There are two main types of infl uenza viruses, infl uenza A and B, that cause mild to serious respiratory disease in humans, which is associated with increased deaths every year, and referred to as seasonal infl uenza. In addition, infl uenza A viruses which infect several different animal species, are able to undergo genetic reassortment and mutate to produce new antigenic sub-types which are capable of causing pandemics of serious infl uenza infections in humans, associated with high mortality. Infl uenza A viruses are divided into sub-types based on the surface glycoproteins that project through the lipid membrane of the virus, the haemagglutinin (HA) or virus receptor and neuraminidase (NA), an enzyme that cleaves terminal sialic acid from glycoproteins/ glycolipids. There are a total of 16 HAs (H1-16) and 9 NAs (N1-9) which together form the antigenic sub-types. Within the lipid envelope of the virus are also found virus M2 ion channels. Lining the inside of the lipid membrane is the M1 matrix protein which encloses the ribonucleoprotein complexes. Infl uenza viruses have a segmented negative-strand RNA genome, consisting of eight RNA segments which produce a total of 10 (A viruses) and 11 (B viruses) viral proteins.
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Tisdale, M. (2009). Influenza M2 Ion-Channel and Neuraminidase Inhibitors. In: Mayers, D.L. (eds) Antimicrobial Drug Resistance. Infectious Disease. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-180-2_31
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