Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ovule and megagametophyte development in orchids

  • Chapter
Orchid Biology

Abstract

Sexual reproduction is essential for the long-term survival of plant species. The process of meiosis allows for random assortment of parental genes which enable the offspring to adapt better to environmental changes (Pennell, 1988). In order to understand reproductive processes in plants, information concerning ovule development is indispensable. The structure and functions of the seeds cannot be properly understood without studying the ovule in all its aspects (Bouman, 1984). In most orchid species studied to date the ovules are quite rudimentary prior to pollination. Upon successful pollination, a massive number of ovules is produced in each ovary. This provides a unique opportunity to study events of ovule and embryo sac development in angiosperms (Sagawa and Israel, 1964).

The literature review pertaining to the original and revised versions of this chapter was concluded in October 1996; the chapter was submitted in September 1993, and the revised version was received in October 1996.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abe, K. 1967. Contributions to the embryology of the family Orchidaceae. I. Development of the embryo sac in Cymbidium goeringii Reichb. F. Sci. Rep. Tohoku Univ. Ser. IV (Biol.) 33: 79–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abe, K. 1968a. Contributions to the embryology of the Family Orchidaceae II. Development of the embryo sac in Pogonia japonica Reichb. F. Sci. Rep. Tohoku Univ. Ser. IV (Biol.) 34: 59–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abe, K. 1968b. Contributions to the embryology of the family Orchidaceae, III. Development of the embryo sac in Cremastra appendiculata. Sci. Rep. Tohoku Univ. Ser. IV (Biol.) 34: 119–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abe, K. 1971a. Contributions to the embryology of the family Orchidaceae. IV. Development of the embryo sac in Bletilla striata. Sci. Rep. Tohoku Univ. Ser. IV (Biol.) 35: 213–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abe, K. 1971b. Contributions to the embryology of the family Orchidaceae. V. Development of the embryo sac in Oreorchis patens. Sci. Rep. Tohoku Univ. Ser. IV (Biol.) 35: 219–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abe, K. 1972a. Contributions to the embryology of the family Orchidaceae. VI. Development of the embryo sac in 15 species of orchids. Sci. Rep. Tohoku Univ. Ser. IV (Biol.) 36: 135–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abe, K. 1972b. Contributions to the embryology of the family Orchidaceae. VII. A comparative study of the orchid embryo sac. Sci. Rep. Tohoku Univ. Ser. IV (Biol). 36: 179–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abe, K. 1976. A reinvestigation of the development of the embryo sac in Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae). Ann. Bot. 40: 99–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abe, K. 1977. Development of the embryo sac in Amitostigma kinoshitae (Makino) Schltr. (Orchidaceae). Ann. Bot. 41: 897–899.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abe, K. 1979. Development of the female gametophyte (embryo sac) in the family Orchidaceae. In C. P. Malik (ed.), Current Advances in Plant Reproductive Biology, Vol. 1. Kalyani Pub., New Delhi, p. 249–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Afzelius, K. 1916. Zur Embryosackentwicklung der Orchideen. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 10: 183–227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Afzelius, K. 1922. Embryodackentwicklung und chromosomenzahl bei einigen Platanthera Arten. Svensk. Bot. Tidskr. 16: 371–382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Afzelius, K. 1954. Embryo-sac development in Epipogium aphyllum. Svensk. Bot. Tidskr. 48: 513–520.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez, M. R. 1968. Temporal and spatial changes in peroxidase activity during fruit development in Encyclia tampensis (Orchidaceae). Am. J. Bot. 55: 619–625.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez, M. R. and Sagawa, Y. 1965. A histochemical study of embryo sac development in Vanda (Orchidaceae). Caryologia 18: 241–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arekal, G. D. and Karanth, K. A. 1981. The embryology of Epipogium roseum (Orchidaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 138: 1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baranov, P. A. 1916a. Study of the development of the embryo sac in Spiranthes australis Lindl. and Serapias pseudocardigera Mario. Bull. Soc. Moscow 29: 74–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baranov, P. A. 1916b. Materials on the embryology of the orchids. J. Russian Bot. Soc. 2: 20–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Battaglia, E. 1951. The male and female gametophytes of angiosperms: an interpretation. Phytomorphology 1: 87–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bednara, J. 1978. Plasmodesmata and ingrowths of chalazal wall in megasporogenesis in an orchid Epipactis. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. Actualites Bot. 1/2: 171–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bednara, J., Kuras, M. and Rodkiewicz, B. 1981. Ultrastructural changes during megasporogenesis in Epipactis (Orchidaceae). Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 50: 127–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bednara, J., Willemse, M. T. M. and Van Lammeren, A. A. M. 1990. Organization of the actin cytoskeleton during megasporogenesis in Gasteria verrucosa visualized with fluorescent-labelled phalloidin. Acta Bot. Neerl. 39: 43–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhandari, N. N. 1984. The microsporangium. In B. M. Johri (ed.) Embryology of Angiosperms. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 53–121.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bouman, F. 1984. The ovule. In B. M. John (ed.) Embryology of Angiosperms, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 123–157.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, W. H. 1909. The embryo sac of Habenaria. Bot. Gaz. 48: 241–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, W. H. and Sharp, L. W. 1911. The embryo sac of Epipactis. Bot. Gaz. 52: 439–452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, M. C. 1945. Megasporogenesis and development of the embryo sac of Cypripedium parviforum. Bot. Gaz. 107: 107–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chasan, R. 1992. Bleaching the callose wall. Plant Cell 4: 745–746.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cocucci, A. E. 1969. Embriologia de Orquideas la megaspora de Epidendrum scutella. Kurtziana 5: 7–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cocucci, A. E. and Jensen, W. A. 1969. Orchid embryology: The mature megagametophyte of Epidendrum scutella. Kurtziana. 5: 23–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corti, E. F. and Cecchi, A. F. 1970. The behaviour of the cytoplasm during the megasporogenesis in Paphiopedilum spicerianum (Rchb. F.) Pfitzer. Caryologia 23: 715–727.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coulter, J. M. and Chamberlain, C. J. 1903. Morphology of Angiosperms (Morphology and Spermatophytes, Part I I ). D. Appleton & Co., New York.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, G. L. 1966. Systematic Embryology of the Angiosperms. John Wiley & Son, Inc., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, R. E. and Curtis, J. T. 1942a. Intermittent growth of fruits of Phalaenopsis. A correlation of the growth phases of an orchid fruit with their internal development. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 69: 167–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, R. E. and Curtis, J. T. 1942b. Intermittent growth of fruits of Cypripedium and Paphiopedilum. A correlation of the growth of orchid fruits with their internal development. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 69: 353–359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrikson, M. 1990. Embryological study of Herminium monorchis (Orchidaceae) using confocal scanning laser microscopy. Am. J. Bot. 77: 123–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrikson, M. 1991. An embryological study of Platanthera bifolia (Orchidaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 174: 213–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrikson, M., Carlsson, K. and Franksson, O. 1988. Confocal scanning laser microscopy, a new technique used in an embryological study of Dactylorhiza maculata (Orchidaceae). Nordic J. Bot. 8: 369–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furuya, M. 1984. Cell division patterns in multicellular plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 35: 349–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gounaris, E. K., Sherwood, R. T., Gounaris, I., Hamilton, R. H. and Gustine, D. L. 1991. Inorganic salts modify embryo sac development in sexual and aposporous Cenchrus ciliaris. Sex. Plant Reprod. 4: 188–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hagerup, O. 1944. On fertilisation, polyploidy and haploidy in Orchis maculatus L. sens. lat. Dansk. Bot. Ark. 11, number 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haig, D. 1986. Conflicts among megaspores. J. Theor. Biol. 123: 471–480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haig, D. 1990. New perspectives on the angiosperm female gametophyte. Bot. Rev. 56: 236–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harling, G. 1950. Embryological studies in the Compositae. Part 1. Anthemideae - Anthemidinae. Acta Hort. Berg. 15: 135–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heslop-Harrison, J. 1957. The physiology of reproduction in Dactylorchis. I. Auxin and the control of meiosis, ovule formation and ovary growth. Bot. Notiser 110: 28–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heslop-Harrison, J. 1983. The reproductive versatility of flowering plants: an overview. In W. J. Meudt (ed.), Strategies of Plant Reproduction (BARC Symposium, no. 6 ). Allanheld, Osmun Pubs., Granada p. 3–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hjelmqvist, H. 1964. Variations in embryo sac development. Phytomorphology 14:186–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hjelmqvist, H. and Grazi, F. 1964. Studies on variation in embryo sac development. Bot. Notiser 117: 141–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofmeister, W. 1849. Die Entstehung des Embryo der Phanerogamen. Leipzig.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, B.-Q. and Russell, S. D. 1992. Female germ unit: organization, isolation and function. Int. Rev. Cytol. 140: 233–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Israel, H. W. and Sagawa, Y. 1964. Post-pollination ovule development in Dendrobium orchids. II. Fine structure of the nucellar and archesporial phases. Caryologia 17: 301–316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Israel, H. W. and Sagawa, Y. 1965. Post-pollination ovule development in Dendrobium orchids. III. Fine structure of meiotic prophase I. Carylogia 18: 15–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapil, R. N. and Bhatnagar, A. K. 1981. Ultrastructure and biology of female gametophyte in flowering plants. Int. Rev. Cytol. 70: 291–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kapil, R. N. and Tiwari, S. C. 1978. The integumentary tapetum. Bot. Rev. 44: 457–490.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kimura, C. 1967. On the embryo sac of Cypripedium debile Reichb. F. Sci. Rep. Tohoku Univ. Ser. IV (Biol.) 34: 67–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuras, M., Kudlicka, K. and Rodkiewicz, B. 1979. Ultrastructure of Epipactis meiocyte: starch distribution and nucleolus in the first meiotic prophase. Acta Med. Pol. 20: 415–416.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kusano, S. 1915. Experimental studies on the embryonal development in an angiosperm. J. Coll. Agric. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 6: 8–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Law, S. K. and Yeung, E. C. 1989. Embryology of Calypso bulbosa. I. Ovule development. Am. J. Bot. 76: 1668–1674.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Law, S. K. and Yeung, E. C. 1993. Embryology of Cypripedium passerinum (Orchidaceae): ovule development. Lindleyana 8: 139–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maheshwari, P. 1937. A critical review of the types of embryo sacs in angiosperms. New Phytol. 36: 359–417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maheshwari, P. and Narayanaswami, S. 1951. Embryological studies on Spiranthes australis Lindl. Proc. Linn Soc. Bot. 53: 474–486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maheshwari, S. C. 1955. The occurrence of bisporic embryo sacs in angiosperms–a critical review. Phytomorphology 5: 67–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohana Rao, P. R. and Sood, S. K. 1978. Development of the embryo in Herminium angustifolium Benth. Ann. Bot. 43: 661–663.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadeau, J. A., Zhang, X. S., Li, J. and O’Neill, S. D. 1996. Ovule development: identification of stage-specific and tissue-specific cDNAs. Plant Cell 8: 213–239.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nimoto, D. H. and Sagawa, Y. 1961. Ovule development in Dendrobium. Am. Orchid Soc. Bull. 30: 813–819.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nimoto, D. H. and Sagawa, Y. 1962. Ovule development in Phalaenopsis. Caryologia 15: 89–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Neill, S. D., Nadeau, J. A., Zhang, X. S., Bui, A. Q. and Halevy, A. H. 1993. Interorgan regulation of ethylene biosynthetic genes by pollination. Plant Cell 5: 419–432.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pace, L. 1907. Fertilization in Cypripedium. Bot. Gaz. 44: 353–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pace, L. 1909. The gametophytes of Calopogon. Bot. Gaz. 48: 126–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pace, L. 1914. Two species of Gyrostachys. Baylor Univ. Bull. 17: 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pennell, R. I. 1988. Sporogenesis in conifers. Adv. Bot. Res. 15: 179–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poddubnaya-Arvoldi, V. A. 1959. Study of fertilization and embryogenesis in certain angiosperms using living material. Am. Nat. 93: 161–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poddubnaya-Arvoldi, V. A. 1960. Study of fertilization in the living material of some angiosperms. Phytomorphology 10: 185–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poddubnaya-Arnoldi, V. A. 1967. Comparative embryology of the Orchidaceae. Phytomorphology 17: 312–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poddubnaya-Arnoldi, V. A., Zinger, N. V. and Petrovskaya-Baranova, T. P. 1964. A histochemical investigation of the ovules, embryo sacs and seeds in some angiosperms. In H. F. Linskens (ed.), Pollen Physiology and Fertilization. North Holland, Amsterdam, p. 3–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prosina, M. N. 1931. Uber die vom Cypripedilum Typus Abweichende Embryosackentwicklung von Cypripedilum guttatum SW. Planta 12: 532–544.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rao, A. N. 1967. Flower and seed development in Arundina graminijo1ia. Phytomorphology 17: 291–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiser, L. and Fischer, R. L. 1993. The ovule and the embryo sac. Plant Cell 5: 1291–1301.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rembert, D. H., Jr. 1971. Phylogenetic significance of megaspore tetrad patterns in Leguminales. Phytomorphology 21: 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ren, L. and Wang, F.-X. 1987. Embryological studies of Paphiopedilum godefroyae Stain. Acta Bot. Sin. 29: 14–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodkiewicz, B. 1970. Callose in cell walls during megasporogenesis in angiosperms. Planta 93: 39–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodkiewicz, B. 1975. Sieve-like distribution of callose in meiocyte chalazal wall in ovules of orchid Epipactis. Bull. Acad. Polon. Sci., Ser. Sci. Biol. 23: 707–711.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodkiewicz, B. 1981a. Megasporogenesis in angiosperm (a retrospect). I. Callose distribution. Folia Soc. Sci. Lub. 23: 109–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodkiewicz, B. 1981b. Megasporogenesis in angiosperm (a retrospect). II. Polarization phenomena. Folia Soc. Sci. Lub. 23: 115–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodkiewicz, B. and Bednara, J. 1976. Cell wall ingrowths and callose distribution in megasporogenesis in some Orchidaceae. Phytomorphology 26: 276–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodkiewicz, B. and Gorska-Brylass, A. 1968. Callose in the walls of the developing megasporocyte and megaspores in the orchid ovule. Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 37: 19–28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodkiewicz, R. and Kadej, F. 1971. Ultrastructure of megaspore tetrad in Orchis maculata. Bull. Acad. Polon. Sci., Ser. Sci. Biol. 19: 601–604.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodkiewicz, B. and Stobiecka, H. 1978. Distribution of starch grains in the meiocyte and megaspores of Orchis and Epipactis. Bull. Acad. Polon. Sci., Ser. Sci. Biol. 26: 107–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodkiewicz, B., Kudlicka, K. and Kuras, M. 1979. Ultrastructure of the meiocyte in ovules of Orchis and Epipactis. Bull. Acad. Polon. Sci., Ser. Sci. Biol. 26: 833–837.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sagawa, Y. and Israel, H. W. 1964. Post-pollination ovule development in Dendrobium orchids. I. Introduction. Caryologia 17: 53–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, Y. 1974. Embryological studies in the Japanese Epipactis (Orchidaceae). Sci. Rep. Tohoku Univ. Ser. IV (Biol.) 37: 33–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, Y. 1976. Development of the embryo sac of Cephalanthera longibracteata Bl. Sci. Rep. Tohoku Univ. Ser. IV (Biol.) 37: 139–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savina, G. I. 1974. Fertilization in Orchidaceae. In H. F. Linskens, (ed.), Fertilization in Higher Plants, North-Holland, Amsterdam, p. 197–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnepf, E. 1986. Cellular polarity. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 37: 23–47.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, P. and Jensen, W. A. 1981. Pre-fertilization ovule development in Capsella: ultrastructure and ultracytochemical localization of acid phosphastase in the meiocyte. Protoplasma 107: 2745.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seshagiriah, K. N. 1942. Morphological studies in Orchidaceae. I. Zeuxine sulcata Lindley. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 20: 357–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, M. and Vij, S. P. 1981. Embryological studies on Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames. (Orchidaceae). Res. Bull. (Sci.) Punjab Univ. 32: 111–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, M. and Vij, S. P. 1987. Embryological studies in Orchidaceae VI: Habenaria Wild. Phytomorphology 37: 327–335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharp, L. W. 1912. The orchid embryo sac. Bot. Gaz. 54: 372–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sood, S. K. 1987. Initiation and ontogeny of integuments in Orchidaceae. Acta Bot. Indica 15: 118–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sood, S. K. 1992. Embryology of Malaxis saprophyta, with comments on the systematic position of Malaxis (Orchidaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 179: 95–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sood, S. K. and Mohana Rao, P. R. 1988. Studies in the embryology of the diandrous orchid Cypripedium cordigerum ( Cypripedieae, Orchidaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 160: 159–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sood, S. K. and Mohana Rao, P. R. 1989. Co-existence of monosporic and bisporic embryo sacs in Microstylis muscifera Ridley (Orchidaceae). Beitr. Biol. Pflanzen 64: 23–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strasburger, E. 1877. Uber Befruchtung und Zelltheilung. Jena Zeitschr. Naturw. 11: 435–536.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swamy, B. G. L. 1942. Female gametophyte and embryogeny in Cymbidium bicolor Lindl. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. Sec. B, 15: 194–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swamy, B. G. L. 1943. Embryology of Orchidaceae. Curr. Sci. 12: 13–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swamy, B. G. L. 1945. Embryo sac and fertilization in Cypripedium spectabile. Bot. Gaz. 107: 291–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swamy, B. G. L. 1946. The embryology of Zeuxine sulcata Lindl. New Phytol. 45:132–136. Swamy, B. G. L. 1948. Agamospermy in Spiranthes cernua. Lloydia 11: 149–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swamy, B. G. L. 1949. Embryological studies in the Orchidaceae. I. Gametophytes. Am. Midland Nat. 41: 184–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J. S., Blackman, S. J. and Yeung, E. C. 1982. Hormonal and structural aspects of fruit development in the orchid Epidendrum. J. Exp. Bot. 33: 495–505.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tohda, H. 1967. An embryological study of Hetaeria shikokiana, a saprophytic orchid in Japan. Sci. Rep. Tohoku Univ. Ser. IV (Biol.) 33: 83–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vermoesen, C. 1911. Contribution a l’étude de l’ovule, du sac embryonnaire et de la fecondation dans les angiospermes. Cellule 27: 114–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vij, S. P. and Sharma, M. 1986. Embryo sac development in Orchidaceae. In S. P. Vij (ed.), Biology, Conservation and Culture of Orchids, Affiliated East-West Press, New Delhi, India, p. 31–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vij, S. P. and Sharma, M. 1987. Embryological studies in Orchidaceae V: Epipactis Adams. Phytomorphology 37: 81–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vij, S. P., Sharma, M. and Shekhar, N. 1982. Embryological studies in Orchidaceae. II: Zeuxine strateumatica complex. Phytomorphology 32: 257–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, H. M. 1880. On the embryo-sac and development of Gymnadenia conopsea. Q. J. Microsc. Sci. 20: 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wardlaw, C. W. 1968. Morphogenesis in Plants. Methuen and Co., London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, M. C. and Gunning, B. E. S. 1990. Embryo sac development in Arabidopsis thaliana. I. Megasporogenesis, including the mictotubular cytoskeleton. Sex. Plant Reprod. 3: 244–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webb, M. C. and Gunning, B. E. S. 1994. Embryo sac development in Arabidopsis thaliana. II. The cytoskeleton during megagametogenesis. Sex. Plant Reprod. 7: 153–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willemse, M. T. M. 1981. Polarity during megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis. Phytomorphology 31: 124–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willemse, M. T. M. and Bednara, J. 1979. Polarity during megasporogenesis in Gasteria verrucosa. Phytomorphology 29: 156–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willemse, M. T. M. and van Went, J. L. 1984. The female gametophyte. In B. M. John (ed.), Embryology of Angiosperms, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 159–196.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wirth, M. and Withner, C. L. 1959. Embryology and development in the Orchidaceae. In C. L. Withner (ed.), The Orchids A Scientific Survey. Ronald Press, New York, p. 155–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yasugi, S. 1983. Ovule and embryo development in Doritis pulcherrima (Orchidaceae). Am. J. Bot. 70: 551–560.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ye, X. L., Yeung, E., Zee, S. Y. and Tong, S. H. 1996. Confocal microscopic observation on microtubular cytoskeleton changes during megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis in Nun orchid, Phaius tankervilleae (Aiton) Bl. Acta Botanica Sinica. 38: 677–685.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeung, E. C. and Law, S. K. 1989. Embryology of Epidendrum ibaguense. I. Ovule development. Can. J. Bot. 67: 2219–2226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeung, E. C., Zee, S. Y. and Ye, X. L. 1994. Embryology of Cymbidium sinense: ovule development. Phytomorphology 44: 55–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zee, S. Y. and Ye, X. L. 1995. Changes in the pattern of organization of the microtubular cytoskeleton during megasporogenesis in Cymbidium sinense. Protoplasma 185: 170–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X. S. and O’Neill, S. D. 1993. Ovary and gametophyte development are coordinately regulated by auxin and ethylene following pollination. Plant Cell 5: 403–418.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Z. J. and Zheng, G. J. 1988. Translocation of uranin within the living ovules of Vanilla. Acta Bot. Sinica 30: 490–493.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zinger, N. V. and Poddubnaya-Amoldi, V. A. 1966. Application of histochemical techniques to the study of embryonic processes in certain orchids. Phytomorphology 16: 111–124.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Edward C. Yeung
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sandra K. Law
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA

    Joseph Arditti

  2. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK

    Alec M. Pridgeon

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Yeung, E.C., Law, S.K. (1997). Ovule and megagametophyte development in orchids. In: Arditti, J., Pridgeon, A.M. (eds) Orchid Biology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2498-2_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2498-2_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-4837-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-2498-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation