Abstract
Esophageal achalasia can be defined as a disease of unknown etiology, charac terized by absence of peristalsis in the body of the esophagus and failure of the gastroesophageal sphincter to relax in a normal way in response to swallowing (Ellis and Olsen, 1969).
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Vantrappen, G., Hellemans, J. (1974). Achalasia. In: Diseases of the Esophagus. Handbuch der inneren Medizin, vol 3. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-86429-2_14
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