Abstract
The degree of intergradation between two species of Sulawesi macaques,Macaca tonkeana andM. hecki, was studied by examining the diagnostic external characteristics of more than 100 monkeys kept as pets by natives. Two possible hybrid monkeys were found and both originated from the borderland between the two species, located in the most proximal region of the northern peninsula of Sulawesi. The previously postulated wide area of integradation between the two species at the possible contact zone was, however, not recognized, and typical examples oftonkeana orhecki were found to be present on the two sides of a narrow “hybrid” zone which was defined by direct observations. Furthermore, despite considerable individual variations, we were able to allocate most monkeys to one or other of the species. Each of ten external characteristics of the members of both species more or less encompassed the individual variations, but may undergo changes with the development of the monkeys. The mechanisms of reproduction of hybrid monkeys and the maintenance of differences between the species are discussed.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Albrecht, G. H., 1978.The Craniofacial Morphology of the Sulawesi Macaques: Multivariate Approaches to Biological Problems. Contributions to Primatology, Vol. 13, S. Karger, Basel.
Bernstein, I. S., 1966. Naturally occurring primate hybrid.Science, 154: 1559–1560.
————, 1968. Social status of two hybrids in a wild troop ofMacaca irus.Folia Primatol., 8: 121–131.
———— &T. P. Gordon, 1980. Mixed taxa introductions, hybrids and macaques systematics. In:The Macaques: Studies in Ecology, Behavior and Evolution,D. G. Lindburg (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 125–147.
Bigelow, R. S., 1965. Hybrid zones and reproductive isolation.Evolution, 19: 449–454.
Ciani, C. A., R. Stanyon, W. Scheferahn, &B. Sampurno, 1989. Evidence of gene flow between Sulawesi macaques.Amer. J. Primatol., 17: 257–270.
Fooden, J., 1964. Rhesus and crab-eating macaques: intergradation in Thailand.Science, 143: 363–365.
————, 1969.Taxonomy and Evolution of the Monkeys of Celebes (Primates: Cercopithecidae). Bibliotheca Primatologica, No. 10, S. Karger, Basel.
————, 1971. Report on primates collected in western Thailand, January–April 1967.Fieldiana Zool., 59: 1–62.
Groves, C. P., 1980. Speciation inMacaca: the view from Sulawesi. In:The Macaques: Studies in Ecology, Behavior and Evolution,D. G. Lindburg (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 84–124.
Hamada, Y., T. Watanabe, O. Takenaka, B. Suryobroto, &Y. Kawamoto, 1988. Morphological studies on the Sulawesi macaques. I: Phyletic analysis of body color.Primates, 29: 65–88.
Hill, W. C. O., 1974.Primates: Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy. VII. Cercopithecinae; Cercocebus, Macaca, Cynopithecus. Wiley, New York.
Kawamoto, Y., Y. Hamada, B. Suryobroto, T. Watanabe, M. Iwamoto, &O. Takenaka, 1987. A case study on the genetic variation within and between troops of the black ape,Macaca nigra.Kyoto Univ. Overseas Res. Rep. Stud. Asian Non-human Prim., 6: 15–17.
————,O. Takenaka, &E. Brotoisworo, 1982. Preliminary report on genetic variations within and between species of Sulawesi macaques.Kyoto Univ. Overseas Res. Rep. Stud. Asian Nonhuman Prim., 2: 23–37.
————, ————,B. Suryobroto, &E. Brotoisworo, 1985. Genetic differentiation of Sulawesi macaques.Kyoto Univ. Overseas Res. Rep. Stud. Asian Non-human Prim., 4: 41–61.
Mayr, E., 1963.Animal Species and Evolution. Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge.
Nagel, U., 1973. A comparison of anubis baboons, hamadryas baboons and their hybrids at a species border in Ethiopia.Folia Primatol., 19: 104–165.
Shotake, T., K. Nozawa, &Y. Tanabe, 1977. Blood protein variations in baboons: I. Gene exchange and genetic distance betweenPapio anubis, Papio hamadryas and their hybrid.Japan J. Genet., 52: 223–237.
Sugawara, K., 1979. Sociological study of a wild group of hybrid baboons betweenPapio anubis andP. hamadryas in the Awash Valley, Ethiopia.Primates, 20: 21–56.
————, 1982. Sociological comparison between two wild groups of anubis-hamadryas hybrid baboons.Afr. Stud. Monog., 2: 73–131.
Takenaka, O., M. Hotta, Y. Kawamoto, B. Suryobroto, &E. Brotoisworo, 1987a. Origin and evolution of the Sulawesi macaques, 2: Complete amino acid sequences of sevenβ chains of three molecular types.Primates, 28: 99–109.
————, ————,A. Takenaka, Y. Kawamoto, B. Suryobroto, &E. Brotoisworo, 1987b. Origin and evolution of the Sulawesi macaques. 1: Electrophoretic analysis of hemoglobins.Primates, 28: 87–98.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
About this article
Cite this article
Watanabe, K., Lapasere, H. & Tantu, R. External characteristics and associated developmental changes in two species of Sulawesi macaques,Macaca tonkeana andM. hecki, with special reference to hybrids and the borderland between the species. Primates 32, 61–76 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02381601
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02381601