Abstract
In the spring of 2000, hundreds of national leaders in graduate education from colleges and universities around the nation gathered to talk about ways of reforming doctoral training in the arts and sciences (Re-envisioning the Ph.D. Conference, Seattle, 2000). The meeting, sponsored by the Pew Charitable Trusts, underscored a growing crisis in American doctoral education. Up until recently, traditional disciplinary Ph.D. programs were assumed to be training students to enter the professorate. For a variety of reasons, the availability of academic posts in many fields has declined in recent years (Chronicle of Higher Education, 1999) and a larger percentage of doctoral degree recipients have, as a result, begun to look for employment in sectors outside of academe (Sanderson & Dugoni, 1997). The reduced availability of academic posts in many fields, along with the increased migration of a variety of doctoral degree recipients to the private sector, has forced many doctoral training programs to consider reforming the structure and outcomes of doctoral training.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alwin, D.F. (1974). College effects on educational and occupational attainments. American Sociological Review, 39 (April), 210–223.
Antony, J.S. (1998a). Exploring the factors that influence men and women to form medical career aspirations. Journal of College Student Development, 39(5): 1–10.
Antony, J.S. (1998b). Personality-career fit and freshman medical career aspirations: A test of Holland’s theory. Research in Higher Education, 39(6): 679–698.
Antony, J.S. (1996). Factors influencing college students’ abandonment of medical career aspirations. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Los Angeles.
Antony, J.S. & Taylor, E. (in press). Graduate student socialization and its implications for the recruitment of African American education faculty. In Tierney, W.G. (Ed.), Faculty Work in Schools of Education: Rethinking Roles and Rewards for the 21st Century. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Astin, A.W. (1984). Student involvement: A developmental theory for higher education. Journal of College Student Personnel 25(4): 297–308.
Baird, L.L. (1992). The stages of the doctoral career: Socialization and its consequences. San Francisco: Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association. ERIC Document Number ED 348 925.
Baird, L.L. (1990). The melancholy of anatomy: The personal and professional development of graduate and professional students. In Smart, J.C. (Ed.), Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research. Vol VI. New York: Agathon Press.
Becker, H.S. (1960). Notes on the Concept of Commitment. American Journal of Sociology, 66(1): 32–40.
Becker, H.S., and Carper, J. (1956a). The development of identification with an occupation. American Journal of Sociology, 61(4): 289–298.
Becker, H.S., and Carper, J. (1956b). The elements of identification with an occupation. American Sociological Review, 21(3): 341–348.
Becker, H.S., Geer, B., Hughes, E.C., and Strauss, A. (1961). Boys in White: Student Culture in Medical School. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Berman, G.S. & Haug, M.R. (1975). Occupational and educational goals and expectations: The effects of race and sex. Social Problems, 23, 166–181.
Bess, J.L. (1978). Anticipatory socialization of graduate students. Research in Higher Education, 8, 289–317.
Blau, P.M. & Duncan, O.D. (1967). The American occupational structure. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bragg, A.K. (1976). The Socialization Process in Higher Education. ERIC/AAHE Research Report No. 7. Washington, DC: The George Washington University, School of Education and Human Development.
Brown, R.E. (1970). Professional Orientations of Graduate Students and Determinants of Membership in the Graduate Students’ Union at University of California. Final report. Berkeley: Center for Research and Development in Higher Education.
Brown, D., Brooks, L, & Associates. Career choice and development. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Inc.
Bucher, R., & Stellings, J. (1977). Becoming a Professional. London: Sage Publications.
Bullis, C., and Bach, B. (1989). “Socialization Turning Points: An Examination of Change in Organizational Identification.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Western Speech Communication Association, Spokane, WA. ERIC Document Number ED 306 607.
Cahn, S. (1986). Saints and Scamps. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield.
Carter, D.F. (November, 1999). College students’ degree aspirations: A theoretical model and literature review with a focus on African American and Latino students. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education (ASHE), San Antonio, TX.
Chronicle of Higher Education. (1999). The almanac of higher education. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Cooley, M.R., Cornell, O.G., and Lee, C. (1991). Peer acceptance and self-concept of Black students in a summer gifted program. Journal of Education of the Gifted, 14: 166–177.
Daresh, J., and Playko, M. (1995). “Alternative Career Formation Perspectives: Lessons for Educational Leadership from Law, Medicine, and Training for the Priesthood.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the University Council for Educational Administrators, Salt Lake City, UT. ERIC Document Number ED 387 909.
Dawkins, M.P. (1982). Occupational prestige expectations among Black and White college students: A multivariate analysis. College Student Journal, 16(3), 233–242.
Deskins, D.R. (1994). Prospects for minority doctorates in the year 2000: Employment opportunities in a changing American society. In M. Holden (Ed.). The challenge to racial stratification: National political science review, Volume 4, (pp. 99–148). New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
Durkheim, E. (1961). Suicide. Translated by J. Spaulding and C. Simpson. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
Evans, N.J., Forney, D.S., & Guido-DiBrito, F. (1998). Student Development in College: Theory, Research, and Practice. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.
Feldman, S. (1974). Escape from the Doll’s House: Women in Graduate and Professional Education. New York: McGraw Hill.
Fordham, S. (1988). Racelessness as a factor in Black students’ school success: Pragmatic strategy or pyrric victory? Harvard Educational Review, 58: 43–84.
Friedman, N.L. (1967). Career stages and organizational role decisions of teachers in two public junior colleges. Sociology of Education, 40(2), 120–134.
Fries-Britt, S. (1998). Moving beyond black achiever isolation: Experiences of gifted black collegians. Journal of Higher Education, 69(5): 557–576.
Geer, B. (1966). Occupational commitment and the teaching profession. School Review, 74: 31–47.
Gilligan, C. (1978). In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Goffman, E. (1961). Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and other Inmates. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.
Gottlieb, D. (1961). Processes of Socialization in American Graduate Schools. Social Forces, 40(2), 124–131.
Havighurst, R.J. (1964). Youth in exploration and man emergent. In Borow, H. (Ed.), Man in a world at work. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Holland, J.L. (1966). The psychology of vocational choice. Waltham, MA: Blaisdell.
Holland, J.L. (1973). Making vocational choices: A theory of careers. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Holland, J.L. (1985). Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personalities and work environments. (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Holland, J.L. (1982). The SDS helps both females and males: A Comment. Vocational Guidance Quarterly, 30(3), 195–197.
Holland, J.L. (1997). Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personalities and work environments. (3rd ed.). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Hollingshead, A.B. (1949). Elmstown’s youth. New York: Wiley.
Huntington, M.J. (1957). The Development of a Professional Self-image. In Merton, R.K., Reader, G. G., & Kendall, P.L. (Eds.). The Student-Physician: Introductory Studies in the Sociology of Medical Education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Katz, M. (1963). Decisions and values: A rationale for secondary school guidance. New York, NY: College Entrance Examination Board.
Klein, K.L., and Weiner, Y. (1977). Interest congruency as a moderator of relationship between job tenure and job satisfaction and mental health. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 19, 91–98.
Lipsett, L. (1962). Social factors in vocational development. Personnel and Guidance Journal, 40, 432–437.
Mario, M. (1997). Professional Socialization of University Lecturers in Mozambique. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of Pittsburgh.
McClelland, K. (1990). Cumulative disadvantage among the highly ambitious. Sociology of Education, 63 (April), 102–121.
McDonough, P.M. (1997). Choosing Colleges; How social class and schools structure opportunity. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Merton, R.K., Reader, G. and Kendall, P.L. (1957). The Student Physician. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Morrow, R.A. & Torres, C.A. (1995). Social theory and education: A critique of theories of social and cultural reproduction. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Mortimer, J.T. & Simmons, R.G. (1978). Adult Socialization. Annual Review of Sociology, 4, 421–454.
Oleson, V.L., and Whittaker, E. (1968). The Silent Dialogue: A Study of the Social Psychology of Professional Socialization. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Osipow, S.H. (1973). Theories of career development (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc.
Parsons, F. (1909). Choosing a vocation. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Pascarella, E.T. (1980). Student-faculty informal contact and college outcomes. Review of Educational Research, 50, 545–595.
Pascarella, E. T., Brier, E. M., Smart, J. C., & Herzog, L. (1987). Becoming a physician: The influence of the undergraduate experience. Research in Higher Education, 26(2): 180–201.
Re-envisioning the Ph.D. Conference. (April, 2000). Sponsored by the Pew Charitable Trusts, Seattle, Washington, http://depts.washington.edu/envision/.
Sanderson, A.R. & Dugoni, B. (1997). Doctorate recipients from United States universities: Survey of earned doctorates. Summary Report, 1997. Chicago, IL: National Opinion Research Center.
Sewell, W.H., Haller, A.O., & Ohlendorf, G.W. (1970). The educational and early occupational status attainment process: Replication and revision. American Sociological Review, 35, 1014–1027.
Sewell, W.H., Haller, A.O., & Portes, A. (1969). The educational and early occupational attainment process. American Sociological Review, 34, 82–92.
Sewell, W.H., & Shah, V.P. (1968). Social class, parental encouragement, and educational aspirations. American Journal of Sociology, 73, 559–572.
Sharp, L.M. & Weidman, J.C. (1989). Early careers of undergraduate humanities majors. Journal of Higher Education, 60 (September/October), 544–564.
Sherlock, B., and Morris, R. (1967). The Evolution of the Professional: A Paradigm. Sociological Inquiry, 37(1): 27–46.
Smart, J.C. (1987). Student satisfaction with graduate education. Journal of College Student Personnel, 28, 68–77.
Smart, J.C, Feldman, K.A., & Ethington, C.A. (2000). Academic disciplines: Holland’s theory and the study of college students and faculty. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.
Solorzano, D.G. (1992). An explanatory analysis of the effects of race, class, and gender on student and parent mobility aspirations. Journal of Negro Education, 61(1), 30–43.
Spady, W. (1970a). Dropouts from higher education: An interdisciplinary review and synthesis. Interchange, 1, 64–85.
Spady, W. (1970b). Dropouts from higher education: Toward an empirical model. Interchange, 2, 38–62.
Staton, A. (1990). Communication and Student Socialization. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing.
Staton, A. & Darling, A. (1989). Socialization of teaching assistants. In Nyquist, J., Abbott, R. & Wulff, D. (Eds.). Teaching Assistant Training in the 1990s. New Directions for Teaching and Learning No. 39. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Stein, E.L. (1992). Socialization at a protestant seminary. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of Pittsburgh.
Stein, E.L., and Weidman, J.C. (1990). The socialization of doctoral students to academic norms. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Boston, MA.
Stein, E.L. and Weidman, J.C. (1989). Socialization in graduate school: A conceptual framework.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education, Atlanta, GA.
Taylor, E. and Antony, J.S. (in press). Wise schooling and stereotype-threat reduction: Successful socialization of African American doctoral students in education. Journal of Negro Education.
Thornton, R., and Nardi, P.M. (1975). The dynamics of role acquisition. American Journal of Sociology, 80(4): 870–885.
Tierney, W.G., and Rhoads, R.A. (1994). Faculty Socialization as Cultural Process: A Mirror of Institutional Commitment. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report No. 93-6. Washington, DC: The George Washington University, School of Education and Human Development.
Tierney, W.G. (1997). Organizational socialization in higher education. Journal of Higher Education, 68(1): 1–16.
Tinto, V. (1975). Dropout from higher education: A theoretical synthesis of recent research. Review of Educational Research, 45, 89–125.
Turner, C.S.V., and Thompson, J. (1993). Socializing women doctoral students: Minority and majority experiences. Review of Higher Education, 16(3): 355–370.
Van Maanen, J., and Shein, E. (1979). Toward a theory of organizational socialization. In B. M. Straw (Ed.), Research in Organizational Behavior, 1: 209–264.
Weidman, J.C. (1989). Undergraduate socialization: A conceptual approach. In Smart, J.C. (Ed.). Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research, Vol. V. New York: Agathon Press.
Weidman, J.C, Twale, D.J., and Stein, E.L. (2001). Socialization of graduate and professional students in higher education: A perilous passage? ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report. Washington, DC: The George Washington University, School of Education and Human Development.
Wentworth, W.M. (1980). Context and Understanding: An Inquiry into Socialization Theory. New York: Elsevier.
Werts, C.E. (1968). Parental influence on career choice. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 15, 48–52.
Williamson, E.G. (1965). Vocational counseling: Trait and factor theory. In B. Stefflre (Ed.). Theories of counseling. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Zaccaria, J.S. (1970). Theories of occupational choice and vocational development. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Antony, J.S. (2002). Reexamining Doctoral Student Socialization and Professional Development: Moving Beyond the Congruence and Assimilation Orientation. In: Smart, J.C., Tierney, W.G. (eds) Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research. Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research, vol 17. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0245-5_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0245-5_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-0-87586-137-1
Online ISBN: 978-94-010-0245-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive