Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Helicobacter pylori cag Pathogenicity Island

  • Protocol
  • First Online:
Helicobacter Species

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 921))

Abstract

The cag pathogenicity island is a well-characterized virulence determinant. It is composed of 32 genes that encode a type IV bacterial secretion system and is linked with a more severe clinical outcome. The following chapters will explore the manipulation of bacterial factors in order to understand their role in gastric mucosal disease.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Alm RA, Bina J, Andrews BM, Doig P, Hancock RE, Trust TJ (2000) Comparative genomics of Helicobacter pylori: analysis of the outer membrane protein families. Infect Immun 68:4155–4168

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Go MF, Kapur V, Graham DY, Musser JM (1996) Population genetic analysis of Helicobacter pylori by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis: extensive allelic diversity and recombinational population structure. J Bacteriol 178:3934–3938

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Salama N, Guillemin K, McDaniel TK, Sherlock G, Tompkins L, Falkow S (2000) A whole-genome microarray reveals genetic diversity among Helicobacter pylori strains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:14668–14673

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Tomb JF, White O, Kerlavage AR, Clayton RA, Sutton GG, Fleischmann RD et al (1997) The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Nature 388:539–547

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Israel DA, Salama N, Krishna U, Rieger UM, Atherton JC, Falkow S et al (2001) Helicobacter pylori genetic diversity within the gastric niche of a single human host. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:14625–14630

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Akopyants NS, Clifton SW, Kersulyte D, Crabtree JE, Youree BE, Reece CA et al (1998) Analyses of the cag pathogenicity island of Helicobacter pylori. Mol Microbiol 28:37–53

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Alm RA, Ling LS, Moir DT, King BL, Brown ED, Doig PC et al (1999) Genomic-sequence comparison of two unrelated isolates of the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Nature 397:176–180

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Censini S, Lange C, Xiang Z, Crabtree JE, Ghiara P, Borodovsky M et al (1996) Cag, a pathogenicity island of Helicobacter pylori, encodes type I specific and disease-associated virulence factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:14648–14653

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Blaser MJ, Perez-Perez GI, Kleanthous H, Cover TL, Peek RM, Chyou PH et al (1995) Infection with Helicobacter pylori strains possessing cagA is associated with an increased risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Cancer Res 55:2111–2115

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Cover TL, Dooley CP, Blaser MJ (1990) Characterization of and human serologic response to proteins in Helicobacter pylori broth culture supernatants with vacuolizing cytotoxin activity. Infect Immun 58:603–610

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Crabtree JE, Taylor JD, Wyatt JI, Heatley RV, Shallcross TM, Tompkins DS et al (1991) Mucosal IgA recognition of Helicobacter pylori 120 kDa protein, peptic ulceration, and gastric pathology. Lancet 338:332–335

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Crabtree JE, Wyatt JI, Sobala GM, Miller G, Tompkins DS, Primrose JN et al (1993) Systemic and mucosal humoral responses to Helicobacter pylori in gastric cancer. Gut 34:1339–1343

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Kuipers EJ, Perez-Perez GI, Meuwissen SG, Blaser MJ (1995) Helicobacter pylori and atrophic gastritis: importance of the cagA status. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:1777–1780

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Parsonnet J, Replogle M, Yang S, Hiatt R (1997) Seroprevalence of CagA-positive strains among Helicobacter pylori-infected, healthy young adults. J Infect Dis 175:1240–1242

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Peek RM Jr, Miller GG, Tham KT, Perez-Perez GI, Zhao X, Atherton JC et al (1995) Heightened inflammatory response and cytokine expression in vivo to cagA + Helicobacter pylori strains. Lab Invest 73:760–770

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Queiroz DM, Mendes EN, Rocha GA, Oliveira AM, Oliveira CA, Magalhaes PP et al (1998) CagA-positive Helicobacter pylori and risk for developing gastric carcinoma in Brazil. Int J Cancer 78:135–139

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Rudi J, Kolb C, Maiwald M, Zuna I, von Herbay A, Galle PR et al (1997) Serum antibodies against Helicobacter pylori proteins VacA and CagA are associated with increased risk for gastric adenocarcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 42:1652–1659

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Shimoyama T, Fukuda S, Tanaka M, Mikami T, Munakata A, Crabtree JE (1998) CagA seropositivity associated with development of gastric cancer in a Japanese population. J Clin Pathol 51:225–228

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Torres J, Perez-Perez GI, Leal-Herrera Y, Munoz O (1998) Infection with CagA+ Helicobacter pylori strains as a possible predictor of risk in the development of gastric adenocarcinoma in Mexico. Int J Cancer 78:298–300

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Vorobjova T, Nilsson I, Kull K, Maaroos HI, Covacci A, Wadstrom T et al (1998) CagA protein seropositivity in a random sample of adult population and gastric cancer patients in Estonia. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 10:41–46

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Camorlinga-Ponce M, Romo C, Gonzalez-Valencia G, Munoz O, Torres J (2004) Topographical localisation of cagA positive and cagA negative Helicobacter pylori strains in the gastric mucosa; an in situ hybridisation study. J Clin Pathol 57:822–828

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Kwok T, Zabler D, Urman S, Rohde M, Hartig R, Wessler S et al (2007) Helicobacter exploits integrin for type IV secretion and kinase activation. Nature 449:862–866

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Jimenez-Soto LF, Kutter S, Sewald X, Ertl C, Weiss E, Kapp U et al (2009) Helicobacter pylori type IV secretion apparatus exploits beta1 integrin in a novel RGD-independent manner. PLoS Pathogens 5:e1000684

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Odenbreit S, Puls J, Sedlmaier B, Gerland E, Fischer W, Haas R (2000) Translocation of Helicobacter pylori CagA into gastric epithelial cells by type IV secretion. Science 287:1497–1500

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Ohnishi N, Yuasa H, Tanaka S, Sawa H, Miura M, Matsui A et al (2008) Transgenic expression of Helicobacter pylori CagA induces gastrointestinal and hematopoietic neoplasms in mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:1003–1008

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Stein M, Bagnoli F, Halenbeck R, Rappuoli R, Fantl WJ, Covacci A (2002) c-Src/Lyn kinases activate Helicobacter pylori CagA through tyrosine phosphorylation of the EPIYA motifs. Mol Microbiol 43:971–980

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Hatakeyama M (2004) Oncogenic mechanisms of the Helicobacter pylori CagA protein. Nat Rev Cancer 4:688–694

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Higashi H, Yokoyama K, Fujii Y, Ren S, Yuasa H, Saadat I et al (2005) EPIYA motif is a membrane-targeting signal of Helicobacter pylori virulence factor CagA in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 280:23130–23137

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Naito M, Yamazaki T, Tsutsumi R, Higashi H, Onoe K, Yamazaki S et al (2006) Influence of EPIYA-repeat polymorphism on the phosphorylation-dependent biological activity of Helicobacter pylori CagA. Gastroenterology 130:1181–1190

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Basso D, Zambon CF, Letley DP, Stranges A, Marchet A, Rhead JL et al (2008) Clinical relevance of Helicobacter pylori cagA and vacA gene polymorphisms. Gastroenterology 135:91–99

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Schneider N, Krishna U, Romero-Gallo J, Israel DA, Piazuelo MB, Camargo MC et al (2009) Role of Helicobacter pylori CagA molecular variations in induction of host phenotypes with carcinogenic potential. J Infect Dis 199:1218–1221

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Argent RH, Hale JL, El-Omar EM, Atherton JC (2008) Differences in Helicobacter pylori CagA tyrosine phosphorylation motif patterns between western and East Asian strains, and influences on interleukin-8 secretion. J Med Microbiol 57:1062–1067

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Asahi M, Azuma T, Ito S, Ito Y, Suto H, Nagai Y et al (2000) Helicobacter pylori CagA protein can be tyrosine phosphorylated in gastric epithelial cells. J Exp Med 191:593–602

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Backert S, Ziska E, Brinkmann V, Zimny-Arndt U, Fauconnier A, Jungblut PR et al (2000) Translocation of the Helicobacter pylori CagA protein in gastric epithelial cells by a type IV secretion apparatus. Cell Microbiol 2:155–164

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Segal ED, Cha J, Lo J, Falkow S, Tompkins LS (1999) Altered states: involvement of phosphorylated CagA in the induction of host cellular growth changes by Helicobacter pylori. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:14559–14564

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Selbach M, Moese S, Hauck CR, Meyer TF, Backert S (2002) Src is the kinase of the Helicobacter pylori CagA protein in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 277:6775–6778

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Stein M, Rappuoli R, Covacci A (2000) Tyrosine phosphorylation of the Helicobacter pylori CagA antigen after cag-driven host cell translocation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:1263–1268

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Higashi H, Nakaya A, Tsutsumi R, Yokoyama K, Fujii Y, Ishikawa S et al (2004) Helicobacter pylori CagA induces Ras-independent ­morphogenetic response through SHP-2 recruitment and activation. J Biol Chem 279:17205–17216

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Higashi H, Tsutsumi R, Fujita A, Yamazaki S, Asaka M, Azuma T et al (2002) Biological activity of the Helicobacter pylori virulence factor CagA is determined by variation in the tyrosine phosphorylation sites. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:14428–14433

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Higashi H, Tsutsumi R, Muto S, Sugiyama T, Azuma T, Asaka M et al (2002) SHP-2 tyrosine phosphatase as an intracellular target of Helicobacter pylori CagA protein. Science 295:683–686

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Tsutsumi R, Higashi H, Higuchi M, Okada M, Hatakeyama M (2002) Attenuation of Helicobacter pylori CagA-SHP-2 signaling by interaction between CagA and C-terminal Src kinase. J Biol Chem 21:21

    Google Scholar 

  42. Tammer I, Brandt S, Hartig R, Konig W, Backert S (2007) Activation of Abl by Helicobacter pylori: a novel kinase for CagA and crucial mediator of host cell scattering. Gastroenterology 132:1309–1319

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Selbach M, Moese S, Hurwitz R, Hauck CR, Meyer TF, Backert S (2003) The Helicobacter pylori CagA protein induces cortactin dephosphorylation and actin rearrangement by c-Src inactivation. EMBO J 22:515–528

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Moese S, Selbach M, Brinkmann V, Karlas A, Haimovich B, Backert S et al (2007) The Helicobacter pylori CagA protein disrupts matrix adhesion of gastric epithelial cells by dephosphorylation of vinculin. Cell Microbiol 9:1148–1161

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Selbach M, Moese S, Backert S, Jungblut PR, Meyer TF (2004) The Helicobacter pylori CagA protein induces tyrosine dephosphorylation of ezrin. Proteomics 4:2961–2968

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Moese S, Selbach M, Kwok T, Brinkmann V, Konig W, Meyer TF et al (2004) Helicobacter pylori induces AGS cell motility and elongation via independent signaling pathways. Infect Immun 72:3646–3649

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Tsutsumi R, Takahashi A, Azuma T, Higashi H, Hatakeyama M (2006) Focal adhesion kinase is a substrate and downstream effector of SHP-2 complexed with Helicobacter pylori CagA. Mol Cell Biol 26:261–276

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Amieva MR, Vogelmann R, Covacci A, Tompkins LS, Nelson WJ, Falkow S (2003) Disruption of the epithelial apical-junctional complex by Helicobacter pylori CagA. Science 300:1430–1434

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Bagnoli F, Buti L, Tompkins L, Covacci A, Amieva MR (2005) Helicobacter pylori CagA induces a transition from polarized to invasive phenotypes in MDCK cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:16339–16344

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Franco AT, Israel DA, Washington MK, Krishna U, Fox JG, Rogers AB et al (2005) Activation of beta-catenin by carcinogenic Helicobacter pylori. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:10646–10651

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Murata-Kamiya N, Kurashima Y, Teishikata Y, Yamahashi Y, Saito Y, Higashi H et al (2007) Helicobacter pylori CagA interacts with E-cadherin and deregulates the beta-catenin signal that promotes intestinal transdifferentiation in gastric epithelial cells. Oncogene 26:4617–4626

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Saadat I, Higashi H, Obuse C, Umeda M, Murata-Kamiya N, Saito Y et al (2007) Helicobacter pylori CagA targets PAR1/MARK kinase to disrupt epithelial cell polarity. Nature 447:330–333

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Suzuki M, Mimuro H, Suzuki T, Park M, Yamamoto T, Sasakawa C (2005) Interaction of CagA with Crk plays an important role in Helicobacter pylori-induced loss of gastric epithelial cell adhesion. J Exp Med 202:1235–1247

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Churin Y, Al-Ghoul L, Kepp O, Meyer TF, Birchmeier W, Naumann M (2003) Helicobacter pylori CagA protein targets the c-Met receptor and enhances the mitogenic response. J Cell Biol 161:249–255

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Mimuro H, Suzuki T, Tanaka J, Asahi M, Haas R, Sasakawa C (2002) Grb2 is a key mediator of Helicobacter pylori CagA protein activities. Mol Cell 10:745–755

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Lu H, Murata-Kamiya N, Saito Y, Hatakeyama M (2009) Role of partitioning-defective 1/microtubule affinity-regulating kinases in the morphogenetic activity of Helicobacter pylori CagA. J Biol Chem 284:23024–23036

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Umeda M, Murata-Kamiya N, Saito Y, Ohba Y, Takahashi M, Hatakeyama M (2009) Helicobacter pylori CagA causes mitotic impairment and induces chromosomal instability. J Biol Chem 284:22166–22172

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Kurashima Y, Murata-Kamiya N, Kikuchi K, Higashi H, Azuma T, Kondo S et al (2008) Deregulation of beta-catenin signal by Helicobacter pylori CagA requires the CagA-multimerization sequence. Int J Cancer 122:823–831

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Suzuki M, Mimuro H, Kiga K, Fukumatsu M, Ishijima N, Morikawa H et al (2009) Helicobacter pylori CagA phosphorylation-independent function in epithelial proliferation and inflammation. Cell Host Microbe 5:23–34

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Nesic D, Miller MC, Quinkert ZT, Stein M, Chait BT, Stebbins CE (2010) Helicobacter pylori CagA inhibits PAR1-MARK family kinases by mimicking host substrates. Nat Struct Mol Biol 17:130–132

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Brandt S, Kwok T, Hartig R, Konig W, Backert S (2005) NF-kappaB activation and potentiation of proinflammatory responses by the Helicobacter pylori CagA protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:9300–9305

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Kim SY, Lee YC, Kim HK, Blaser MJ (2006) Helicobacter pylori CagA transfection of gastric epithelial cells induces interleukin-8. Cell Microbiol 8:97–106

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Lamb A, Yang XD, Tsang YH, Li JD, Higashi H, Hatakeyama M et al (2009) Helicobacter pylori CagA activates NF-kappaB by targeting TAK1 for TRAF6-mediated Lys 63 ubiquitination. EMBO Rep 10:1242–1249

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Keates S, Keates AC, Warny M, Peek RM, Murray PG, Kelly CP (1999) Differential activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in AGS gastric epithelial cells by cag + and cag - Helicobacter pylori. J Immunol 163:5552–5559

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Keates S, Sougioultzis S, Keates AC, Zhao D, Peek RM, Shaw LM et al (2001) Cag + Helicobacter pylori induce transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor in AGS gastric epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 276:48127–48134

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Meyer-Ter-Vehn T, Covacci A, Kist M, Pahl HL (2000) Helicobacter pylori activates mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades and induces expression of the proto-oncogenes c-fos and c-jun. J Biol Chem 275:16064–16072

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Naumann M, Wessler S, Bartsch C, Wieland B, Covacci A, Haas R et al (1999) Activation of activator protein 1 and stress response kinases in epithelial cells colonized by Helicobacter pylori encoding the cag pathogenicity island. J Biol Chem 274:31655–31662

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Kaparakis M, Turnbull L, Carneiro L, Firth S, Coleman HA, Parkington HC et al (2010) Bacterial membrane vesicles deliver peptidoglycan to NOD1 in epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 12:372–385

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Boughan PK, Argent RH, Body-Malapel M, Park JH, Ewings KE, Bowie AG et al (2006) Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-1 and epidermal growth factor receptor: critical regulators of beta-defensins during Helicobacter pylori infection. J Biol Chem 281:11637–11648

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Viala J, Chaput C, Boneca IG, Cardona A, Girardin SE, Moran AP et al (2004) Nod1 responds to peptidoglycan delivered by the Helicobacter pylori cag pathogenicity island. Nat Immunol 5:1166–1174

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Allison CC, Kufer TA, Kremmer E, Kaparakis M, Ferrero RL (2009) Helicobacter pylori induces MAPK phosphorylation and AP-1 activation via a NOD1-dependent mechanism. J Immunol 183:8099–8109

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Watanabe T, Asano N, Fichtner-Feigl S, Gorelick PL, Tsuji Y, Matsumoto Y et al (2010) NOD1 contributes to mouse host defense against Helicobacter pylori via induction of type I IFN and activation of the ISGF3 signaling pathway. J Clin Invest 120:1645–1662

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Strober W, Murray PJ, Kitani A, Watanabe T (2006) Signalling pathways and molecular interactions of NOD1 and NOD2. Nat Rev Immunol 6:9–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Nagy TA, Frey MR, Yan F, Israel DA, Polk DB, Peek RM (2009) Helicobacter pylori regulates cellular migration and apoptosis by activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling. J Infect Dis 199:641–651

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Wang G, Olczak A, Forsberg LS, Maier RJ (2009) Oxidative stress-induced peptidoglycan deacetylase in Helicobacter pylori. J Biol Chem 284:6790–6800

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Franco AT, Friedman DB, Nagy TA, Romero-Gallo J, Krishna U, Kendall A et al (2009) Delineation of a carcinogenic Helicobacter pylori proteome. Mol Cell Proteomics 8:1947–1958

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Wang G, Maier SE, Lo LF, Maier G, Dosi S, Maier RJ (2010) Peptidoglycan deacetylation in Helicobacter pylori contributes to bacterial survival by mitigating host immune responses. Infect Immun 78:4660–4666

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, MRB IV 1030C MRB IV, Nashville, TN, USA

    Jennifer M. Noto

  2. Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA

    Richard M. Peek Jr.

Authors
  1. Jennifer M. Noto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Richard M. Peek Jr.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Richard M. Peek Jr. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Medical School, Dept. Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Plantation Street 364, Worcester, 01635, Massachusetts, USA

    JeanMarie Houghton

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Noto, J.M., Peek, R.M. (2012). The Helicobacter pylori cag Pathogenicity Island. In: Houghton, J. (eds) Helicobacter Species. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 921. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-005-2_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-005-2_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-62703-004-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-62703-005-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation