Abstract
A twenty-one player counterexample is presented which disposes of two questions raised by J. W. Milnor in 1952 concerning the existence of certain pre-solutions, based on plausible lower and upper bounds to what a coalition should expect to receive in a cooperative game in characteristic function form. In the counterexample, the lower-bound set, known as “L”, is empty, and the upper-bound set, known as “D”, contains no efficient outcomes.
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Kikuta, K., Shapley, L.S. On Milnor's classes “L” and “D”. Int J Game Theory 15, 231–235 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01769387
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01769387