Abstract
One-year-old, nursery-grown longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings were grown in 45-L pots containing a coarse sandy medium and were exposed to two concentrations of atmospheric CO2 (365 or 720 mol-1) and two levels of nitrogen (N) fertility (40 or 400 kg N ha-1 yr-1) within open top chambers for 20 months. At harvest, needles, stems, coarse roots, and fine roots were separated and weighed. Subsamples of each tissue were frozen in liquid N, lyophilized at -50 EC, and ground to pass a 0.2 mm sieve. Tissue samples were analysed for carbon (C), N, nonpolar extractives (fats, waxes, and oils=FWO), non-structural carbohydrates (total sugars and starch), and structural carbohydrates (cellulose, lignin, and tannins). Increased dry weights of each tissue were observed under elevated CO2 and with high N; however, main effects of CO2 were significant only on belowground tissues. The high N fertility tended to result in increased partitioning of biomass aboveground, resulting in significantly lower root to shoot ratios. Elevated CO2 did not affect biomass allocation among tissues. Both atmospheric CO2 and N fertility tended to affect concentration of C compounds in belowground, more than aboveground, tissues. Elevated CO2 resulted in lower concentrations of starch, cellulose, and lignin, but increased concentrations of FWO in root tissues. High N fertility increased the concentration of starch, cellulose, and tannins, but resulted in lower concentrations of lignin and FWO in roots. Differences between CO2 concentrations tended to occur only with high N fertility. Atmospheric CO2 did not affect allocation patterns for any compound; however the high N treatment tended to result in a lower percentage of sugars, cellulose, and lignin belowground.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agrios G N 1988 Plant Pathology. Third Edition. Academic Press, New York. 803 p.
Allen S E, Grimshaw H M, Parkinson J and Quermby C 1974 Chemical Analysis of Ecological Materials. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford. 386 p.
Amthor J S, Koch G W and Bloom A J 1992 CO2 inhibits respiration in leaves of Rumex crispus L. Plant Physiol. 98, 757–760.
Baker W L 1972 Eastern Forest Insects. USDA, For. Serv. Misc. Pub. No. 1175. Washington, D.C. 642 pp.
Ball A S 1992 Degradation of plant material grown under elevated CO2 conditions by Streptomyces viridosporus. In Progress in Biotechnology, Vol. 7. Xylans and Xylanases. Eds. J Visser et al. pp. 379–382. Elsevier, New York.
Bazzaz F A and Miao S L 1993 Successional status, seed size, and responses of tree seedlings to C02, light, and nutrients. Ecology 74, 104–112.
Bunce J A 1990 Short-and long-term inhibition of respiratory carbon dioxide efflux by elevated carbon dioxide. Ann. Bot. 65, 637–642.
Chapin F S III, Bloom A J, Field C B and Waring R H 1987 Plant responses to multiple environmental factors. Biosci. 37, 49–55.
Cofteaux M-M, Mousseau M, CJlJrier M-L and Bottner P 1991 Increased atmospheric CO2 and litter quality: Decomposition of sweet chestnut leaf litter with animal food webs of different complexities. Oikos 61, 54–64.
Curtis P S, Balduman L M, Drake B G and Whigham D F 1990 Elevated atmospheric C02 effects on belowground processes in C3 and C4 estuarine marsh communities. Ecology 71, 2001–2006.
Effland M J 1977 Modified procedure to determine acid-insoluble lignin in wood and pulp. TAPPI 60, 143–144.
Eissenstat D M 1992 Costs and benefits of constructing roots of small diameter. J. Plant Nutri. 15, 763–782.
Fajer E D, Bowers M D and Bazzaz F A 1992 The effect of nutrients and enriched C02 environments on production of carbon-based allelochemicals in Plantago: A test of the carbon/nutrient balance hypothesis. Amer. Natural. 140, 707–723.
Farquhar G D, Lloyd J, Taylor J A, Flanagan L B, Syvertsen J P, Hubbik K T, Wong S C and Ehleringer J R 1993 Vegetation effects on the isotope composition of oxygen in atmospheric C02. Nature 363, 439–443.
Goudriaan J and de Ruiter H E 1983 Plant growth in response to CO2 enrichment at two levels of nitrogen and phosphorus supply. 1. Dry matter, leaf area, and development. Neth. J. Agric. Sci. 31, 157–169.
Graham R L, Turner M G and Dale V H 1990 How increasing CO2 and climate change affect forests. Biosci. 40, 575–587.
Griffin K L, Thomas R B and Strain B R 1993 Effects of nitrogen supply and elevated carbon dioxide on construction cost in leaves of Pinus taeda (L.) seedlings. Oecologia 95, 575–580.
Hanson J and Moller I 1975 Percolation of starch and soluble carbohydrates from plant tissue for quantitative determination with anthrone. Anal. Biochem. 68, 87–94.
Johnson D W, Ball T, Walker R F 1995 Effects of elevated CO2 and nitrogen on nutrient uptake in ponderosa pine seedlings. Plant Soil 168-169, 535–545.
Keeling C D, Bacastow R B, Carter A F, Piper S C, Whorf T P, Heimann M, Mook W G and Roeloffzen H 1989 A three dimensional model of atmospheric CO2 transport based on observed winds: 1. Analysis of observational data. In Geophysical Monograph 55: Aspects of Climate Variability in the Pacific and the Western Americas. Ed. D H Peterson. pp 165–236. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.
Lamborg M R, Hardy R W F and Paul E A 1983 Microbial effects. In C02 and Plants: The Response of Plants to Rising Levels of Atmospheric CO2, AAAS Selected Symposium 84. Ed. E R Lemon. pp 131–176. Westview Press, Boulder, CO.
Lekkerkerk L J A, van de Geijn S C and van Veen J A 1990 Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2-levels on the carbon economy of a soil planted with wheat. In Soils and the Greenhouse Effect. Ed. A F Bouwman. pp 423–429. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Lincoln D E and Couvet D 1989 The effect of carbon supply on allocation to allelochemicals and caterpillar consumption of peppermint. Oecologia 78, 112–114.
Lindroth R L 1996 C02-mediated changes in tree chemistry and tree-Lepidoptera interactions. In Carbon Dioxide and Terrestrial Ecosystems. Eds. G W Koch and H A Mooney. pp 105–120. Academic Press, New York.
Lindroth R L, Kinney K K and Plaz C L 1993 Responses of deciduous trees to elevated atmospheric CO2: Productivity, phytochemistry and insect performance. Ecology 74, 763–777.
Long S P and Drake B G 1992 Photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and rising atmospheric C02 concentrations. In Crop Photosynthesis: Spatial and Temporal Determinants. Eds. N R Baker and H Thomas. pp 69–107. Elsevier, New York.
Melillo J M 1983 Will increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations affect decay processes? In Ecosystems Centre Annual Report., Marine Biology Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA. pp 10–11.
Melillo J M, McGuire D A, Kicklighter D W, Moore B, Vorosmarty C J and Schloss A L 1993 Global climate change and terrestrial net primary production. Nature 363, 234–240.
Mitchell R J, Runion G B, Prior S A, Rogers H H, Amthor J S and Henning F P 1995 Effects of nitrogen on Pinus palustris foliar respiratory responses to elevated atmospheric C02 concentration. J. Exp. Bot. 46, 1561–1567.
Norby R J, Gunderson C A, Wulischlger S D, O’Neill E G and McCraken M K 1992 Productivity and compensatory responses of yellow-poplar trees in elevated CO2. Nature 354, 322–324.
Norby R J and O’Neill E G 1989 Growth dynamics and water use of seedlings of Quercus alba L. in CO2-enriched atmospheres. New Phytol. 111, 491–500.
Norby R J, O’Neill E G, Hood W G and Luxmoore R J 1987 Carbon allocation, root exudation and mycorrhizal colonisation of Pinus echinata seedlings grown under CO2 enrichment. Tree Physiol. 3, 203–210.
Norby R J, O’Neill E G and Luxmoore R J 1986 Effects of atmospheric C02 enrichment on the growth and mineral nutrition of Quercus alba seedings in nutrient poor soil. Plant Physiol. 82, 83–89.
Norby R J, O’Neill E G and Wullschlger S D, 1995 Belowground responses to atmospheric carbon dioxide in forests. In Carbon Forms and Functions in Forest Soils. Eds. W W McFee and J M Kelly, pp 397–418. SSSA, Madison, WI.
O’Neill E G, Luxmoore R J and Norby R J 1987 Elevated atmospheric CO2 effects on seedling growth, nutrient uptake, and rhizosphere bacterial populations Liriodendron tulipifera L. Plant Soil 104, 3–11.
O’Neill E G and Norby R J 1996 Litter quality and decomposition rates of foliar litter produced under CO2 enrichment. In Carbon Dioxide and Terrestrial Ecosystems. Eds. G W Koch and H A Mooney. pp 87–103. Academic Press, New York.
PJrez-Soba M, Dueck T A, Puppi G and Kuiper J C 1995 Interactions of elevated C02, NH3 and O3 on mycorrhizal infection, gas exchange and N metabolism in saplings of Scots pine. Plant Soil 176, 107–116.
Pregitzer K S, Zak D R, Curtis P S, Kubiske M E, Teeri J A and Vogel C S 1995 Atmospheric CO2, soil nitrogen, and turnover of fine roots. New Phytol. 129, 579–585.
Prior S A, Rogers H H, Runion G B and Mauney J R 1994 Effects of free-air C02 enrichment on cotton root growth. Agric, For. Meteorol. 70, 69–86.
Prior S A, Runion G B, Mitchell R J, Rogers H H and Amthor J S. 1996 Effects of atmospheric CO2 on longleaf pine: Productivity and allocation as influenced by nitrogen and water. Tree Physiol. (In Press).
Radin J W, Kimball B A, Hendrix D L and Mauney J R 1987 Photosynthesis of cotton plants exposed to elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the field. Photosyn. Res. 12, 191–203.
Rogers H H and Dahlman R C 1993 Crop responses to CO2 enrichment. Vegetation 104/105,117–131.
Rogers H H, Heck W W and Heagle A S 1983 A field technique for the study of plant responses to elevated carbon dioxide concentrations. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. J. 33, 42–44.
Rogers H H, Runion G B and Krupa S V 1994 Plant responses to atmospheric C02 enrichment with emphasis on roots and the rhizosphere. Environ. Pollut. 83, 155–189.
Rogers H H, Prior S A, Runion G B and Mitchell R J 1996 Root to shoot ratio of crops as influenced by C02. Plant Soil (In Press-MS#6023).
Runion G B, Curl E A, Rogers H H, Backman P A, Rodriguez-Kabana R and Helms B E 1994 Effects of free-air C02 enrichment on microbial populations in the rhizosphere and phyllosphere of cotton. Agric. For. Meteorol. 70, 117–130.
Ryan M G, Melillo J M and Ricca A 1990 A comparison of methods for determing proximate carbon fractions of forest litter. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 166–171.
SAS Institute INC 1990 SAS User’s Guide: Statistics — Version 6.03 Edition. Statistical Analysis System (SAS) Institute Inc., Cary, NC. 584 pp.
Scholander P F, Hammel H T, Bradstreet E D and Hemmingsen E A 1965 Sap pressure in vascular plants. Science 148. 339–346.
TAPPI 1975 Water solubles in wood and pulp. T 207 os-69. Technical association of the pulp and paper industry, Atlanta, GA. USA.
Tschaplinski T J, Norby R J and Wullschleger S D 1993 Responses of loblolly pine seedlings to elevated CO2 and fluctuating water supply. Tree Physiol. 13, 283–296.
Walker R F, Geisinger D R, Johnson D R and Ball J T 1995 Interactive effects of atmospheric CO2 and soil N on growth and ectomycorrhizal colonization of ponderosa pine seedlings. Forest Sci. 41, 491–500.
Wittwer, S.H. 1978. Carbon dioxide fertilization of crop plants, p. 310–333. In U.S. Gupta (ed.) Problems in Crop Physiology. Haryana Agric. Univ., Hissar, India.
Wittwer, S.H. 1990. Implications of the greenhouse effect on crop productivity. HortScience 25:1560–1567.
Wong S C 1990 Elevated atmospheric partial pressure of CO2 and plant growth. H Nonstructural carbohydrate content in cotton plants and its effect on growth parameters. Photosyn. Res. 23, 171–180.
Wood C W, Torbert H A, Rogers H H, Runion G B and Prior S A 1994 Free-air C02 enrichment effects on soil carbon and nitrogen. Agric. For. Meteorol. 70, 103–116.
Wullschleger S D, Ziska L H and Bunce J A 1994 Respiratory responses of higher plants to atmospheric C02 enrichment. Physiol. Plant. 90, 221–229.
Yelle S, Beeson R C Jr, Trudel M J and Gosselin A 1989 Acclimation of two tomato species to high atmospheric CO2.1. Starch and sugar concentrations. Plant Physiol. 90, 1465–1472.
Zak D R, Pregitzer K S, Curtis P S, Teeri J A, Fogel R and Randlett D L 1993 Elevated atmospheric CO2 and feedback between carbon and nitrogen cycles. Plant Soil 151, 105–117.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Entry, J.A., Runion, G.B., Prior, S.A., Mitchell, R.J., Rogers, H.H. (1998). Influence of CO2 enrichment and nitrogen fertilization on tissue chemistry and carbon allocation in longleaf pine seedlings. In: Box, J.E. (eds) Root Demographics and Their Efficiencies in Sustainable Agriculture, Grasslands and Forest Ecosystems. Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences, vol 82. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5270-9_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5270-9_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6218-3
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-5270-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive