Abstract
Many values of the ratio kmax/kmin are available for clays and rocks which can be cut for tests in different directions. In comparison, few reliable results are available for non-cohesive materials. The hydraulic anisotropy ratios of homogeneous clays, rocks and granular soils appear to be very similar. In particular, kmax/kmin seems to be lower than 4, which confirms that this ratio has an upper limit related to the shape of particles, their arrangement, or the directional tortuosity within the pore space. In the bedding plane of sedimentary rocks, the ratio kb.max/kb.min is usually lower than 1.5, thus these rocks are nearly isotropic in their bedding plane. In granular soils, the kh/kv, contrary to common opinion, is not always higher than 1. Experimental values for sands and gravels are in the 0.75 to 4.1 range. The influence of densification on hydraulic anisotropy is found to be similar for a sand and a clay, and probably for any soil having settled in still water and influenced subsequently only by gravity. The hydraulic anisotropy of sandstone is found to be in continuity with that of sand, and it increases with densification.
Résumé
De nombreuses valuers du rapport kmax/kmin sont disponibles pour les argiles et les roches, taillables pour des essais dans différentes directions. Comparativement, il y a peu de résultats fiables pour les matériaux sans cohésion. Les coefficients d'anisotropie hydraulique des argiles, roches et sols grenus homogènes paraissent très semblables. En particulier, kmax/kmin semble inférieur à 4, ce qui confirme que ce rapport a une limite supérieure dictée par la forme des particules, leur arrangement, ou la tortuosité directionnelle dans l'espace des vides. Dans le plan de stratification des roches sédimentaires, le rapport d'anisotropie kb.min/kb.min est généralement inférieur à 1.5, donc ces roches sont à peu près isotropes dans ce plan. Dans les sols grenus, le rapport kh/kv, contrairement à une opinion courante, ne dépasse pas toujours 1. Les valuers expérimentales pour des sables et graviers vont de 0.75 à 4.1. On trouve que la densification influence le rapport d'anisotropie de la même façon pour un sable, une argile, et probablement pour tout sol déposé en eau immobile, et densifié ensuite par la gravité seulement. L'anisotropie hydraulique du grès s'avère être en continuité avec celle du sable, et elle augmente avec la densification.
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Chapuis, R.P., Gill, D.E. Hydraulic anisotropy of homogeneous soils and rocks: influence of the densification process. Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology 39, 75–86 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02592538
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02592538