Abstract
The Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development is a prospective longitudinal survey of crime and delinquency in 411 males, mostly born in 1953. The Study began in 1961–62, when most of the boys were aged 8–9. The major results obtained so far can be found in four books1) and over 60 published articles listed at the end of this paper. The Study was originally directed by Donald J. West, and it is now directed by David P. Farrington, who has worked on it since 1969. This paper initially describes the Study and past results obtained in it, and then summarizes the most recent results emerging from the latest interviews with the males at age 32.
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Documentation: Publications from the Cambridge Study
Barnett, A., Blumstein, A. and Farrington, D.P. (1987): Probabilistic models of youthful criminal careers. Criminology, 25, pp. 83–107
Barnett, A., Blumstein A. and Farrington, D.P. (1989): A prospective test of a criminal career model. Criminology, 27, in press
Blackmore, J. (1974): The relationship between self-reported delinquency and official convictions amongst adolescent boys. British Journal of Criminology, 14, pp. 172–176
Blumstein, A., Farrington. D.P. and Moitra, S. (1985): Delinquency careers: Innocents, desisters and persisters. In: Tonry, M. and Morris, N. (Eds): Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research, vol 6. Chicago: University of Chicago Press (pp. 187–219)
Farrington, D.P. (1972): Delinquency begins at home. New Society 21, pp. 495–497
Farrington, D.P. (1973): Self-reports of deviant behaviour: Predictive and stable? Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 64, pp. 99–110
Farrington, D.P. (1976): The roots of delinquency. Justice of the Peace 140, pp. 164–166
Farrington, D.P. (1977a): The effects of public labelling. British Journal of Criminology 17, pp. 112–125
Farrington, D.P. (1977b): Young adult delinquents are socially deviant. Justice of the Peace 141, pp. 92–95
Farrington, D.P. (1978): The family backgrounds of aggressive youths. In Hersov, L., Berger, M. and Shaffer, D. (Eds): Aggression and Antisocial Behaviour in Childhood and Adolescence. Oxford: Pergamon (pp. 73–93)
Farrington, D.P. (1979): Environmental stress, delinquent behaviour and convictions. In: Sarason, I.G. and Spielberger, G.D. (Eds): Stress and Anxiety, vol 6. Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere (pp. 93–107)
Farrington, D.P. (1980): Truancy, delinquency, the home and the school. In: Hersov, L. and Berg, I. (Eds): Out of School: Modern Perspectives in Truancy and School Refusal. Chichester: Wiley (pp. 49–63)
Farrington, D.P. (1983): Offending from 10 to 25 years of age. In: Van Dusen, K.T. and Mednick, S.A. (Eds): Prospective Studies of Crime and Delinquency. Boston: Kluwer-Nijhoff (pp. 17–37)
Farrington, D.P. (1984): Measuring the natural history of delinquency and crime. In: Glow, R.A. (Ed): Advances in the Behavioural Measurement of Children, vol 1. Greenwich, Connecticut: JAI Press (pp. 217–263)
Farrington, D.P. (1985): Predicting self-reported and official delinquency. In: Farrington, D.P. and Tarling, R. (Eds): Prediction in Criminology. Albany. N.Y.: State University of New York Press (pp. 150–173)
Farrington, D.P. (1986): Stepping stones to adult criminal careers. In: Olweus, D., Block. J. and Yarrow, M.R. (Eds): Development of Antisocial and Prosocial Behaviour: Research, Theories and Issues. New York: Academic Press (pp. 359–384)
Farrington, D.P. (1987a): Early precursors of frequent offending. In Wilson, J.Q. and Loury, G.C. (Eds): From Children to Citizens, vol. 3: Families, Schools, and Delinquency Prevention. New York: Springer-Verlag (pp. 27–50)
Farrington, D.P. (1987b): Implications of biological findings for crimi-nological research. In: Mednick, S.A., Moffitt, T.E. and Stack, S.A. (Eds): The Causes of Crime: New Biological Approaches. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (pp. 42–64)
Farrington, D.P. (1989a): Childhood aggression and adult violence: Early precursors and later outcomes. In: Rubin, K. H. and Pepier, D. (Eds): The Development and Treatment of Childhood Aggression. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, in press
Farrington, D.P. (1989b): Early predictors of adolescent aggression and adult violence. Violence and Victims. 4, pp. 79–100
Farrington, D.P. (1989c): Later adult life outcomes of offenders and non-offenders. In: Brambring, M., Lösel, F., and Skowronek, H. (Eds): Children at Risk: Assessment and Longitudinal Research. Berlin: De Gruyter, in press
Farrington, D.P. (1989d): Long-term prediction of offending and other life outcomes. In Wegener, H., Lösel, F. and Haisch, J. (Eds): Criminal Behaviour and the Justice System: Psychological Perspectives. New York: Springer-Verlag (pp. 26–39)
Farrington, D.P. (1989e): Self-reported and official offending from adolescence to adulthood. In: Klein, M. W. (Ed): Cross-National Research in Self-Reported Crime and Delinquency. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer, in press
Farrington, D.P., Berkowitz, L. and West, D.J. (1982): Differences between individual and group fights. British Journal of Social Psychology 21, pp. 323–333
Farrington, D.P., Biron, L. and LeBlanc, M. (1982): Personality and delinquency in London and Montreal. In: Gunn, J. and Farrington, D.P. (Eds): Abnormal Offenders. Delinquency, and the Criminal Justice System. Chichester: Wiley (pp. 153–201)
Farrington, D.P., Gallagher, B., Morley, L., St Ledger, R.J. and West, D.J. (1986): Unemployment, school leaving and crime. British Journal of Criminology 26, pp. 335–356
Farrington, D.P., Gallagher, B., Morley, L., St Ledger, R. J. and West, D. J. (1988a): A 24-year follow-up of men from vulnerable backgrounds. In: Jenkins, R.L. and Brown, W. K. (Eds): The Abandonment of Delinquent Behaviour: Promoting the Turnaround. New York: Praeger (pp. 155–173)
Farrington, D.P., Gallagher, B., Morley, L., St Ledger, R. J. and West, D. J. (1988b): Are there any successful men from criminogenic backgrounds? Psychiatry, 51, pp. 116–130
Farrington, D.P., Gallagher, B., Morley, L., St Ledger, R. J. and West, D. J. (1989) Minimizing attrition in longitudinal research: Methods of tracing and securing cooperation in a 24-year follow-up study. In: Ma-gnusson, D. and Bergman, L. (Eds): Methodology of Longitudinal Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, in press
Farrington, D.P., Gundry, G. and West, D.J. (1975): The familial transmission of criminality. Medicine, Science and the Law 15, pp. 177–186
Farrington, D.P., Loeber, R. and van Kammen, W.B. (1989): Long-term criminal outcomes of hyperactivity-impulsivity-attention deficit and conduct problems in childhood. In: Robins, L.N. and Rutter, M. (Eds): Straight and Devious Pathways from Childhood to Adulthood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, in press
Farrington, D.P., Osborn, S.G. and West, D.J. (1978): The persistence of labelling effects. British Journal of Criminology 18, pp. 277–284
Farrington, D.P. and West, D.J. (1971): A comparison between early delinquents and young aggressives. British Journal of Criminology 11, pp. 341–358
Farrington, D.P. and West, D.J. (1981): The Cambridge study in delinquent development. In Mednick, S.A. and Baert, A.E. (Eds): Prospective Longitudinal Research: An Empirical Basis for the Primary Prevention of Psychosocial Disorders. Oxford: Oxford University Press (pp. 137–145)
Farrington, D.P. and West, D.J. (1983): Derniers resultats de l’etude de Cambridge sur la delinquance: “Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development”. (Recent findings in the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development). Bulletin de Psychologie 36, pp. 293–298
Gibson, H.B. (1963): A slang vocabulary test as an indicator of delinquent association. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 2, pp. 50–55
Gibson, H.B. (1964a): A lie scale for the Junior Maudsley Personality Inventory. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 34, pp. 120–124
Gibson, H.B. (1964b): The Spiral Maze: A psychomotor test with implications for study of delinquency. British Journal of Psychology, 55, pp. 219–225
Gibson, H.B. (1964c): The validity of the lie scale of a children’s personality inventory. Acta Psychologica 22, pp. 241–249
Gibson, H.B. (1965): A new personality test for boys. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 35, pp. 244–248
Gibson, H.B. (1966): The validation of a technique for measuring delinquent association by means of vocabulary. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 3, pp. 190–195
Gibson, H.B. (1967a): Self-reported delinquency among schoolboys, and their attitudes to the police. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 6, pp. 168–173
Gibson, H.B. (1967b): Teachers’ ratings of schoolboys’ behaviour related to patterns of scores on the New Junior Maudsley Inventory. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 37, pp. 347–355
Gibson, H.B. (1968): The measurement of parental attitudes and their relation to boys’ behaviour. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 38, pp. 233–239
Gibson, H.B. (1969a): Early delinquency in relation to broken homes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 10, pp. 195–204
Gibson, H.B. (1969b): The Gibson Spiral Maze Test: Retest data in relation to behavioural disturbance, personality and physical measures. British Journal of Psychology, 60, pp. 523–528
Gibson, H.B. (1969c): The significance of “lie responses” in the prediction of early delinquency. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 39, pp. 284–290
Gibson, H.B. (1969d): The Tapping Test: A novel form with implications for personality research. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 25, pp. 403–405
Gibson, H.B. (1971): The factorial structure of juvenile delinquency: A study of self-reported acts. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 10, pp. 1–9
Gibson, H.B. and Hanson, R. (1969): Peer ratings as predictors of school behaviour and delinquency. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 8, pp. 313–322
Gibson, H.B., Hanson, R. and West, D.J. (1967): A questionnaire measure of neuroticism using a shortened scale derived from the Cornell Medical Index. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 6, pp. 129–136
Gibson, H.B., Morrison, S. and West, D.J. (1970): The confession of known offences in response to a self-reported delinquency schedule. British Journal of Criminology, 10, pp. 277–280
Gibson, H.B. and West D.J. (1970): Social and intellectual handicaps as precursors of early delinquency. British Journal of Criminology, 10, pp. 21–32
Knight, B.J., Osborn, S.G. and West, D.J. (1977): Early marriage and criminal tendency in males. British Journal of Criminology, 17, pp. 348–360
Knight, B.J. and West, D.J. (1975): Temporary and continuing delinquency. British Journal of Criminology, 15, pp. 43–50
Knight, B.J. and West, D.J. (1977): Criminology and welfare dependency in two generations. Medicine, Science and the Law, 17, pp. 64–67
Larigan, P.A. and Farrington, D.P. (1983): Two-track or one-track justice? Some evidence from an English longitudinal survey. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 74, pp. 519–546
Osborn, S.G. (1980): Moving home, leaving London and delinquent trends. British Journal of Criminology, 20, pp. 54–61
Osborn, S.G. and West, D.J. (1978): The effectiveness of various predictors of criminal careers. Journal of Adolescence, 1, pp. 101–117
Osborn, S.G. and West, D.J. (1979a): Conviction records of fathers and sons compared. British Journal of Criminology, 19, pp. 120–133
Osborn, S.G. and West, D.J. (1979b): Marriage and delinquency: A postscript. British Journal of Criminology, 19, pp. 254–256
Osborn, S.G. and West, D.J. (1980): Do delinquents really reform? Journal of Adolescence, 3, pp. 99–114
West, D.J. (1969): Present Conduct and Future Delinquency. London: Heinemann
West, DJ. (1973): Are delinquents different? New Society, 26, pp. 456–458
West, D.J. (1982): Delinquency: Its Roots, Careers and Prospects. London: Heinemann
West, D.J. and Farrington, D.P. (1973): Who Becomes Delinquent? London: Heinemann
West, D.J. and Farrington, D.P. (1977): The Delinquent Way of Life. London: Heinemann
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Farrington, D.P., West, D.J. (1990). The Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development: A Long-Term Follow-Up of 411 London Males. In: Kerner, HJ., Kaiser, G. (eds) Kriminalität. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75418-0_9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75418-0_9
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