Summary
The first chapter summarizes the state of the disagreements about the phylogeny of rotifers and lower metazoa in 1963. The only arguments were morphological, and the only problem was the definition of homologies. There are today more diversified approaches of the evolution: electron microscopy, ethology, genetics and ecology.
The second chapter shows, using an example, that phylogeny is very complex. A synthesis is made on the photosensitivities and the photoreceptors of rotifers, with several original ultrastructural descriptions (ocelli of Rhinoglena frontalis and Philodina roseola; cerebral eyes of Brachionus calyciflorus and P. roseola). After a criticism of several theories on the use of photoreceptors in phylogeny, a new polyphyletic theory is proposed and the classical criteria of homology (Remane, 1955) are discussed.
The third chapter considers two major evolutionary features of rotifers: parthenogenetic reproduction, which is correlated with feeding, and special adaptations promoting survivorship in harsh environments (anhydrobiosis in Bdelloïdea, resting eggs production in Monogononta). In addition to classical meiotic recombination, evolutionary mechanisms in the Rotatoria include mutation during parthenogenesis and maternal effects.
The forth chapter describes some constant ultrastructural features in rotifers, and compares them to homologous structures in related groups: skeletal integument, flame-cells, pseudocoel, thick myofilaments and a glia-free nervous system. Since some of these structures (integument and flame-cell) have the same fonctions in all rotifers, their variations are good indicators of phylogeny.
In conclusion (V), not one argument corroborates Remane's hypothesis of the coelomate origin of rotifers. The hypothesis of Josse (1979), founded on embryological works, is corroborated by several ultrastructural features discussed herein, although rotifers have been placed in the phylum Aschelminthes, several aspects of their ultrastructural morphology suggest more relationships to the Acanthocephala and Platyhelminths than to the other classes of Aschelminths. Other ultrastructural observations show that this relationship Rotatoria-Platyhelminths is not direct: they have a common ancestor. The relationship Rotifera-Phytoflagellates is also discussed. Finally it is necessary to carry on other ultrastructural, ethological and genetic work on both rotifers and related groups.
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Clément, P. Phylogenetic relationships of rotifers, as derived from photoreceptor morphology and other ultrastructural analyses. Hydrobiologia 73, 93–117 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00019432
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00019432