Abstract
Most observers in higher education and most faculty agree that more student-oriented teachers are needed; but there is no consensus on how to get them. Options include finding new faculty and/or changing present faculty. The latter seems practically impossible, since most faculty are intransigent, and faculty development is addressed to too few. Graduate education, too, is unlikely to change, as present faculty guide its directions. The alternative is to find students with the “proper” dispositions on entrance to graduate schools. The question addressed herein is whether among current admittees to graduate schools there are sufficient numbers of persons with orientations significantly different from those of current faculty. The article reports on empirical assessments of preferences for 320 discrete tasks in the academic role by accepted graduate school applicants and younger and older faculty.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Altbach, P. G. Academic images: public and private.Journal of Higher Education 1976,47 1.
Arrowsmith, W., The shame of our graduate schools,Harpers 1966,232 1390.
Astin, A. W. and Panos, R. J.The educational and vocational development of college students. Washington, D.C.: American Council on Education, 1969.
Axelrod, J.,The university teacher as artist. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1973.
Baird, L. L.The graduates. Princeton Education Testing Service: Princeton, NJ, 1973.
Baird, L. L. The relation of graduate students' role relations to their stage on academic career, employment, and academic success.Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 1972,7 3.
Baird, L. L. Who goes to graduate school and how they get there. In J. Katz and R. T. Hartnett (Eds.),Scholars in the making. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing Co., 1976.
Bayer, Alan E.College and university faculty: a statistical description. Washington, D.C.: American Council on Education, 1970.
Beardslee, D. C. and O'Dowd, D. D. The college-student image of the scientist.Science, 1961, 133.
Becker, H. S. Notes on the concept of commitment.American Journal of Sociology 1960,61 1.
Becker, H. S., Geer, B., Hughes, E. C., and Strauss, A. L.Boys in white. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1961.
Becker, H. S., Geer, B., and Hughes, E. C.Making the grade. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1968.
Becker, H. and Carper, J. The elements of identification with an occupation.American Sociological Review 1956,21 3.
Bess, J. L., Organizational implications of faculty role/activity preferences. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, 1976,Resources in Education, June 1977, ED 134089.
Bragg, A. K.The socialization process in higher education. Washington, D.C.: ERIC/AAHE Research Report #7, 1976.
Bucher, R., Stelling, J., and Dommermuth, P. Differential prior socialization: a comparison of four professional training programs.Social Forces, 1970, 48.
Caplow, T.Principles of organization. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1964.
Carper, J. W. and Becker, H. S., Adjustments to conflicting expectations in the development of identification with an occupation.Social Forces. 1957,36 1.
Copp, L. A. A repertoire of perceptions of the professor's role. Unpublished Ph.D. Disseration, University of Pittsburgh, 1967.
Creager, J. A.The american graduate student: a normative description Washington, D.C.: American Council on Education, 1971.
Cross, K. P.Accent on learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1976.
Currie, I., Finney, H. C., Herschi, T., and Selvin, H. C. Images of the professor and interest in the academic profession. In R. M. Pavalko (Ed.),Sociology of education: a book of readings. Itasca, Illinois: F. E. Peacock Publishers Inc., 1968.
Davis, J. A.Great Aspirations Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co., 1964.
Demos, G. D. and Belok M. V. The professorial image.Vocational Guidance Quarterly 1963,12 1.
Eckert, R. E. and Williams, H. Y.College faculty view themselves and their jobs. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1972.
Etzioni, A.A comparative analysis of complex organizations. New York: The Free Press, 1961.
Feldman, K. A. and Newcomb, T. M.The impact of college on students: San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1970.
Friedman, N. L. Career stages and organizational role decisions of teachers in two public junior colleges.Sociology of Education 1967,40 2.
Ginzberg, E. et al.Occupational Choice. New York: Columbia University Press, 1951.
Gropper, G. L. and Fitzpatrick, R.Who goes to graduate school? Pittsburgh: American Institute for Research, 1959.
Gross, E. Patterns of organizational and occupational socialization.Vocational Guidance Quarterly 1975,24 2.
Grigg, C. M.Recruitment to graduate study. Atlanta: Southern Regional Education Board, 1965.
Gustad, J. W. They march to a different drummer.Educational Record 1959,40 3.
Gustad, J. W. (Ed.)Faculty supply, demand and recruitment. Proceedings of a Regional Conference of the New England Board of Higher Education, Boston, 1959.
Gustad, J. W.The career decisions of college teachers. Atlanta: Southern Regional Educational Board, Research Monograph Series 2, 1960.
Hall, D. T. Identity changes during the transition from student to professor.School Review 1968,76 4.
The Hazen Foundation.The student in higher education. New Haven: The Hazen Foundation, 1968.
Huntington, M. J. The development of a professional self-image. In R. K. Merton, G. G. Reader and P. L. Kendall (Eds.),The student physician. Cambridge, Mass.: The Harvard University Press, 1957.
Hyman, H. H., Wright, C. R., and Reed, J. S.The enduring effects of education. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1975.
Katz, J.No time for youth. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1969.
Lozoff, M. M. Interpersonal relations and autonomy. In J. Katz and R. T. Hartnett (Eds.),Scholars in the making. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing Company, 1976.
Merton, R. K.Social theory and social structure. Glenco, Illinois: The Free Press, 1957.
Merton, R. K. and Lazarsfeld, P. F. A professional school for training in social research. In P. F. Lazarsfeld (Ed.),Qualitative analysis. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1972.
Merton, R. K., Reader, G. G., and Kendall, P. L.The student-physician. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1957.
Morrison, J. L. Socialization experience, role orientation, and faculty acceptance of the comprehensive community college concept.Review of Educational Research 1972,42 4.
Morrison, J. L. and Friedman, C. P. A causal analysis relating faculty socialization experiences and educational orientations to perceived teaching effectiveness.Community Junior College Research Quarterly 1978,2 2.
Ondrack, D. A. Socialization in professional schools: a comparative study.Administrative Science Quarterly 1975,20 1.
Olesen, V. L. and Whittaker, E. W.The silent dialogue. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1968.
Parsons, T. and Platt, G. M.The american university. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1973.
Pavalko, R. M.Sociology of occupations and professions. Itasca, Illinois: F. E. Peacock Publishers, Inc., 1971.
Pavalko, R. M. and Holley, J. W. Determinants of a professional self-concept among graduate students.Social Science Quarterly 1974,55 2.
Pietrofesa, J. J. and Splete, H.Career development. New York: Grune & Stratton, Inc., 1975.
Price, D. K.The scientific estate. Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press, 1965.
Richman, B. and Farmer, R.Leadership, goals and power in higher education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1974.
Sanford, N. (Ed.),The american college New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1962.
Schoenherr, R. A. Role commitment process and the American Catholic priesthood.American Sociological Review, 1974, 39.
Simpson, I. H. Patterns of socialization into professions: the case of student nurses.Sociological Inquiry, 1967, 37.
Snyder, B. R.The hidden curriculum. New York: Alfred A. Knof, 1971.
Startup, R. How students see the role of university lecturer.Sociology 1972,6 2.
Stecklein, J. E. and Eckert R. E.An exploratory study of factors influencing the choice of teaching as a career. Washington, D.C.: Office of Education, DHEW, 1958.
Strauss, A. L. Some neglected properties of status passage. In H. S. Becker et al. (Eds.),Institutions and the person. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co., 1968.
Super, D. Vocational Life Stages. In D. E. Super et al. (Eds.),Vocational development: a framework for research New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, Bureau of Publications, 1957.
ten Hoor, M. The species professor Americans and some natural enemies. In N. T. Bell, R. W. Burkhardt and V. B. Lawhead, (Eds.),Introduction to college life. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1962.
Thielens, W. Jr. Some comparisons of entrants to medical and law school. In R. K. Merton, G. G. Reader and P. L. Kendall (Eds.),The student physician. Cambridge, Mass.: The Harvard University Press, 1957.
Thistlethwaite, D. L. and Wheeler, N. Effects of teacher and peer subcultures upon student aspiration.Journal of Educational Psychology 1966,57 1.
Trow, M. A. Reflections on the Recruitment to College Teaching. In J. W. Gustad, (Ed.),Faculty supply, demand and recruitment. Proceedings of a Regional Conference of the New England Board of Higher Education, Boston, 1959.
Van Maanen, J. Breakin in! socialization to work. In R. Dubin, (Ed.),Handbook of work, organization and society. Chicago: Rand McNally Publishing Company, 1976.
Wallace, W. L.Student culture. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co., 1966.
Wheeler, S. The structure of formally organized socialization settings. In O. G. Brim, Jr. & S. Wheeler (Eds.),Socialization after childhood: two essays. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1966.
Wilson, R. C. and Gaff, J. G.College professors and their impact on students. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1975.
Baird, L. L. Prediction of accomplishment in college: a study of achievement.Journal of Counseling Psychology 1969,16 3.
Berelson, B.Graduate education in the United States. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1960.
Davis, J. A. Locals and cosmopolitans in American graduate schools.International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 1961–2, 2–3.
Dibble, V. K. Occupations and ideologies.American Journal of Sociology 1962,68 2.
Hall, R. H.Occupations and the social structure. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1969.
Hodge, R. W., Siegel, P. M., and Rossi, P. H. Occupational prestige in the United States, 1925–63.American Journal of Sociology 1964,70 2.
Jencks, C. and Riesman, D.The academic revolution Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, 1968.
Liebert, R. J. and Bayer, A. E. Goals in teaching undergraduates: professional reproduction and client-centeredness.The American Sociologist, 1975, 10.
Medalia, N. Z.On becoming a college teacher, Atlanta: SREB Research Monograph, No. 6, Southern Regional Education Board, 1963.
Platt, G. M. Parsons, T., and Kirshstein, R. Faculty teaching goals, 1968–1973.Social Problems 1976,24 2.
Riesman, D. Thoughts on the graduate experience.Change 1976,8 3.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This paper was presented at the 17th Annual Meeting of the Association for Institutional Research, Montreal, Canada, May 9, 1977. The research was supported by a grant from the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education, Department of Health, Education and Welfare.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bess, J.L. Anticipatory socialization of graduate students. Res High Educ 8, 289–317 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00976801
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00976801