Summary
A comprehensive review of Middle and Upper Devonian reefs, based on about 350 papers describing the reef development within 44 areas all over the world, resulted in the recognition of four reef megacycles (Upper Eifelian; Givetian; Uppermost Givetian to Frasnian; Upper Frasnian to Lower Famennian). These megacycles are characterized by the occurrence of typical reef types and by characteristic microfacies associations. Twelve microfacies associations can be distinguished using lithological, paleontological and microfacies criteria; each microfacies association includes several standard microfacies types.
The evolution of the Middle and Upper Devonian buildups is illustrated by a sequence of nine stages (Fig. 2): Semilagoonal stage with pioneer bentic communities; Stage with coral and brachiopod banks; Stage withAmphipora banks and flat mud mounds with stromatoporoids; Stage with stromatoporoid-coral banks occurring within scattered patch reefs; Lagoonal stages, generally regressive; Stage with shoals or barrier reefs (including a fore-reef development as well as reef margins with a back-reef facies); Reef cap stage indicating the end of reef growth; Stage of drowned reef surfaces with carbonate sands and gravels; Stage characterized by the beginning of a non-reefal sedimentation (mainly nodular limestones).
Differences between Devonian and recent reefs include the frequency of the standard microfacies types (Fig. 5) as well as different tectonic settings of the reefs (about 80% of the reefs were formed in the area of rapidly subsiding platforms or quasiplatform blocks within miogeosynclines; the angle of the platform slopes was smaller than in recent examples).
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Hladil, J. Trends in the development and cyclic patterns of middle and upper devonian buildups. Facies 15, 1–33 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02536716
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02536716