, 187 pp.
Bradbury I. K. etGrace J. (1983): Primary production in wetlands.—In:Gore A. J. P. (ed.), Ecosystems of the world 4A. Mires: swamp, bog, fen and moor, p. 285–310.—Amsterdam.
Bradis E. M. (1972): Rastitelnyi pokrov bolot kak pokazatel ich tipa po uslo vijam pitanija.— In: Osnovnyje principy izučenija bolotnych biogeocenozov, p. 29–38.—Leningrad.
von Bülow K. (1929): Allgemeine Moorgeologie. Handbuch der Moorkunde, Band 1.—Berlin, 308 pp.
Cajander A. (1913): Studien über die Moore Finnalands.—Acta For. Fenn. 2: 1–298.
Casparie W. A. (1972): Bog development in southeastern Drenthe (The Netherlands).—Vegetatio 25: 1–271.
Cattelino P. J., Noble I. R. etKessell S. R. (1979): Predicting the multiple pathways of plant succession.—Environ. Manag. 3: 41–50.
Christensen N. L. etPeet R. K. (1981): Secondary forest succession on the North Carolina Piedmont.—In:West D. C., Shugart H. H. etBotkin D. B. (eds.): Forest succession, p. 230–245.—New York.
Clements F. E. (1905): Research methods in ecology.—Lincoln, 334 pp.
Clements F. E. (1916): Plant succession.—Washington, 512 pp.
Clymo R. C. (1963): Ion excange inSphagnum and its relation to the bog system.—Ann. Bot. (Lond.) N. S. 27: 309–324.
Clymo R. C. (1978): A model of peat bog growth.—In:Heal O. W. etPerkins D. F. (eds.)., Production ecology of British moors and montane grasslands, p. 187–223.—New York.
Clymo R. C. (1983): Peat.—In:Gore A. J. P. (ed.), Ecosystems of the world 4A. Mires: swamp, bog, fen and moor, p. 159–224.—Amsterdam.
Colinvaux P. A.; (1973): Introduction to ecology.—New York, 621 pp.
Connell J. H. etSlatyer R. O. (1977): Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organization.—Amer. Nat. 111: 1119–1144.
Conway V. M. (1949): Ringinglow Bog near Sheffield. Part. II.; The present surface.—J. Ecol. 66: 631–650.
Cowles H. C. (1899): The ecological relations of the vegetation of the sand dunes of Lake Michigen.— Bot. Gazette 27: 95–117, 167–202, 281–308, 361–391.
Cowles H. C. (1909): The fundamental causes of succession among plant associations.—Report Brit. Assoc., Trans. of Sect. K.: 668–670.
Damman A. W. H. (1978): Distribution and movement of elements in ombrotrophic peat bogs..— Oikos 30 480–495.
Damman A. W. H. (1979): Geographic patterns in peatland development in eastern North America.—Proc. Int. Symp. on Classif. of Peat and Peatlands, p. 42–57.—Hyytiälä.
Dickinson C. N. (1983): Micro-organisms in peatlands.—In: Gore A. J. P. (ed.) Ecosystems of the world 4A. Mires: swamp, bog, fen and moor, p. 225–245.—Amsterdam.
Dokturowsky W. S. (1922): Bolota i torfjaniki.—Moskva, 224 pp.
Dokturowsky W. S. (1927): Die Sukzession der Pflanzen-Assoziationen in den Russischen Torfmooren.—Verhöffent der Geobotanischen Institutes Rübel in Zürich 4: 123–143.
Drury W. H. etNisbet I. C. T (1973): Succession.—J. Arnold Abror. 54: 331–368.
Du Rietz E. G. (1949): Huvudenhetrr och huvudgränser i svensk myrvegetation.—Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 43: 274–309.
Du Rietz E. G. etNannfeldt I. A. (1925): Ryggmossen und Stigsbo Rödmosse, die letzten lebenden Hochmoore der Gegend von Upsala. Führer für die vierte I. P. E. Sven.—Växtsociol. Sällsk. Handl. 3: 1–21.
Egler F. E. (1954): Vegetation science concepts I. Initial floristic composition, a factor in oldfield vegetation development.—Vegetatio 4: 412–417.
Etherington J. R. (1983): Wetland ecology.—London, 67 pp.
Eurola S. (1962): Über die regional Einteilung der südfinnischen Moore.—Ann. Bot. Soc. Zool.-Bot. Fenn. “Vanamo” 33: 1–243.
Foster D. R., King G. A., Glaser P. H. etWright H. E. Jr. (1983): Origin of string patterns in boreal peatlands.—Nature 306: 256–258.
Frenzel B. (1977): Postglaziale Klimaschwankungen im Südwestlichen Mitteleuropa.—In:Frenzel B. (ed.): Dendrochronologie und postglaziall Klimaschwankungen in Europa. Erdwiss. Forsch. 13: 297–322.
Frenzel B. (1983): Mires—repositories of climatic information of self-perpetuating ecosystems.— In:Gore A. J. P. (ed.), Ecosystems of the world 4. A Mires: swamp, bog, fen and moor, p. 35 to 65.—Amsterdam.
Früh J. etSchröter J. (1904): Die Moore der Schweiz, mit Berücksichtigung der gesamten Moorfrage. Beiträge zur Geologie der Schweiz, geobotanische Serie 3.—Bern, 750 pp.
Galkina E. A. (1946): Bolotnyje landšafty i prinzipy ich klassifikacij.—In: Sbornik naučnych rabot BIN AN SSSR, p. 133–156.—Moskva.
Gerassimov D. A. (1922): Nekotoryje dannyje o strojenij ozjor Kobelevskogo torfjanika.— Izv. naučn. eksp. torf. inst. 2: 83–98.
Getmanov J. J. (1925):Kvoprosu obevoljucijlugovi bolot.—In:Geobotaničeskije issledovanid 1922–1925, p. 1–114.—Leningrad.
Given P. H. etDickinson C. H. (1975): Biochemistry and microbiology of peat.—In:Paul etMcLoren D. (eds.), Soil biochemistry 3, p. 123–212.—New York.
Glaser P. H. (1983): Vegetation patterns in the North Black River peatland, northern Minnesota.— Can. J. Bot. 61: 2085–2104.
Glaser P. H., Wheeler G. A., Gorham E. etWright H. E. (1981): The patterned mires of the Red Lake peatland, Northern Minnesota: vegetation, water chemistry and landforms.— J. Ecol. 69: 575–599.
Gleason H. A. (1917): The structure and development of the plant association.—Bull. Torrey Club 44: 463–481.
Gleason H. A.: (1927): Further views on the succession concept.—Ecology 8: 299–326.
Glebov F. Z. (1970): Nekotoryje čerty prirody bolotnych i zaboločennych lesov.—In: Voprosy lesovedenija, p. 262–281.—Krasnojarsk.
Glebov F. Z. (1979): The classification of space-time changes of forest and mire in the Taiga zone of West Siberia.—Proc. Int. Symp. on Classif. of Peat and Peatlands, p. 249–260.—Hyytiäla.
Glebov F. Z. etKorzuhin M. D. (1985): Biogeocenotičeskaja model vzaimosmen lesa i bolota.— Ž. Obšei Biologij 44: 409–421.
Glebov F. Z. etToleiko L. S. (1975): O biologičeskoi produktivnosti bolotnych lesov, lesoobra-zovatelnom i bolotoobrazovatelnom processach.—Bot. Ž. 60: 1336–1347.
Glenn-Levin D. C. (1980): The individualistic nature of plant community development.— Vegetatio 43: 141–146.
Godwin H. (1934): Studies in the ecology of Wicken fen. III. The establishment of fen carr (scrub.).—J. Ecol. 24: 82–116.
Godwin H.: (1952): Recurrence surface.—Dan. Geol. Unders., II. Reakke, 80: 22–30.
Godwin H. etConway V. M. (1939): The ecology of a raised bog near Tregaron, Cardiganshire.— J. Ecol. 27: 313–359.
Golley F. B. (1977): Ecological succession.—Stroudsburg, 373 pp.
Gore A. J. P. (1983): Introduction.—In:Gore A. J. P. (ed.), Ecosystems of the world 4A. Mires: swamp, bog, fen and moor, p. 1–34.—Amsterdam.
Gore A. J. P. etOlson J. S. (1967): Preliminary models for accumulation of organic matter in anEriophorum/Calluna ecosystem.—Aquilo, Ser. Bot. 6: 297–313.
Gorham E. (1953): Some early ideas concerning the nature, origin and development of peat lands.—J. Ecol. 41: 257–274.
Gorham E. (1956): The ionic composition of some bog and fen waters in the English Lake district.— J. Ecol. 44: 142–152.
Gorham E.: (1961): Water, ash, nitrogen and acidity of some bog peats and other organic soils.— J. Ecol. 49: 103–106.
Gorham E. (1967): Some chemical aspects of wetland ecology.—12th Ann. Museg Res. Conf. Proc. Tech. Mem. 90: 20–38.
Gorham E. etPearshall W. H. (1956): Acidity, specific conductivity and calcium content of some bog and fen waters in Northern Britain.—J. Ecol. 44: 129–141.
Grabovik S. I. (1982): Svjaz sporovoi produktivnostiSphagnum fuscum s ekologičeskimi uslovijami jego proizrastanija.—In: Kompleksnyje issledo vanija rastitelnosti bolot Karelij, p. 179 to 182.–Petrozavodsk.
Grabovik S. I. (1986): Vlijanije nekotorych ekologičeskich faktorov na sporovuju produktivnost sfagnovych mohov.—Bot. Ž. 71: 1652–1657.
Göttlich V. K. ed. (1976): Moore und Torfkunde.—Stuttgart, 269 pp.
Hamilton D. E. (1983): Plant succession and the influence of disturbance in the Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia.—Okefenokee Ecosystem Inv., Tech. Rep. 9: 1–254.
Harbaugh J. W. etBonham-Carter G. (1970): Computer simulation in geology.—New York, 575 pp.
Haury L. R., McGowan J. A. etWiebe P. H. (1978): Pattern and processes in the time-space scales of plankton distributions.—In:Steele J. H. (ed.): Spatial pattern in plankton communities., p. 277–327.—New York.
Heilman P. E. (1966): Change in distribution and availability of nitrogen with forest succession and bog formation in interior Alaska.—Ecology 47: 825–831.
Heilman P. E. (1968): Relationship of availability of phosphorus and cations to forest succession and bog formation in interior Alaska.—Ecology 49: 331–336.
Heinselman M. L. (1963): Forest sites, bog processes, and peatland types in the glazial Lake Agassiz region, Minnesota.—Ecol. Monogr. 33: 327–374.
Heinselmann M. L. (1970): Landscape evolution, peatland types and the environment in the Lake Agassiz Peatlands Natural Areas, Minnesota.—Ecol. Monogr. 40: 235–261.
Heinselman M. L. (1981): Fire and succession in the conifer forest of northern North America.— In:West D. C., Shugart H. H. etBotkin D. B. (eds.), Forest succession, p. 374–405.— New York.
Hesselman H. (1910): Über die Sauerstoffenthalt des Bodenwassers und dessen Einwirkung auf die Versumpfung des Bodens das Wachstum des Waldes.—Medd. Stat. Skogförsöksanst. 7 (by Vomperskij, 1968).
Horn H. S. (1975): Markovian properties of forest succession.—In:Diamond J. M. etCody M. L. (eds.), Ecology and evolution of communities, p. 196–211.—Harvard.
Horn H. S. (1976): Succession.—In:May R. M. (ed.): Theoretical ecology, p. 187–204.—Oxford.
van Hulst R. (1980): Vegetation dynamics of ecosystem dynamics: dynamic sufficiency in succession theory.—Vegetatio 43: 147–151.
Ilomets M. (1980): Turbasammalde juurdekasvu mõjutavaist tegureist.—In: Bioloogiline produktiivsus ja seda määravad tegurid, p. 49–53.—Tartu.
Ilomets M. (1981): Prirost i produktivnost sfagnovogo pokrova v Jugo-Zapadnoi Estonij.— Bot. Ž. 66: 279–290.
Ilomets M. (1982): The productivity ofSphagnum communities and the rate of peat accumulation in Estonian bogs.—In:Masing V. (ed.) Peatland ecosystems, p. 102–116.—Tallinn.
Ilomets M. (1984): Mättataimekoosluste arengudünaamikast Eesti rabades.—In: Eesti Geograafia Seltsi aastaraamat 1980, p. 145–156.—Tallinn.
Ilomets M. (1988): The spatio-temporal pattern of bog communities.—In:Zobel M. (ed.), Ecology and dynamics of wetland and lake ecosystems in Estonia, p. 24–39.—Tallinn.
Ilomets M., Ilves E. etRajamäe R. (1984): O prostranstvenno-vremennoi dinamike prirosta torfa na verhovych bolotach Estonij.—Proc. Acad. Sci Est. SSR, Geology, 33: 158–165.
Ingram H. A. P. (1983): Hydrology.—In:Gore A. J. P. (ed.), Ecosystems of the world 4A. Mires: swamp, bog, fen and moor, p. 67–158.—Amsterdam.
Ivanov K. E. (1953): Gidrologija bolot.—Leningrad, 296 pp.
Ivanov K. E. (1956): Obrazovanije grjadovo-močažinnogo mikroreljefa kak sledstvije uslovij stekanija vlagi s bolot.—Vestn. LGU, Geografija 12: 58–72.
Ivanov K. E. (1957): Osnovy gidrologij bolot lesnoi zony.—Leningrad, 500 pp.
Ivanov K. E. (1975): Vodoobmen v bolotnych landšaftach.—Leningrad, 280 pp.
Jelina G.A., Kuznecov O. L. etMaksimov A. I. (1984): Strukturno-funkcionalnaja organizacija i dinamika bolotnych ekosistem Karelij.—Leningrad, 128 pp.
Jelina G. A. etLak G. I. (1980): Razvitie bolot i lesov Šuiskoi ravniny v golocene.—In: Bolota Evropeiskogo Severa SSSR. Struktura, genezis, dinamika, p. 185–230.—Petrozavodsk.
Jenny H. etGessel S. P. etBingham F. T. (1949): Comparative study of decomposition rates of organic matter in temperate and tropical region.—Soil Sci. 68: 419–432.
Jones H. E. etGore A. J. P. (1978): A simulation of production and decay in blanket bog.— In:Heal O. W. etPerkins D.F. (eds.), Production ecology of British moors and montane grasslands, p. 160–186.—New York.
Jurkovskaja T. K. (1978): Osnovnyje voprosy genezisa i dinamiki bolot.—In: Genezis i dinamika bolot 1, p. 6–9.—Moskva.
Jurkovskaja T. K. (1983): Struktura i dinamika rastitelnogo pokrova grjadovo-močažinnych kompleksov nekotorych tipov bolot.—In: Struktura rastitelnosti i resursy bolot Karelij, p. 38–51.—Petrozavodsk.
Karavajeva N. A. (1982): Zabolačivanije i evoljucija počv.—Moskva, 296 pp.
Karlin E. F. etBliss L. C. (1984): Variation in substrate chemistry along microtopographical and water-chemistry gradients in peatlands.—Can. J. Bot. 62: 142–153.
Karofeld E. (1985): Älved—kas lihtsalt vesised lohud rabas.—Eesti Loodus 2: 99–104.
Kac N. J. (1926):Sphagnum bogs of Central Russia: phytosociology, ecology and succession.— J. Ecol. 14: 177–202.
Kac N. J. (1948): Tipy bolot SSR i Zapadnoi Evropy i ich geografičeskije rasprostranenije.— Moskva, 320 pp.
Kessell S. R. (1979): Gradient modelling.—New York, 432 pp.
Knapp R., ed. (1974): Vegetation dynamics.—The Hague, 364 pp.
Korde N. V. (1960): Biostratifikacija i tipologija russkich sapropelei.—Moskva, 220 pp.
Košejev A. L. (1955): Zabolačivanije vyrubok i mery borby s nim.—Moskva, 165 pp.
Kozlovskaja L. S. (1976): Rol bezpozvonočnych v transformacij organičeskogo vešestva bolotnych počv.—Leningrad, 212 pp.
Kozlovskaja L. S., Medvedjeva V. M. etPjavčenko N. J. (1978): Dinamika organičeskogo veščestva v processe bolottobrazovanija.—Leningrad, 172 pp.
Krasnov I. I. (1941): O “bolotnoi solifljukcij” i soveremennoi transgressij bolot na ravninach v zone taigij.—Problemy fizičeskoi geografij 10: 3–33.
Kudrajašov V. V. (1929): Torfjanik kak rastuščeje delo.—Vestnik torf. dela 1, 2: 29–48, 22–34.
Kulczynski S. (1949): Peat bogs of Polesie.—Mem. Acad. Sci. Cracovie, 356 pp.
Laine J. etMannerkoski H. etStarr M. R. etWestman C. J. (1984): Factors affecting peat microbiological activity in virgin Finnish mire sites.—Proc. 7th Int. Peat Congr. 1: 268–278.—Dublin.
Levin S. A. (1978): Pattern formation in ecological communities.—In:Steele J. H. (ed.), Spatial pattern in plankton communities, p. 433–465.—New York.
Lindholm T. etMarkkula I. (1984): Moisture conditions in hummocks and hollows in virgin and drained sites on the raised bog Lassisuo, southern Finland.—Ann. Bot. Fenn. 21: 241 to 255.
Liss O. L. etBerezina N. A. (1981): Bolota Zapadno-Sibirskoi ravniny.—Moskva, 205 pp.
Loopmann A. etPaidla A. (1981): O landšaftno-ekologičeskich uslovijach v grjadovo-močažinnych kompleksach vypuklych oligotrofnych bolot.—Proc. Acad. Sc. Est. SSR 30: 62–73.
Loopmann A. (1988): Influence of mire water, oxygen and temperature conditions upon vegetation and the development of bog complexes.—In:Zobel M. (ed.), Ecology and dynamics of wetland and lake ecosystems in Estonia, p. 40–58.—Tallin.
Lopatin V. D. (1954a): “Gladkoje” boloto.—Uč. zap. LGU 166, Ser. geogr. nauk: 95–181.
Lopatin V. D. (1954b): Metodika peresadki i rezultaty nabljudenij nad peresadkami sfagnovych dernin na verhovom bolote.—In: Doklady na sovešanij po stacionarnym geobotaničeskim issledovanijam, p. 289–293.—Moskva.
Lopatin V. D. (1958): O mikrokompleksnosti rastitelnogo pokrova.—Soobš. Sahalinskogo Kompl. Inst. 6: 131–142.
Lopatin V. D. (1972): Principy ustanovlenija granic perehodnych bolot po rastitelnomy pokrovy i zadači dalneišich issledovanij po diagnostike tipov bolot po rastitelnosti.—In: Osnovnyje principy izučenija bolotnych biogeocenozov, p. 22–28.—Leningrad.
Lopatin V. D. (1980): O nekotorych obščich voprosach bolotovedenija.—In: Bolota Evropeiskogo Severa SSSR. Struktura, genezis, dinamika, p. 5–17.—Petrozavodsk.
Lopatin V. D. (1983): Ekologičeskie rjady rastitelnosti bolot.—In: Struktura rastitelnosti i resursy bolot Karelij, p. 5–38.—Petrozavodsk.
Loucks O. L., Ek A. R., Johanson W. C. etMonsernd R. A. (1981): Growth, aging and succession. —In:Reichle D. E. (ed.), Dynamical properties of forest ecosystems, p. 37–86.—Cambridge.
Luken J. O., Billings W. D. etPeterson K. M. (1985): Succession and biomass allocation as controlled bySphagnum in an Alaskan peatland.—Can. J. Bot. 63: 1500–1507.
Lõhmus E. (1984): Rezim aeracij i gidrotermičeskie uslovija počvy tavolgovogo tipa mestoproizrastanija.— Metsanduslikud uurimused (Tallimn) 19: 110–126.
Margalef R. (1963): On certain unifying principles in ecology.—Amer. Nat. 97: 357–374.
Margalef R. (1970): Perspectives in ecological theory.—Chicago, 111 pp.
Malmer N. (1975): Development of bog mires.—In: Bog mires and their influence on landscapes, p. 85–92.—New York.
Masing V. (1960): Razvitije geografičeskich kompleksov verhovych bolot Estonij.—Uč. zap. Latv. gos. univ., 37: 377–386.
Masing V. (1974): Proposals for unified and specified terminology to designate mires meriting conservation.—In: Estonian wetlands and their life, p. 183–190—Tallinn.
Masing V. (1982): On structural analysis of plant cover.—In:Masing V. (ed.): Peatland ecosystems, p. 3–11.—Tallinn.
Masing V. (1984): Estonian bogs: plant cover, succession and classification.—In:Moore P. D. (ed.), European mires, p. 119–148.—New York.
Masing V. etLäänelaid A. (1976): Methods and results of research into contemporary dynamics of mires.—In: Estonia. Regional studies, p. 85–97.—Tallinn.
Matthews J. R. (1914): The White Moss Loch: a study in biotic succession.—New Phytol. 13: 134–148.
Mets L. (1963): Das Auftauchen des Untergrundn eder Hochmoorblänken der Strangkomplexes.— Proc. Tatru State Univ. 145, Botany 7: 264–269.
Miles J. (1979): Vegetation dynamics.—London, 80 pp.
Moore P. D. (1977): Stratigraphy and pollen analysis of Claish Moss, north-west Scotland: significance for the origin of surface-pools and forest history.—J. Ecol. 65: 375–397.
Moore P. D. etBellamy D. L. (1974): Peatlands.—London, 221 pp.
Mörnsjö T. (1969): Studies on vegetation and development of a peatland in Scania, South Sweden.—Opera Bot. 24: 1–187.
Neiland B. J. (1971): The forest-bog complex in southeast Alaska.—Vegetatio 22: 1–64.
Neištadt M. I. (1972): Bolota Ob’—Irtyškogo mežduzrečija. In: Prirodnye uslovija osvojenija Ob’—Irtyškogo meždurečija, p. 322–346.—Moskva.
Newbould P. J. etGorham E. (1956): Acidity and specific conductivity measurements in some plant communities of the New Forest Valley bogs.—J. Ecol. 44: 118–128.
Nicenko A. A. (1964): O proishoždenij grjadovo-močažinnogo reljefa na bolotach.—Vestnik Leningr. State Univ. 21: 75–87.
Nicenko A. A. (1967): Kratkij kurs bolotovedenija.—Moskva, 148 pp.
Noble I. R. etSlatyer R. O. (1980): The use of vital attributes to predict successional changes in plant communities subject to recurrent disturbances.—Vegetatio 43: 5–21.
Noble M. G., Lawrence D. B. etStreveler G. F. (1984):Sphagnum invasion beneath an evergreen forest canopy in southeastern Alaska.—The Bryologist 87: 119–127.
Odum E. P. (1969): The strategy of ecosystem development.—Science, 164: 262–270.
Odum E. P. (1971): Fundamentals of ecology.—Philadelphia, 574 pp.
Odum H. T. (1983): System ecology: and introduction.—New York, 644 pp.
Orlov A. Y. (1958): Rezim kisloroda v počvenno-gruntovych vodach nekotorych tipov lesnych počv Vologodskoi oblasti.—Počvovedenija 12: 36–47.
Osvald H. (1923): Die Vegetation des Hochmoores Komosse.—Sven. Växtsociol. Sälls. Handl. 1: 1–436.
Overbeck F. (1963): Aufgaben botanisch-geologischen Moorforschung in Nordwestdeutschland.— Ber. Dtsch. Bot. Ges. 76B: 2–12.
Overbeck F. (1975): Botanisch-geologische Moorkunde unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Moore Nordwestdeutschlands als Quellen zur Vegetations-, Klima-und Siedlungsgeschichte.—Neumünster, 719 pp.
Pakarinen P. (1975): Bogs as peat-producing ecosystems.—Intern. Peat Soc. Bull. 7: 51–54.
Pakarinen P. (1977): Element contents ofSphagnum variations and its sources.—In: Congres Intern. de Bryologie, p. 751–762.
Pakarinen P. (1979): Ecologicalindicators and species groups of bryophytes in boreal peatlands.— In: Classification of peat and peatlands. Proc. Int. Symp. p. 121–134.—Hyytiäla.
Patten B. C. etOdum E. P. (1981): The cybernetic nature of ecosystems.—Amer. Nat. 118: 886–895.
Pearshall W. H. (1917): The aquatic and marsh vegetation of Esthwaite Water, Part I.— J. Ecol. 5: 180–202.
Pearshall W. H. (1921): The development of vegetation in the English Lake considered in relation to the general evolution of glacial lakes and rock basins.—Proc. Roy. Soc. B 92: 259–284.
Pearshall W. H. (1956): Two blanket bogs in Sutherland.—J. Ecol. 44: 493–516.
Pearson M. C. (1979): Patterns of pools in peatlands (with particular reference to a valley head mire in northern England).—Acta Univ. Oulu A 82, Geol. 3: 65–72.
Peet R. K. etChristensen N. L. (1980): Succession: a population process.—Vegetatio 43: 131–140.
Pickett S. T. A. (1976): Succession: an evolutionary interpretation.—Amer. Nat. 110: 107 to 119.
Pickett S. T. A. (1982): Population processes through twenty years of old field succession.— Vegetatio 49: 45–59.
Polynev B. B. etJurjev M. M. (1924): Dolina Lahti.—Trudy Inst. Melior. 8, 9: 73–176.
Ponnamperuma F. N. (1972): The chemistry of submerged soils.—Adv. in Agron. 24:29–96.
von Post L. etGranlund E. (1926): Södra Sveriges torvtillgångar I.—Sver. Geol. Unders, C 335: 1–127.
von Post L. etSernander R. (1910): Pflanzenphysiognomische Studien auf Torfmooren in Närke. Livretguide des excursions en Suede du XI e Congr.—Geol. Inst. 14, p. 1–48.—Stockolm.
Prozorov J. S. (1981): Pričinno-sledstvennyje svjazi v processach obrazovanija bolot.—In: Ekosistemy juga Dalnego Vostoka, p. 83–94.—Vladivostok.
Prozorov J. S. (1985): Zakonomernosti razvitija, klassifikacija i ispolzovanije bolotnych biogeocenozov.— Moskva, 208 pp.
Pjavčenko N. I. (1953): K poznaniju prirody grjadovo-močažinych bolotnych kompleksov karelskogo tipa.—Trudy Inst. lesa AN SSSR 13: 130–147.
Pjavčenko N. I. (1963): Lesnoje bolotovedenije.—Moskva, 192 pp.
Pjavčenko N. I. (1967): Nekotoryje itogi statsionarnogo izučenija vzaimootnošenij lesa i bolota v Zapadnoi Sibiri.—In: Vzaimootnošenij lesa i bolota, p. 7–42.—Moskva.
Pjavčenko N. I. (1972): O tipach bolot i torfa v bolotovedenij.—In: Osnovnyje principy izučenija bolotnych biogeocenozov p. 54–60.—Leningrad.
Pjavčenko N. I. (1978): Biogeocenotičeskije zakonomernosti genezisa bolot i dinamika ich rastitelnogo pokrova.—In: Genezis i dinamika bolot, p. 13–18.—Moskva.
Pjavčenko N. I. (1984): Potoki veščestv i energij v bolotnych biogeocenozach.—In: Obmennyje processy v biogeocenozach, p. 5–32.—Moskva.
Pjavčenko N. I. (1985a): Torfjanyje bolota.—Moskva, 152 pp.
Pjavčenko N. I. (1985b): Puti obrazovanija grjadovo-mošažinnogo mikroreljefa na bolotach.— Ekologija 2: 77–80.
Reichle D. E. etDoyle W. T. (1965): Bryophyte succession in a Northern Illinois bog.—The Bryologist 68: 463–470.
Reiners W. A., Worley I. A. etLawrence D. B. (1971): Plant diversity in a chronosequence at Glacier Bay, Alaska.—Ecology 52: 55–69.
Reinikainen A., Lindholm T. etVasander M. (1984).—Ecological variation of mire site types in the small kettle-hole mire Heinisuo, southern Findland.—Ann. Bot. Fenn. 21: 79–101.
Rigg G. B. (1917): Forest succession and rate of growth inSphagnum bogs.—J. Forestry 15: 726–739.
Rigg G. B. (1940): The development ofSphagnum bogs in North America.—The Bot. Rev. 6: 666–693.
Romanov V. V. (1953): Issledovanije isparenija so sfagnovych bolot.—Trudy Gidrol. Inst. 39: 116–135.
Romanov V. V. (1961): Gidrofizika bolot.—Leningrad, 359 pp.
Romanov V. V. (1962): Izparenije s bolot Evropeiskoi territorij.—Leningrad, 228 pp.
Romanova E. A. (1953): Klassifikacija elementov poverhnostnoi gidrografičeskoi set na bolotach. —Trudy Gos. Gidr. Inst. 39: 60–80.
Romanova E. A. (1960): O svjazi meždu rastitelnostju, verhnimi slojami torfjanoi zaležii vodnym režimom verhovych bolot Severo-Zapada.—Trudy Gos. Gidr. Inst. 89: 92–122.
Romanova E. A. (1961): Geobotaničeskije osnovy gidrologičeskogo izučenija verhovych bolot.— Leningrad, 244 pp.
Rybníček K. (1984): The vegetation and development of central european mires.—In:Moore P. D. (ed.): European mires, p. 177–201.—London.
Ryden B. E. etKostov L. (1980): Thawing and freezing in tundra soils.—In:Sonesson M. (ed.), Ecology of a subarctic mire, p. 251–281.—Stockholm.
Ryden B. E., Fors L. etKostov L. (1980): Physical properties of the tundra soil-water system at Stordalen, Abisko.—In:Sonesson M. (ed.), Ecology of a subarctic mire, p. 27–54.—Stockholm.
Rydin H. (1985): Coexistence ofSphagnum species in relation to physical environment and competition. —Acta Univ. Upsaliensis 799: 1–13.
Schmeidl H. (1977): Veränderung der Vegetation auf Dauerflächen eines prälpinen Hochmoores (verläufige Mitteilung).—Telma 7: 65–76.
Schouten M. G. C. (1984): Some aspects of the ecogeographical gradient in the Irish ombrotrophic bogs.—In: Proc. 7th Int. Peat Congr. 1, pp. 414–432.—Dublin.
Seischab F. K. (1984): Plant community development in the Byron-Bergen swamp: marl-bed vegetation.—Can. J. Bot. 62: 1006–1017.
Sikora C. J. etKeeney D. R. (1984): Further aspects of soil chemistry under anaerobic conditions. —In:Gore A. J. P. (ed.), Ecosystems of the world 4A. Mires: swamp, bog, fen and moor, p. 247–256.—Amsterdam.
Sillanpää M. (1972): Distribution of trace elements in peat profiles.—In: Proc. 4th Int. Peat Congr. 2, p. 222–228.—Otaniemi.
Silvola J. etHanski I. (1979): Carbon accumulation in a raised bog. (Simulation on the basis of laboratory measurements of CO2 exchange).—Oecologia 37: 285–295.
Sjörs H. (1948): Myrvegetation i Bergslagen.—Acta Phytog. Suec. 21: 1–299.
Sjörs H. (1950): On the relation between vegetation and electrolytes in North Swedish mire waters.—Oikos 2: 241–258.
Sjörs H. (1961): Surface pattern in boreal peatland.—Endeavour 20: 217–224.
Sjörs H. (1963): Bogs and fens Attawapiskat river, Northern Ontario.—Nat. Mus. Can. Bull. 186, Contr. Bot. 1960–61: 45–133.
Sjörs H. (1976): Successional trends in boreal peatlands.—In: 5th Int. Peat Congr. 2, p. 22–28.
Sjörs H. (1980): An arrangement of changes along gradients, with examples from successions in boreal peatland.—Vegetatio 43: 1–4.
Sjörs H. (1983): Mires of Sweden.—In:Gore A. J. P. (ed.), Ecosystems of the world 4B. Mires: swamp, bog, fen and moor, p. 69–94.—Amsterdam.
Slatyer R. O. (ed.) (1977): Dynamic changes in terrestrial ecosystems: patterns of changes, techniques for study and applications to management.—MAB Tech. Notes 4: 9–30.
Sokol A. P. (1978): Dinamika chimizma torfa v predelach verhnich slojev torfjanoi zaleži.— In: Genezis i dinamika bolot, p. 114–120.—Moskva.
Sonesson M. (1970): Studies on mire vegetation in the Torneträsk area, northern Sweden: IV. Some habitat conditions of the poor mires.—Bot. Notiser 123: 67–111.
Sonesson M. etJohansson S. (1974): Bryophyte growth, Stordalen 1973.—In: Progress Report 1973. IBP Swedish Tundra Biome Project Techn. Report 16, p. 17–29.
Stanek W., Jeglum J. K. etOrloci L. (1977): Comparisons of peatland types using macronutrient contents of peat.—Vegetatio 33: 163–177.
Stommel H. (1963): Varieties of oceanographic experience.—Science 139: 572–576.
Sukačev V. N. (1906): Materialy k izučeniju bolot i torfjanikov ozernoi oblasti.—Trudy Presnovodnoi Biol. Stanc. 2: 161–262.
Sukačev V. N. (1914): Bolota, ich obrazovanije, razvitije i svoistva.—In: Sbornik lekcij tretich dop. kurs. dlja lesničich, p. 249–405.—Petrograd.
Sukačev V. N. (1926): Bolota, ich obrazovanije, razvitije i svoistva.—Leningrad, 162 pp.
Sukačev V. N. (1928): Rastitelnyje soobščestva.—Leningrad, 232 pp.
Tallis J. H. (1973): The terrestrialisation of lake basins in north Cheshire, with special reference to the development of a ‘schwingmoor’ structure.—J. Ecol. 61: 537–567.
Tallis J. H. (1983): changes in wetland communities.—In:Gore A. J. P. (ed.), Ecosystems of the world 4A. Mires: swamp, bog, fen and moor, p. 311–347.—Amsterdam.
Tallis J. H. (1985): Mass movement and erosion of a southern Pennine blanket peat.—J. Ecol. 73: 283–315.
Tansley A. G. (1920): The classification of vegetation and the concept of development.—J. Ecol. 8: 118–149.
Tansley A. G. (1929): Succession: the concept and its values.—In: Proc. Int. Congr. Plant. Sci. 1926, p. 677–786.
Tansley A. G. (1935): The use and abuse of vegetational concepts and terms.—Ecology 16: 284–307.
Tansley A. G. (1939a): The British Islands and their vegetation.—Cambridge, 930 pp.
Tansley A. G. (1939b): British ecology during the part quarter-century: the plant community and the ecosystem.—J. Ecol. 27: 513–530.
Tanttu A. (1915): Über die Entstehung der Bülten und Stränge der Moore.—Acta For. Fenn. 4: 1–23.
Titov I. A. (1952): Vzaimodeistvije rastitelnych soobšestv i uslovij sredy.—Moskva.
Tolonen K. (1967): Über die Entwicklung der Moore im finnischen Nordkarelien.—Ann. Bot. Fenn. 4: 217–416.
Tolonen (1971): On the regeneration of Northeuropean bogs I. Klaukkalan Isosuo in S. Finland.— Acta Agralia Fenn. 123: 143–166.
Tolonen K. (1980): On the regeneration of Northeuropean bogs III. Stratipraphic records from Germany, Denmark and S. Sweden.—In: Proc. 6th Int. Peat Congr. p. 119–125.—Duluth Minnesota.
Tolonen K. etHoisaisluoma V. (1978): Chemical properties of surface water in Finnish ombrotrophic mire complexes with special reference to algal growth.—Ann. Bot. Fenn. 15: 55–72.
Tolonen K., Huttunen P. etJungner H. (1985): Regeneration of two coastal raised bogs in eastern North America.—Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. A, III Geol.-Geogr. 139: 1–51.
Tolonen K. etSeppänen P. (1976): Comparison of ombrotrophic and minerotrophic mire waters in Finland.—5th Int. Peat Congr. 4. 110–112.—Poznan.
Tolonen K. etTolonen M. (1984): Late-glacial vegetational succession at four coastal sites in northern New England: ecological and phytogeographical aspects.—Ann. Bot. Fenn. 21: 59–77.
Tüxen R. etPiemont W. H. (1937): Klimaxgruppe und Klimax schwarm. Ein Beitrag zur Klimaxtheorie.—J. Ber. naturalist. Ges., Hannover 88, 89: 73–87.
Tyler C. (1981): Soil acidity and distribution of species on tussocks and interspaces inSchoenus vegetation on South and Southeast Sweden.—Vegetatio 44: 25–35.
Tjuremnov S. N. (1949): Torfjanyje mestoroždenija i ich razvedka.—Moskva, 464 pp.
Tjuremnov S. N. etLargin I. F. (1966): Izmenenije himičeskogo sostava vod torfjanych bolot v zavisimosti ot uslovij ich zaleganija.—Trudy Gos. Gidr. Inst. 135: 223–242.
Urquhart C. etGore A. J. P. (1973): The redox characteristics of four peat profiles.—Soil biol. Biochem. 5: 659–672.
Usher M. B. (1981): Modelling ecological succession, with particular reference to Markovian models.—Vegetatio 46: 11–18.
van der Valk A. G. (1981): Succession in wetlands: a gleasonian approach.—Ecology 62: 688–696.
van der Valk A. G. (1982): Succession in temperate North American wetlands.—In:Gopal B., Turner R. E., Wetzel R. G. etWhigham D. F. (eds.): Wetlands. Ecology and management, p. 169–179.—Jaipur.
van der Valk A. G. (1985): Vegetation dynamics of prairie glacial marshes.—In:White, J. (ed.), Handbook of Vegetation Science 3, p. 293–312.—Dordrecht.
Vitt D. H. etBayley S. (1984): The vegetation and water chemistry of four oligotrophic basin mires in Northwestern Ontario.—Can. J. Bot. 62: 1485–1500.
Vomperskij S. E. (1968): Biologičeskije osnovy effectivnosti lesoosušenija.—Moskva, 312 pp.
Walker D. (1961): Peat stratigraphy and bog regeneration.—Proc. Linn. Soc. 172: 29–33.
Walker D. (1970): Direction and rate in some British postglacial hydroseres.—In:Walker D. etWest R. G. (eds.), Studies in the vegetational history of the British Isles, p. 117–139.—Cambridge.
Walker D. etWalker P. M. (1961): Stratigraphic evidence of regeneration in some irish bogs.— J. Ecol. 49: 169–185.
Weber C. (1902): Über die Vegetation und Entstehung des Hochmoores von Augstumal im Memeldelta.—Berlin, 252 pp.
Weber C. (1908): Aufbau und Vegetat on der Moore Norddeutschlands.—Engler’s Bot. Jahrb. 40 (Suppl.): 19–34.
Weber C. (1910): Was lehrt der Aufbau der Moore Norddeutschlands über den Weschel des Klimas in postglazialer Zeit.—Z. Dtsch. Geol. Ges. 62: 2.
Weber C. (1911): Das Moor.—Hannov. Geschichtsbl. 14: 253–270.
Westman C. J. (1981): Fertility of surface peat in relation to the site type and potential stand growth.—Acta For. Fenn. 172: 1–77.
Whittaker R. H. (1953): A consideration of climax theory: the climax as a population and pattern. —Ecol. Monogr. 23: 41–78.
Whittaker R. H. (1975b): The design and stability of some plant communities.—In:Dobben W. H. van etLowe-McConnell R. H. (eds.), Unifying concepts in ecology, p. 169–181.—The Hague.
Whittaker R. H. etLevin S. A. (1977): The role of mosaic phaenomena in natural communities. —Theor. Pop. Biol. 12: 117–139.
Wildi O. (1979): Simulating the development of peat bogs.—Vegetatio 37: 1–17.
Yarranton G. A. etMorrison R. G. (1974): Spatial dynamics of primary succession: nucleation. —J. Ecol. 62: 417–428.
Čakov V. V. (1983): Osobennosti obrazovanija kompleksnych grjadovo-močašinnych bolot na territorij Sredneamurskoi nizmennosti.—Ekologija 2: 13–20.
Zaguralskaja L. M. (1967): Razloženjie nekotorych rastenij—torfoobrazovatelei v estestvennych uslovijach.—In: Vzaimootnošenija lesa i bolota, p. 82–87.—Moskva.
Zaguralskaja L. M. etSmanzer P. G. (1972): Mikrobiologičeskaja charakteristika torfjanobolotnych poěv Južnoi Karelij.—In: Osnovnejt prineipy izučenija bolotnych biogeocenozov, p. 105–115.—Leningrad.
Zobel M. (1986): Aeration and temperature conditions in hummock and depression peat in Kikepera bog, south-western Estonia.—Suo (Helsinki) 37: 99–106.
Zobel M. (1988a): The ecology of forested wetlands in Tipu—a preliminary reviev.—In:Zobel M. (ed.): Ecology and dynamics of wetland and lake ecosystems in Estonia, 129–145.—Tallinn.
Zobel M. (1988b): The validity of climax concept in case ofSphagnum bogs.—In:Zobel M. (ed.), Ecology and dynamics of wetland and lake ecosystems in Estonia, 75–89.—Tallinn.
Zobel M. etMasing V. (1987): Bogs changing in time and space.—Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih. Ergebn. Limnol. 27: 41–55.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zobel, M. Autogenic succession in boreal mires — A review. Folia geobot. phytotax. 23, 417–445 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02853361
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02853361