Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Atmospheric Transport and Air-Surface Exchange of Pesticides

  • Chapter
Fate of Pesticides in the Atmosphere: Implications for Environmental Risk Assessment

Abstract

Atmospheric transport and exchange of pesticides with soil, vegetation, water and atmospheric particles are discussed, with an emphasis on applying physicochemical properties of the compound to describe environmental partitioning. The octanol-air partition coefficient is promoted as a unifying property for describing volatilization of pesticides from soil and sorption to aerosols. Present-day sources of organochlorine (OC) pesticides to the atmosphere are continued usage in certain countries and volatilization from contaminated soils where they were used in the past. Models are available to predict volatilization from soil; however, their implementation is hampered by lack of soil residue data on a regional scale. The need to differentiate “new” and “old” sources is increasing, as countries negotiate international controls on persistent organic pollutants (POPs). A new technique, based on the analysis of individual pesticide enantiomers, is proposed to follow emission of chiral OC pesticides from soil and water. Air monitoring programs in the Arctic show the ubiquitous presence of OC pesticides, PCBs and other POPs, and recently a few “modern” pesticides have been identified in fog and surface seawater. Atmospheric loadings of POPs to oceans and large lakes take place mainly by air-water gas exchange. In the case of OC pesticides and PCBs, aquatic systems are often near air-water equilibrium or even oversaturated. Measurement of water/air fugacity ratios suggests revolatilization of PCBs and several OC pesticides in the Great Lakes and, for αhexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), in the Arctic Ocean. Outgassing of α-HCH in large lakes and arctic waters has been confirmed by enantiomeric tracer studies. The potential for pesticides to be atmospherically transported depends on their ability to be mobilized into air and the removal processes that take place enroute: wet and dry deposition of gases and particles and chemical reactions in the atmosphere. Measurement of reaction rate constants for pesticides in the gas and particle phase at a range of environmental temperatures is a critical research need. The transport distance of a chemical is related to its overall environmental persistence, determined by the partitioning among different compartments (water, sediment, soil, air), degradation rates in each compartment and mode of emission (into water, soil, air). Several pesticides found in the arctic environment have predicted lifetimes in the gas phase of only a few days in temperate climates, pointing out the need for monitoring and evaluation of persistence in cold regions.

Figures 2 and 6 are reprinted from Environmental Pollution 102: 43–49,1998, by T.F. Bidleman et al., and Figure 3 from Environmental Pollution 102: 51–62, 1998, by C.J. Halsall et al., with permission from Elsevier Science.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aigner, E.J., Leone, A.D and. Falconer, R.L. 1998. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 1162–1168.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alegria, H., Bidleman, T.F. and Shaw, T. 1999. Environ. Sci. Technol.,submitted.

    Google Scholar 

  • Altschuller, A.P. 1989. Ambient air hydroxyl radical concentrations: measurements and model predictions. J. AirPollut. Control Assoc. 39, 704–708.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, P.N. and Hites, R.A. 1996. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 1756–1763.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aston, L.S. and Seiber, J.N. 1996. J. Environ. Qual. 26, 1483–1492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, R. 1991. Sci. Total Environ. 104, 17–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, R. 1994. GasPhase Tropospheric Chemistry of Organic Compounds. J. Phys. Chem. Ref Data,Monograph 2, American Chemical Society, American Institute of Physics for the National Institute of Standards and Technology, 216 pages.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bacci, E., Calamari, D., Gaggi, C. and Vighi, M. 1990. Environ. Sci. Technol. 24, 885–889.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballschmiter, K. 1992. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 31, 487–515.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrie, L.A., Macdonald, R., Bidleman, T., Diamond, M., Gregor, D., Semkin, R. Strachan, W., Alaee, M., Backus, S., Bewers, M., Gobeil, C., Halsall,C., Hoff, J., Li, Y.–F., Lockhart, L., Mackay, D., Muir, D., Pudykiewicz, J., Reimer, K., Smith, J., Stern, G., Schroeder, W., Wagemann, R., Wania, F. and Yunker, M. 1997. In: Jensen, J., Adair, K. and Shearer, R. (eds.). Canadian Arctic Contaminants Assessment Report. Ministry of Public Works and Government Services, Ottawa, QS–8525–000–EE–A1, Catalog No. R72–260/1997E, ISBN 0662–25704–9, pages 25–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behymer, T.D. and Bites, R.A.. 1988. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22, 1311–1319.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, D.H., McKone, T.E., Matthies, M. and Kastenberg, W.E. 1998. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 4023–4030.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, D.H., McKone, T.E., Matthies, M. and Kastenberg, W.E. 1999. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, 503–509.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bidleman, T.F. 1988. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22, 361–367.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bidleman, T.F., Jantunen, L.M., Barrie, L.A. and Fellin, P. 1995a. Geophys. Res. Len. 22, 219–222.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bidleman, T.F. and Falconer, R.L. 1999. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, 206A - 209A.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bidleman, T.F., Falconer, R.L. and Hamer, T. 1999. In: Lane, D.A. (ed.). Gas and Particle Measurements of Atmospheric Organic Compounds. Gordon and Breach Publishers, Newark, NJ, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bidleman, T.F. and Hamer, T. 1999. In: Mackay, D. and Boethling, R.S. (eds.) Estimating Chemical Properties for the Environmental and Health Sciences, a Handbook of Methods. Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea, MI, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bidleman, T.F., Falconer, R.L. and Walla, M.D. 1995b. Sci. Total Environ. 160/161 55–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bidleman, T.F., Billings, W.N. and Foreman, W.T. 1986. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20, 1038–1043.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bidleman, T.F., Alegria, H., Ngabe, B. and Green, C. 1998a. Atmos. Environ. 32, 1849–1856.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bidleman, T.F., Atlas, E.L., Atkinson, R., Bonsang, B., Burns, K., Keene, W.C., Knap, A.H., Miller, J., Rudolph, J. and Tanabe, S. 1990. In: Knap, A.H. and Kaiser, M.-S. (eds.), The Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of Natural and Contaminant Substances. NATO ASI Series C, Vol. 297, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, pages 259–301.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bidleman, T.F., Jantunen, L.M.M., Hamer, T., Wiberg, K., Wideman, J.L., Brice, K.A., Su, K., Falconer, R.L., Aigner, E.J., Leone, A.D., Ridal, J.J., Kerman, B., Finizio, A., Alegria, H., Parkhurst, W.J. and Szeto, S.Y. 1998b. Environ. Pollut. 102, 43–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bidleman, T.F., Jantunen, L.M.M., Wiberg, K., Hamer, T., Brice, K.A., Su, K., Falconer, R.L., Leone, A.D., Aigner, E.J. and Parkhurst, W.J. 1998c. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 1546–1548.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bidleman, T.F. and McConnell, L.L. 1995. Sci. Total Environ. 159, 101–117.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bidleman, T.F., Schmidt, S., Roura, R. and Carr, E. 1993. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 26, 258–262.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blais, J.M., Schindler, D.W., Muir, D.C.G., Kimpe, L.W., Donald, D.B. and Rosenberg, B. 1998. Nature 395, 585–588.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boul, H.L., Gamham, M.L., Hucker, D., Baird, D. and Aislabie, J. 1994. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28, 1397–1402.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowes, G.W. and Jonkel, C.J. 1975. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32, 2111–2123.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brubaker, Jr., W.W. and Bites, R.A. 1997. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 1805–1810.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brubaker, Jr., W.W. and Hites, R.A. 1998. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 766–769.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calamari, D., Bacci, E., Focardi, S., Gaggi, C., Morosini, M. and Vighi, M. 1991. Environ. Sci. Technol 25, 1489–1495.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calamari, D., Tremolada, P., DiGuardo, A. and Vighi, M. 1994. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28 429434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Capel, P.D., Leuenberger, C. and Giger, W. 1991. Atmos. Environ. 25A, 1335–1346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chernyak, S.M., Rice, C.P. and McConnell, L.L. 1996. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 32, 410–419.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. and Pinkerton, C. 1966 In: Gould, R.F. (ed.), Organic Pesticides in the Environment, ACS Adv. in Chem. Ser., Vol. 60, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pages 163–176.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, M.D. 1997. Review of I. The Capability of Specific Persistent Toxic Substances to be Subjected to Longe Range Atmospheric Transport, and II. The Status and Capabilities of Associated Emissions Inventories. Report prepared for the International Joint Commission, International Air Quality Advisory Board, IJC, Windsor, Ontario.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cortes, D.R., Basu, I., Sweet, C.W., Brice, K.A., Hoff, R.M. and Hites, R.A. 1998. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 1920–1927.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cotham, W.E. and Bidleman, T.F. 1992. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26, 469–1378.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cotham, W.E. and Bidleman, T.F. 1991. Chemosphere 22, 165–188.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coupe, R.H., Manning, M.A., Foreman, W.T., Goolsby, D.A. and Majewski, M.S. 1998. In: Daniel, B.J. (ed.), Proc. 28’“ Mississippi Water Resources Conference, Raymond, MS, April, Water Resources Research Institute, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS. Cousins, I.T. and Jones, K.C. 1998. Environ. Pollut. 102, 105–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowen-Ellsberry, C., Boethling, R. and Graham, D. 1999. In: Proceedings of the SETAC Pellston Workshop on Criteria for Persistence and Long Range Transport of Chemicals in the Environment, 14–19 July, 1998, Fairmont Hot Springs, BC, Canada. Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Pensacola, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dannenfelser, R.M., Surendran, N. and Yalkowski, S.H. 1993. SAR and QSAR in Environ. Res. 1, 273–292.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Datta, S., Hansen, L., McConnell, L., Baker, J., LeNoir, J. and Seiber, J.N. 1998. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 60, 829–836.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeWulf, J.P., van Langehove, H.R. and van der Auwera, L.F. 1998. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 903–911.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dickhut, R.M. and Gustafson, K.E. 1995. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 1518–1525.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dimond, J.B. and Owen, R.B. 1996. Environ. Pollut. 92, 227–230.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donnelly, J.R., Drewes, L.A., Johnson, R.L., Munslow, W.D., Knapp, K.K. and Sovocool, G.W. 1990. Thermochim. Acta 167, 155–187.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dowdy, D.L. and McKone, T.E. 1998. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16, 2448–2456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duce, R.A., Liss, P.S., Merrill, J.T., Atlas, E.L., Buat-Menard, P., Hicks, B.B., Miller, J.M., Prospero, J.M., Arimoto, R., Church, T.M., Ellis, W., Galloway, J.N., Hansen, L., Jickells, T.D., Knap, A.H., Reinhardt, K.H., Schneider, B., Soudine, A., Tokos, J.J., Tsunogai, S., Wollast, R. and Zhou, M. 1991. Global Biogeochem.Cycles 5, 193–259.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenreich, S.J., Hornbuckle, K.C. and Achman, D.R. 1997. In: Baker, J.E. (ed.), Atmospheric Deposition of Contaminants to the Great Lakes and Coastal Water, SETAC Press, Pensacola, Florida, pp. 109–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson, G., Jensen, S., Kylin, H. and Strachan, W. 1989. Nature 341, 42–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falconer, R.L. and Bidleman, T.F. 1997. In: Baker, J.E. (ed.) Atmospheric Deposition of Contaminants to the Great Lakes and Coastal Waters. Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Pensacola, Florida, pp. 151–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falconer, R.L., Bidleman, T.F. and Gregor, D.J. 1995. Sci. Total Environ. 160/161 65–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falconer, R.L., Bidleman, T.F. and Szeto, S.Y. 1997. J. Agric. Food Chem. 45, 1946–1951.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falconer, R., Leone, A., Bodner, C., Wiberg, K., Bidleman, T., Jantunen, L., Hamer, T., Parkhurst, W., Alegria, H., Brice, K. and Su, K. 1998. Organohalogen Compounds 35, 33 1334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fellin, P., Barrie, L.A., Dougherty, D., Toom, D., Muir, D., Grift, N., Lockhart, L. and Billeck, B. 1996. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15, 253–261.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finizio, A., Bidleman, T.F. and Szeto, S.Y. 1998. Chemosphere 36, 345–355.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finizio, A., Mackay, D., Bidleman, T.F. and Hamer, T.. 1997. Atmos. Environ. 31, 2289–2296.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foreman, W.T. and Bidleman, T.F. 1990. Atmos. Environ. 24A, 2405–2416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • France, R.L., Muir, D.C.G. and Segstro, M.D. 1997. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 1879–1882. Frank, R., Braun, H.E., Chapman, N. and Burchat, C. 1991. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 47, 374–380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franz, T.P., Gregor, D.J. and Eisenreich, S.J. 1997. In: Baker, J.E. (ed.) Atmospheric Deposition of Contaminants to the Great Lakes and Coastal Waters. Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Pensacola, FL, pp. 73–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glotfelty, D.E., Seiber, J.N. and Liljedahl, L.A.. 1987. Nature 325, 602–605.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, E.D. 1975. Proc. Royal Soc. London, Ser. B. 189, 277–289.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goolsby, D.A., Thurman, E.M., Pomes, M.L., Meyer, M.T. and Batteglin, W.A. 1997. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 1325–1333.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goss, K.-U. and Eisenreich, S.J. 1997. Atmos. Environ. 31, 2827–2834.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goss, K.-U. and Schwartzenbach, R.P. 1998. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 2025–2032.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gregor, D.J. 1991. In: Sturges, W.T. (ed.) Pollution of the Arctic Atmosphere. Elsevier Applied Science, New York, pp. 217–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gustafson, K.E. and Dickhut, R.M. 1997a. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 1623–1629.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gustafson, K.E. and Dickhut, R.M. 1997b. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 140–147.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halsall, C.J., Lee, R.G.M., Coleman, P.J., Burnett, V., Harding-Jones, P. and Jones, K.C. 1995. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 2368–2376.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halsall, C.J., Bailey, R, Stern, G.A., Barrie, L.A., Fellin, P., Muir, D.C.G., Rovinsky, F. Ya., Kononov, E. Ya. and Pastukhov, B. 1998. Environ. Pollut. 102, 51–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halsall, C.J., Barrie, L.A., Fellin, P., Muir, D.C.G., Billeck, B., Lockhart, L., Rovinsky, F. Ya., Kononov, E. Ya. and Pastukhov, B. 1997. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 3593–3599.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hargrave, B.T., Barrie, L.A., Bidleman, T.F. and Welch, H.E. 1997. Environ. Sci. Technol 31, 3258–3266.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamer, T. and Bidleman, T.F. 1996. J. Chem. Eng. Data 41, 895–899.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harper, T. and Bidleman, T.F. 1998a. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 1494–1502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harper, T. and Bidleman, T.F. 19986. J. Chem. Eng. Data 43, 40–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harper, T., Bidleman, T.F., Wideman, J.L. and Parkhurst, W.J.. 1998b. Environ. Pollut.,submitted.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamer, T., Jantunen, L., Bidleman, T., Falconer, R., Parkhurst, W. and Mackay, D.. 1998a. Organohalogen Compounds 36, 397–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamer, T., Kylin, H., Bidleman, T.F., Halsall, C.J., Strachan, W.M.J., Barrie, L.A. and Fellin, P. 1998c. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 3257–3265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harper, T., Kylin, H., Bidleman, T.F. and Strachan, W.M.J. 1999. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, 1157–1164.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamer, T. and Mackay, D. 1995. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 1599–1606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamer, T., Mackay, D. and Jones, K.C. 1995. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 1200–1209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haugen, J.-E., Wania, F., Ritter, N. and Schlabach, M. 1998. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32 217224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawthorne, S.B., Miller, D.J., Louie, P.K.K., Butler, R.D. and Mayer, G.G. 1996. J. Environ. Qual. 25, 594–600.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hillery, B.R., Basu, I., Sweet, C.W. and Bites, R.A. 1997. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 1811–1816.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hillery, B.R., Simcik, M.F., Basu, I., Hoff, R.M., Strachan, W.M.J., Bumiston, D., Chan, C.H., Brice, K.A., Sweet, C. and Hites, R.A. 1998. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 2216–2221.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hinckley, D.A., Bidleman, T.F., Foreman, W.T. and Tuschall, J. 1990.. J. Chem. Eng. Data 35, 232–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinckley, D.A., Bidleman, T.F. and Rice, C.P. 1991. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 7201–7213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hippelein, M. and McLachlan, M.S. 1998. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 310–316.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hitch, R.K. and Day, H.R. 1992. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 48, 259–264.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoff, J.T., Mackay, D., Gillham, R. and Shiu, W.-Y. 1993a. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 2174 2180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoff, J.T., Wania, F., Mackay, D. and Gillham, R. 1995. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 1982–1989.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoff, J.T., Gregor, D.J., Mackay, D., Wania, F. and Jia, C.Q. 1998a. Environ. Sci. TechnoL 32, 58–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoff, R.M., Brice, K.A. and Halsall, C.J. 1998b. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 1793–1798.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoff, R.M. and Chan, K.-W.. 1986. Chemosphere 15, 449–452.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoff, R.M., Muir, D.C.G., Grill, N.P. and Brice, K.A. 1992a. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27 266275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoff, R.M., Muir, D.C.G., Grill, N.P. and Brice, K.A. 1992b. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 276283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoff, R.M., Muir, D.C.G., Grill, N.P. and Brice, K.A.. 1993b. Chemosphere 27, 2057–2062.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoff, R.M., Strachan, W.M.J., Sweet, C.W., Chan, C.H., Shackleton, M., Bidleman, T.F., Brice, K.A., Bumiston, D.A., Cussion, S., Gatz, D.F., Harlin, K. and Schroeder, W.H. 1996. Atmos. Environ. 30, 3505–3527.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holsen, T.M., Noll, K.E., Fang, G., Lee, W. and Lin, J.J. 1993. Environ. Sci. Technol 27, 1327–1333.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holsen, T.M., Noll, K.E., Liu, S. and Lee, W. 1991. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25, 1075–1081.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holsen, T.M., Zhu, X., Khalili, N.R., Lin, J.J., Lestari, P., Lu, C.-S. and Noll, K.E. 1997. In: Baker, J.E. (ed.) Atmospheric Deposition of Contaminants to the Great Lakes and Coastal Waters. Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Pensacola, FL, pp. 35–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Honrath, R.E., Sweet, C.W. and Plouff, C.J. 1997. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 842–852.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hombuckle, K.C., Achman, D.A. and Eisenreich, S.J. 1993. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 87–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hombuckle, K.C. and Eisenreich, S.J. 1996. Atmos. Environ. 30, 3935–3945.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hombuckle, K.C. and Eisenreich, S.J. 1995. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 848.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hombuckle, K.C., Jeremiason, J.D. and Eisenreich, S.J. 1994. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28, 1491–1501

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hombuckle, K.C., Sweet, C.W., Pearson, R.F., Swackhamer, D.L. and Eisenreich, S.J. 1995. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 869–877.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hung, H. and Mackay. D. 1998. Chemosphere 35, 959–977.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iwata, H., Tanabe, S., Norio, S. and Tatsukawa, R. 1993a. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 1080 1098.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iwata, H., Tanabe, S., Norio, S. and Tatsukawa, R. 19936. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 26, 302–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iwata, H., Tanabe, S., Ueda, K. and Tatsukawa, R. 1995. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 792–801.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jang, M., Kamens, R.M., Leach, K.B. and Stromuren, M.R. 1997. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 2805–2811.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jang, M. and McDow, S.R. 1995. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 2654–2660.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jantunen, L.M. and Bidleman, T.F. 1995. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 1081–1089.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jantunen, L.M. and Bidleman, T.F. 1996. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 28837–28846; corrections Ibid. 1997, 102, 19279–19282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jantunen, L.M.M. and Bidleman, T.F. 1998. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 35, 218–228.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jantunen, L.M.M., Bidleman, T.F. and Wideman, J. 1998. Presented at the 41st conference of the International Association for Great Lakes Research, Hamilton, Ontario, May.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, S., Eriksson, G. and Kylin, H. 1992. Chemosphere 24:,229–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeremiason, J.D., Hombuckle, K.C. and Eisenreich, S.J. 1994. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28 903914.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jury, W.A., Spencer, W.F. and Farmer, W.J. 1983. J. Environ. Qual. 12, 558–564.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jury, W.A., Spencer, W.F. and Farmer, W.J. 1984. J. Environ. Qual. 13, 567–572.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jury, W.A., Spencer, W.F. and Farmer, W.J. 1984. J. Environ. Qual. 13, 573–579.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jury, W.A., Spencer, W.F. and Farmer, W.J. 1984. J. Environ. Qual. 13, 580–586.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kallenbom, R., Oehme, M., Wynn-Williams, D.D., Schlabach, M. and Harris, J. 1998. Sci. Total Environ. 220, 167–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kamen, R.M., Guo, Z., Fulcher, J.N. and Bell, D.A. 1988. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22, 103–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karickhoff, S.W. 1981. Chemosphere 10, 833–846.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawano, M., Ramesh, A., Thao, V.D., Tatsukawa, R. and Subramanian, A.N. 1992. Internat. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 48, 163–174.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, Y.-H., Woodrow, J.E. and Seiber, J.N. 1984. J. Chromatogr. 314, 37–53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koester, C.J. and Hites, R.A. 1992. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26, 502–507.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamp, P. and McLachlan, M. 1997a. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 2944–2948.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kamp, P. and McLachlan, M. 1997b. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 886–890.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kamp, P. and McLachlan, M. 1997c. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16, 2433–2437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kwok, E.S.C. and Atkinson, R. 1995. Atmos. Environ. 29, 1685–1695.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwok, E.S.C., Atkinson, R. and Arey, J. 1995. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 1591–1598.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kylin, H. and Sjödin, A. 1998. Organohalogen Compounds. 39, 133–135.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lane, D.A. 1999. Gas and Particle Measurements of Atmospheric Organic Compounds. Gordon and Breach Publishers, Newark, NJ, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsson, P., Järnmark, C. and Sadergren, A. 1992. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 25, 281–287.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lartiges, S.B. and Garrigues, P.P. 1995. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 1246–1254.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, R.G.M., Hung, H., Mackay, D. and Jones, K.C. 1998. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 2172 2179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leone, A.D. 1998. Enantiomeric Composition of Chiral Pesticides in Soil and Air from the U.S. Cornbelt Region. M.S. thesis, Dept. of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, Ohio, U.S.A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y.-F., Barrie, L.A., Bidleman, T.F. and McConnell, L.L. 1998b. Global HCH use trends and their impact on the arctic atmospheric environment. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 39–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y.-F., Cai, D.J. and Singh, A. 1998a. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 35, 688–697.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y.-F., Cai, D.J. and Singh, A. 1999. Adv. Environ. Res. 2, 497–506.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liang, C. and Pankow, J.F. 1996. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 2800–2805.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liang, C., Pankow, J.F., Odum, J.R. and Seinfeld, J.H. 1997. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31 30863092.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ligocki, M.P., Leuenberger, C. and Pankow, J.F. 1985a. Atmos. Environ. 19, 1609–1617.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ligocki, M.P., Leuenberger, C. and Pankow, J.F. 1985b. Atmos. Environ. 19, 1619–1626.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Livingstone, D.M. and Inrboden, D.M. 1993. Tellus 42B, 364–377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorber, M., Cleverly, D., Schaum, J., Phillips, L., Schweer, G. and Leighton, T. 1994. Sci. Total Environ. 156, 39–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald, R.W., McLaughlin, F.A. and Carmack, E.C. 1998. In: Jensen, J. (ed.), Synopsis of Research Conducted under the 1995–97 Northern Contaminants Program, Minister of Public Works and Government Affairs Canada, Ottawa, QS-8573–000-EF-A1, catalog number R71–19/74–1997E, pages 89–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackay, D. 1982. Environ. Sci. Technol. 16, 274–278.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mackay, D. 1991. Multimedia Environmental Models, the Fugacity Approach. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan, 257 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackay, D. and Bentzen, E. 1997. Atmos. Environ. 31, 4045–4047.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mackay, D., DiGuardo, A., Paterson, S., Kicsi, G, and Cowen, C.E. 1996a. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15, 1618–1626.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mackay, D., DiGuardo, A., Paterson, S., Kicsi, G, and Cowen, C.E. 1996b. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15, 1627–1637.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mackay, D., DiGuardo, A., Paterson, S., Kicsi, G., Cowen, C.E. and Kane, D.M. 1996c. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15, 1638–48.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mackay, D., Shiu, W.-Y. and Ma, K.-C. 1997. Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals. Vol. 5, Pesticide Chemicals. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, 812 pages.

    Google Scholar 

  • Majewski, M.S. and Capel, P.D. 1995. Pesticides in the Atmosphere, Distribution, Trends and Governing Factors. Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea, MI, 214 pages.

    Google Scholar 

  • Majewski, M.S., Desjardins, R.L., Rochette, P., Pattey, E., Seiber, J.N. and Glotfelty, D.E. 1993. Environ. Sci. TechnoL 27, 121–128.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Majewski, M.S., Foreman, W.T., Goolsby, D.A. and Nakagaki, N. 1998. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 3689–3698.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martijn, A., Bakker, H. and Schreuder, R.H. 1993. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 51, 178–184.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McConnell, L.L., Bidleman, T.F. and Walla, M.D. 1998a. Environ. Pollut. 101, 391–399. McConnell, L.L., Kucldick, J.R., Bidleman, T.F., Ivanov, G.P. and Chemyak, S.M. 1996. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 2975–2983.

    Google Scholar 

  • McConnell, L.L., LeNoir, J.S., Datta, S. and Seiber, J.N. 1998b. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17, 1908–1916.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McConnell, L.L., Nelson, E., Rice, C.P., Baker, J.E., Johnson, W.E., Harman, J.A. and Bialek, K. 1997. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 1390–1398.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDow, S.R., Sun, Q., Vartiainen, M., Hong, Y., Yao, Y., Fister, T., Yao, R. and Kamens, R.M. 1994. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28:,2147–2153.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDow, S.R., Vartiainen, M., Sun, Q., Kong, Y. and Kamens, R.M. 1995. Atmos. Environ. 29, 791–797.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLachlan, M.S. 1996. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 252–259.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLachlan, M.S. and Horstmann, M. 1998 Environ. Sci. TechnoL 32 413–420.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mischke, T., Brunetti, K., Acosta, V., Weaver, D. and Brown, M. 1985. Agricultural Sources of DDT Residues in California’s Environment. California Dept. of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, California, 42 pages.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muir, D.C.G. and Grift, N.P. 1995. In: Ragsdale, N., Kearney, P.C. and Plimmer, J.R. (eds.) Eighth International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry: Options 2000. American Chemical Society. 141–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller-Herold, U. 1996. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 586–591.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Müller-Herold, U., Caderal, D. and Funck, P. 1997. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 3511–3515.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, T.J. 1995. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 846–847.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, E., McConnell, L.L. and Baker, J.E. 1998. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 912–919.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ngabe, B., Bidleman, T.F. and Falconer, R.L. 1993. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 1930–1933.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ockenden, W.A., Steinnes, E., Parker, C. and Jones, K.C. 1998a. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 2721–2726.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ockenden, W.A., Sweetman, A.J., Prest, H.F., Steinnes, E. and Jones, K.C. 1998b. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 2795–2803.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oehme, M. 1991. Ambio 20, 293–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oehme, M., Haugen, J.-E. and Schiabach, M. 1996. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 2294–2304.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orgill, M.M. and Sehmel, G.A. 1976. Atmos. Environ. 10:,813–825.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orgill, M.M., Sehmel, G.A. and Petersen, M.R. 1976. Atmos. Environ. 10, 827–834.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pacyna, J.M., Broman, D. and Lipiatou, E. 1998. Sea Air Exchange: Processes and Modelling. Scientific report of the workshop on sea-air exchange, Kjeller, Norway, June, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission, EUR 17660, ISBN 92–828–2577–9, Office for Official Publications of the European Commun., Luxembourg, 313 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palm, W.-U., Elend, M., Krueger, H-U. and Zetzsch, C. 1997. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 3389–3396.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pankow, J.F. 1987. Atmos. Environ. 21, 2275–2283.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pankow, J.F. 1993. Atmos. Environ. 27A, 1139–1152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pankow, J.F. 1994a. Atmos. Environ. 28, 185–188.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pankow, J.F. 1994b. Atmos. Environ. 28, 189–193.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pankow, J.F. 1997. Atmos. Environ. 31, 927–929.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pankow, J.F. 1998. Atmos. Environ. 32, 1493–1497.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pankow, J.F. and Bidleman, T.F. 1992. Atmos. Environ. 25A, 2241–2249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paterson, S., Mackay, D., Bacci, E. and Calamari, D. 1991. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25, 866–871.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patton, G.W., Hinckley, D.A., Walla, M.D., Bidleman, T.F., Hargrave, B.T. 1989. Tellus 41B, 243–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patton, G.W., Walla, M.D., Bidleman, T.F. and Barrie, L.A. 1991. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 10867–10877.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterle, T.J. 1969. Nature 224, 620

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poissant, L. and Koprivnjak, J.-F. 1996. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 845–851.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poster, D.L. and Baker, J.T. 1996a. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 341–348.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poster, D.L. and Baker, J.T. 1996b. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 349–354.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poster, D.L. and Baker, J.T.. 1997. In: Baker, J.E. (ed.) Atmospheric Deposition of Contaminants to the Great Lakes and Coastal Waters. Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Pensacola, FL, pp. 51–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prion, R.G., Weiss, R.F., Miller, B.R., Huang, J., Alyea, F.N., Cunnold, D.M., Fraser, P.J., Hartley, D.E. and Simmonds, P.G. 1995. Science 269, 187–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prospero, J.M. and Seba, D.B. 1972. Atmos. Environ. 6, 363–364.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramesh, A., Tanabe, S., Murase, H., Subramanian, A.N. and Tatsukawa, R. 1991. Environ. Pollut. 74, 293–307.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rapaport, R.A., Urban, N.R., Capel, P.D., Baker, J.E., Looney, B.B., Eisenreich, S.J. and Gorham, E. 1985. Chemosphere 14, 1167–1173.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rawn, D.F.K., Halldorson, T.H.J. and Muir, D.C.G. 1998. In: Ballantine, L., McFarland, J. and Hackett, D. (eds.) Triazine Herbicides: Risk Assessment. American Chemical Society. Washington D.C., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice, C.P. and Chernyak, S.M. 1997 Chemosphere 35, 867–878.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rice, C.P., Samson, P.J. and Noguchi, G.E. 1986. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20, 1109–1116.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ridai, J.J.; Bidleman, T.F., Kerman, B., Fox, M.E. and Strachan, W.M.J. 1997. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 1940–1945.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ridai, J.J., Kerman, B., Durham, L. and Fox, M.E. 1996. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 852–858.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Risebrough, R.W. 1990. In: Kurtz, D.A. (ed.), Long-Range Transport of Pesticides, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, pp. 417–426.

    Google Scholar 

  • Risebrough, R.W., Huggett, R.J., Griffin, J J and Goldberg, E.D. 1968. Science 159, 1233 1236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sagebiel, J.C. and Seiber, J.N. 1993. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12, 813–822.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scheringer, M. 1996. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 1652–1659.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scheringer, M. 1997. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 2891–2897.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scholtz, M.T., McMillan, A.C., Slama, C., Li, Y.-F., Ting, N. and Davidson, K. 1997. Pesticides Emissions Modelling. Development of a North American Pesticides Emissions Inventory. Canadian Global Emissions Interpretation Centre, ORTEC Corporation, Mississauga, Ontario, 242 pages.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schomburg, C.J., Glotfelty, D.E. and Seiber, J.N.. 1991. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25, 155–160.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schreitmüller, J. and Ballschmiter, K. 1995. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 205–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seba, D.B., and Prospero, J.M.. 1971. Atmos. Environ. 5, 1043–1050.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seiber, J.N., Wilson, B.W. and McChesney, M.M. 1993. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 2236–2243.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shoeib, M., Brice, K.A. and Hoff, R.M. 1999. Chemosphere,in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simcik, M.F., Zhang, H., Eisenreich, S.J. and Franz, T.P. 1997. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 2141–2147.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simcik, M.F., Zhang, H., Eisenreich, S.J. and Franz, T.P. 1998. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 251–257.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simonich, S.L. and Bites, R.A. 1995. Science 269, 1851–1854.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sladen, W.L.J., Menzie, C.M. and Reichel, W.L. 1966. Nature 210, 670–673.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, W.F., Singh, G., Taylor, C.D., LeMert, R.A., Cliath, M.M. and Farmer, W.J. 1996. J. Environ. Qual. 25, 815–821.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, G.A., Halsall, C.J., Barrie, L.A., Muir, D.C.G., Fellin, P., Rosenberg, B., Rovinski, F. Ya., Kononov, E. Ya. and Pastuhov, B. 1997. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 3619–3628.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swackhamer, D.L., Pearson, R.F. and Schiotter, S.P. 1998. Chemosphere 37, 2547–2561.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweet, C.W., Harlin, K.S., Gatz, D.F. and Bauer, S. 1996. Great Lakes Integrated Atmospheric Deposition (LADN) Data Report, 1993–94. Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, Illinois. Szeto, S.Y. and Price, P.M. 1991. J. Agric. Food Chem. 39, 1679–1684.

    Google Scholar 

  • Talton, J. O’G. and Ruzicka, J.H.A. 1967. Nature 215, 346–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thao, V.D., Kawano, M. and Tatsukawa, R. 1993a. Environ. Pollut. 81, 61–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thao, V.D., Kawano, M., Matsuda, M., Wakimoto, T., Tatsukawa, R., Cau, H.D. and Quyatt, H.T. 1993b. Internat. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 50, 147–159.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thibodeaux, L.J., Nadler, K.C., Valsaraj, K.T. and Reible, D.D. 1991. Atmos. Environ. 25A, 1649–1656.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, G.O., Sweetman, A.J., Lohmann, R. and Jones, K.C. 1998a. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 3522–3528.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, G.O., Sweetman, A.J., Ockenden, W.A., Mackay, D. and Jones, K.C. 1998b. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 936–942.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, G.O., Smith, K.E.C., Sweetman, A.J., and Jones, K.C. 1998c. Environ. Pollut. 102, 119–128.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tremolada, P., Burnett, V., Calamari, D. and Jones, K.C.. 1996.. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 3570–3577.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, W., Cohen, Y., Sakugawa, H. and Kaplan, I.R. 1991. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25, 2012 2023.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich, E.M. and Hites, R.A. 1998. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 1870–1874.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Jaarsveld, J.A. 1996. In: Gryning, S.E. and Schiermeier, F. (eds.), Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application XI, Plenum Press, New York, pages 333–343.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Van Pul, W.A.J., de Leeuw, F.A.A.M., van Jaarsveld, J.A., van der Gaag, M.A. and Sliggers, C.J. 1998. Chemosphere 37, 113–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vetter, W. and Schurig, V. 1997. J. Chromatogr. 774, 143–175.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Voldner, E.C. and Schroeder, W.H. 1989. Atmos. Environ. 23, 1949–1961.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wagrowski, D.M. and Bites, R.A. 1998. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 2389–2393.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waite, D.T., Cessna, A.J., Gurprasad, N.P. and Banner, J. 1998. Atmos. Environ. 33, 1513 1523.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, J.C. and Elites, R.A. 1996. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 2389–2393.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wania, 1997. Chemosphere 35, 2345–2363.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wania, F. 1998. An Integrated Criterion for the Persistence of Organic Chemicals Based on Model Calculations. WECC report 1/98, WECC Ltd., Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wania, F., Axelman, J. and Broman, D. 1998b. Environ. Pollut. 102, 3–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wania, F., Haugen, J.E., Lei, Y.D. and Mackay, D. 1998a. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 1013 1021.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wania, F., Hoff,J.T., Jia, C.Q. and Mackay, D. 1998c. Environ. Pollut. 102, 25–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wania, F. and Mackay, D. 1995. Sci. Total Environ. 160/161 211–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wania, F. and Mackay, D. 1996. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 390A - 396A.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wania, F., Mackay, D. and Hoff, J.T. 1999. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, 195–197.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webber, M.D. and Wang, C. 1995. Canad. J. Soil Sci. 75, 513–524.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, E., Mackay, D. and Wania, F. 1998. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17, 2148–2158.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Welsch-Paulsch, K. and McLachlan, M.S. 1998. Environ. Pollut. 102, 129–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whang, J.M., Schomburg, C.J., Glotfelty, D.E. and Taylor, A.W. 1993. J. Environ. Qual. 22, 173–180.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitby, K.T. 1978. Atmos. Environ. 12, 135–159.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiberg, K., Jantunen, L.M., Harper, T., Wideman, J.L., Bidleman, T.F., Brice, K., Su, K., Falconer, R.L., Leone, A.D., Parkhurst, W. and Alegria, H. 1997. Organohalogen Compounds 33, 209–213.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willis, G.H., McDowell, L.L., Harper, L.A., Southwick, L.M. and Smith, S. 1983. J. Environ. Qual. 12, 80–85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winer, A.M. and Atkinson, R. 1990. In: Kurtz, D.A. (ed.), Long Range Transport of Pesticides, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan, pages 115–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodrow, J.E., Seiber, J.N. and Baker, L.W. 1997. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 523–529.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, J., Flagan, R.C. and Seinfeld, J.H. 1998. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 2357–2370.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zabik, J.M. and Seiber, J.N. 1993. J. Environ. Qual. 22, 80–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, J., Norstrom, R.J., Muir, D.C.G., Ferron, L.A., Weber, J.-P. and Dewailly, E. 1995. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 267–271.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Atmospheric Environment Service, 4905 Dufferin St., Downsview, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada

    Terry F. Bidleman

Authors
  1. Terry F. Bidleman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Health Council of the Netherlands, P.O. Box 16052, NL-2500 BB, The Hague, The Netherlands

    Harrie F. G. Van Dijk

  2. Air Research Laboratory, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, NL-3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands

    W. Addo J. Van Pul

  3. Department of Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, NL-1018 WV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Pim De Voogt

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bidleman, T.F. (1999). Atmospheric Transport and Air-Surface Exchange of Pesticides. In: Van Dijk, H.F.G., Van Pul, W.A.J., De Voogt, P. (eds) Fate of Pesticides in the Atmosphere: Implications for Environmental Risk Assessment. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1536-2_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1536-2_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-5329-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-1536-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation