Abstract
Despite more than a century of research on effective biotechnological methods, micropropagation continues to be an important tool for the large-scale production of clonal plantlets of several important plant species that retain genetic fidelity and are pest-free. In some cases, micropropagation is the only technique that supports the maintenance and promotes the economic value of specific agricultural species. The micropropagation of plants solved many phytosanitary problems and allowed both the expansion and access to high-quality plants for growers from different countries and economic backgrounds, thereby effectively contributing to an agricultural expansion in this and the last century. The challenges for micropropagation in the twenty-first century include cost reduction, enhanced efficiency, developing new technologies, and combining micropropagation with other systems/propagation techniques such as microcuttings, hydroponics, and aeroponics. In this chapter, we discuss the actual uses of micropropagation in this century, its importance and limitations, and some possible techniques that can effectively increase its wider application by replacing certain conventional techniques and technologies.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Haberlandt G (1902) Culturversuche mit isolierten Pflanzenzellen. Sitz-Ber. Mat Nat Kl Kais Akad Wiss Wien 111:69–92
White PR (1934) Potentially unlimited growth of excised tomato root tips in a liquid medium. Plant Physiol 9:585–600
White PR (1939) Potentially unlimited growth of excised plant callus in an artificial nutrient. Am J Bot 26:59–64
White PR (1939) Controlled differentiation in a plant tissue culture. Bull Torrey Bot Club 66:507–513
Skoog F, Miller CO (1957) Chemical regulation of growth and organ formation in plant tissues cultured in vitro. Symp Soc Exp Biol 11:118–131
Skoog F, Tsui C (1948) Chemical control of growth and bud formation in tobacco stem segments and callus cultured in vitro. Am J Bot 35:782–787
Sussex IM (2008) The scientific roots of modern plant biotechnology. Plant Cell 20:1189–1198
Knudson L (1922) Nonsymbiotic germination of orchid seeds. Bot Gaz 73:1–25
Murashige T, Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 15:473–497
White PR (1943) A handbook of plant tissue culture. Ronald Press Co, New York
Vij S, Pathak D, Kaur N et al (2016) Development and molecular confirmation of interspecific hybrids between Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium arboreum. Agric Res J 53:169–172
Cruz-Mendívil A, Rivera-López J, Germán-Baez LJ et al (2011) A simple and efficient protocol for plant regeneration and genetic transformation of tomato cv. Micro-tom from leaf explants. Hortscience 46:1655–1660
Germanà MA (2011) Gametic embryogenesis and haploid technology as valuable support to plant breeding. Plant Cell Rep 30:839–857
Kaur A, Sandhu JS (2015) High throughput in vitro micropropagation of sugarcane (Sacharum officinarum L.) from spindle leaf roll segments: cost analysis for Agri-business industry. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 120:339–350
Chen C (2016) Cost analysis of micropropagation of Phalaenopsis. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 126:167–175
IAEA-TECDOC (2004) Low cost options for tissue culture technology in developing countries. IAEA-TECDOC-1384, IAEA, Vienna. http://www.pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1384_web.pdf. Accessed 20 Apr 2018
Xiao Y, Kozai T (2004) Commercial application of a photoautotrophic micropropagation systems using large vessels with forced ventilation: plantlet growth and production cost. Hortscience 39:1387–1391
Georget F, Courtel P, Garcia EM et al (2017) Somatic embryogenesis-derived coffee plantlets can be efficiently propagated by horticultural rooted mini-cuttings: a boost for somatic embryogenesis. Sci Hortic 216:177–185
Erig AC, Schuch MW (2005) Photoautotrophic micropropagation and use of the natural light. Ciência Rural 35(4):961–965
Purohit SD, Teixeira da Silva JA, Habibi N (2011) Current approaches for cheaper and better micropropagation technologies. Int J Plant Dev Biol 5:1–36
Kozai T (1991) Photoautotrophic micropropagation. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 27:47–51
Chun YW (1992) Clonal propagation in non-aspen poplar hybrids. In: Ahuja MR (ed) Micropropagation of woody plants. Springer, Netherlands
Singh HP, Uma S, Selvarajan R, Karihaloo JL (2011) Micropropagation for production of quality banana planting material in AsiaPacific. Asia-Pacific Consortium on Agricultural Biotechnology (APCoAB), New Delhi, India. http://www.apcoab.org/uploads/files/1298295339pub_banana.pdf. Accessed 20 Apr 2018
Souza ALK, Schuch MW, Antunes LEC et al (2011) Desempenho de mudas de mirtilo obtidas por micropropagação ou estaquia. Pesq Agrop Brasileira 46(8):868–874
Ahloowalia BS (1994) Production and performance of potato mini-tubers. Euphytica 75:163–172
Haapala T, Cortbaoui R, Chujoy E (2008) Production of disease-free seed tubers. International year of the potato (FAO). http://www.fao.org/potato-2008/pdf/IYP-9en.pdf. Accessed 20 Apr 2018
Tierno R, Carrasco A, Ritter E et al (2014) Differential growth response and minituber production of three potato cultivars under aeroponics and greenhouse bed culture. Am J Potato Res 91:346–353
Cardoso JC, Teixeira da Silva JA (2013) Gerbera micropropagation. Biotechnol Adv 31:1344–1357
Cardoso JC, Habermann G (2014) Adventitious shoot induction from leaf segments in Anthurium andreanum is affected by age of explant, leaf orientation and plant growth regulator. Hortic Environ Biotechnol 55:56–62
Lloyd G, McCown B (1981) Commercially feasible micropropagation of mountain Laurel, Kalmia latifolia, by use of shoot tip culture. Combined Proc Int Plant Prop Soc 30:421–427
Oliveira LS, Brondani GE, Batagin-Piotto KD et al (2015) Micropropagation of Eucalyptus cloeziana mature trees. J Aus For 78(4):219–231
Bourget MC (2008) An introduction to light-emitting diodes. Hortscience 43:1944–1946
Morrow RC (2008) LED lighting in horticulture. Hortscience 43:1947–1950
Wang Z, Li G-Y, He S-L, Teixeira da Silva JA, Tanaka M (2011) Effects of cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) on growth of Gerbera jamesonii plantlets in vitro. Sci Hortic 130:482–484
Norikane A, Teixeira da Silva JA, Tanaka M (2013) Growth of in vitro Oncidesa plantlets cultured under cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) with super-elevated CO2 enrichment. AoB Plants 5:plt044. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plt044
Massa GD, Kim HH, Wheeler RM, Mitchell CA (2008) Plant productivity in response to LED lighting. Hortscience 43:1951–1956
Nakamura et al (1996) Light emitting gallium nitride-based compound semiconductor device. U.S. Patent 5,578,839, filed Nov. 17, 1993 and issued Nov. 26
Nhut DT, Takamura T, Watanabe H, Okamoto K, Tanaka M (2003) Responses of strawberry plantlets cultured in vitro under super-bright red and blue light-emitting diodes (LED). Plant Cell Tissue Org Cult 73:43–52
Kim SJ, Hahn EJ, Heo JW, KY PK (2004) Effects of LEDs on net photosynthetic rate, growth and leaf stomata of Chrysanthemum plantlets in vitro. Sci Hortic 101:143–151
Jao RC, Lai CC, Fang W, Chang SF (2005) Effect of red light on the growth of Zantedeschia plantlets in vitro and tuber formation using light emitting diodes. Hortscience 40:436–438
Poudel RP, Kataoka I, Mochioka R (2008) Effect of red-and blue-light-emitting diodes on growth and morphogenesis of grapes. Plant Cell Tissue Org Cult 92:147–153
Teixeira da Silva JA (2014a) The response of protocorm-like bodies of nine hybrid Cymbidium cultivars to light-emitting diodes. Environ Exp Biol 12:155–159
Teixeira da Silva JA (2014b) Photoauto-, photohetero- and photomixotrophic in vitro propagation of papaya (Carica papaya L.) and response of seed and seedlings to light-emitting diodes. Thammasat Int J Sci Tech 19:57–71
Song Y, Jiang C, Gao L (2016) Polychromatic supplemental lighting from underneath canopy is more effective to enhance tomato plant development by improving leaf photosynthesis and stomatal regulation. Front Plant Sci 7:1832. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01832
Ooi A, Wong A, Ng TK, Marondedze C, Gehring C, Ooi BS (2016) Growth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana under single-wavelength red and blue laser light. Sci Rep 6:33885. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep33885
Chang SX, Li CX, Yao XY et al (2016) Morphological, photosynthetic, and physiological responses of rapeseed leaf to different combinations of red and blue lights at the rosette stage. Front Plant Sci 7:1144. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01144
Park SY, Edward YC, Paek KY (2010) Endoreduplication in Phalaenopsis is affected by light quality from light-emitting diodes during somatic embryogenesis. Plant Biotechnol Rep 4:303–309
Kozai T (1991) Micropropagation under photoautotrophic conditions. In: Debergh PC, Zimmerman RH (eds) Micropropagation. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Springer Netherlands
Kozai T, lwabuchi K, Watanabe K et al (1991) Photoautotrophic and photomixotrophic growth of strawberry plantlets in vitro and changes in nutrient composition of the medium. Plant Cell Tissue Org Cult 25:107–115
Tanaka M, Hirano T, Goi M et al (1992) Practical application of a novel disposable film culture vessel in micropropagation. Acta Hortic 300:77–84
Tanaka M, Giang DTT, Murakami A (2005) Application of a novel disposable film culture system to photoautotrophic micropropagation of Eucalyptus uro-grandis (Urophylia x grandis). In vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 41:173–180
Teixeira da Silva JA (2006) Photoautotrophic micropropagation of Spathiphyllum. Photosynthetica 44:53–61
Xiao Y, Niu G, Kozai T (2011) Development and application of photoautotrophic micropropagation plant system. Plant Cell Tissue Org Cult 105:149–158
Aitken-Christie J, Kozai T, Smith ML (1995) Automation and environmental control in plant tissue culture. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Springer Netherlands
Shin K-S, Park SY, Paek K-Y (2014) Physiological and biochemical changes during acclimatization in a Doritaenopsis hybrid cultivated in different microenvironments in vitro. Environ Exp Bot 100:26–33
Schimildt O, Torres Netto A, Schimildt ER et al (2015) Photosynthetic capacity, growth and water relations in ‘golden’ papaya cultivated in vitro under modifications in light quality, sucrose concentration and ventilation. Theor Exp Plant Physiol 27:7–18
Cardoso JC, Rossi ML, Rosalem IB, Teixeira da Silva JA (2013) Pre-acclimatization in the greenhouse: an alternative to optimizing the micropropagation of gerbera. Sci Hortic 164:616–624
Zapata Arias FJ, Akter S, Asadul Haque SM et al (2014) The significance of non-controlled natural light, temperature and humidity in the commercial micropropagation of Solanum tuberosum L. cultivar Diamant. Plant Tissue Cult Biotechnol 24:131–139
Kodym A, Zapata-Arias FJ (1998) Natural light as an alternative light source for the in vitro culture of banana (Musa acuminata cv). ‘Grand Naine’. Plant Cell Tissue Org Cult 55:141–145
Kodym A, Hollenthoner S, Zapata Arias FJ (2001) Cost reduction in micropropagation of banana by using tubular skylights as source of natural lighting. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 37:237–242
Costa FHS, Pasqual M, Pereira JES (2009) Anatomical and physiological modifications of micropropagated ‘Caipira’ banana plants under natural light. Sci Agric 66:323–330
da Silva AB, Pasqual M, de Castro EM et al (2008) Luz natural na micropropagação do abacaxizeiro (Ananas comosus L. Merr). Interciência 33:839–843
Mazri MA (2012) Effect of liquid media and in vitro pre-acclimatization stage on shoot elongation and acclimatization of date palm (Phoenyx dactylifera L.) cv. Najda. J Ornam Plants 2:225–231
Teixeira SL, Ribeiro JM, Teixeira MT (2006) Influence of NaOCl on nutrient medium sterilization and on pineapple (Ananas comosus cv. Smooth cayenne) behavior. Plant Cell Tissue Org Cult 86:375–378
Silva ALL, Brondani GE, Oliveira LS, Gonçalves NA (2013) Chemical sterilization of culture medium: a low cost alternative to in vitro establishment of plants. Sci For 41:257–264
Pais AK, da Silva AP, Souza JC et al (2016) Sodium hypochlorite sterilization of culture medium in micropropagation of Gerbera hybrida cv. Essandre. Afr J Biotechnol 15:1995–1998
Cardoso JC (2009) Esterilização química de meio de cultura no cultivo in vitro de antúrio. Pesq Agrop Brasileira 44:785–788
Cardoso JC, Teixeira da Silva JA (2012) Micropropagation of gerbera using chlorine dioxide (ClO2) to sterilize the culture medium. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 48:362–368
Macek T, Král J, Vaněk T et al (1994) Chemical sterilization of nutrient media for plant cell cultures using diethylpyrocarbonate. Biotechnol Tech 8:885–888
Yanagawa T, Nagai M, Ogino T, Maeguchi R (1995) Application of disinfectants to orchid seeds, plantlets and media as a means to prevent in vitro contamination. Lindleyana 10:33–36
Pan MJ, van Staden J (1999) Effect of activated charcoal, autoclaving and culture media on sucrose hydrolysis. Plant Growth Regul 29:135–141
Uchôa PEA, Nogueira P Jr, Neto JAP, Lee TSG (1995) Biofactory of sugarcane at Ester sugar mill: achievements and problems. STAB 13:33–34
Lee TSG (ed) (2011) Biofábrica de plantas: produção industrial de plantas in vitro. Antiqua, Brazil
Teixeira JB (2011) Biorreator de immersão temporária - o futuro da produção industrial de plantas in vitro. In: Lee TSG (ed) Biofábrica de plantas: produção industrial de plantas in vitro. Antiqua, Brazil
Alvard D, Cote F, Teisson C (1993) Comparison of methods of liquid medium culture for banana micropropagation. Plant Cell Tissue Org Cult 32:55–60
Teisson C, Alvard D (1995) A new concept of plant in vitro cultivation liquid medium: temporary immersion. In: Terzi M et al (eds) Current issues in plant molecular and cellular biology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands
Cabral JB (2011) Sistema de imersão temporária (sit) na produção em larga escala de vitroplantas. In: Lee TSG (ed) Biofábrica de plantas: produção industrial de plantas in vitro. Antiqua, Brazil
Mozgová I, Muñoz-Viana R, Hennig L (2017) PRC2 represses hormone-induced somatic embryogenesis in vegetative tissue of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Genet 13:e1006562. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006562
Xing W, Bao Y, Luo P et al (2014) An efficient system to produce transgenic plants via cyclic leave-originated secondary somatic embryogenesis in Rosa rugosa. Acta Physiol Plant 36:2013–2023
Wu J, Liu C, Seng S et al (2015) Somatic embryogenesis and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Gladiolus hybridus cv. ‘Advanced red’. Plant Cell Tissue Org Cult 120:717–728
Guan Y, Li S-G, Fan X-F, Su Z-H (2016) Application of somatic embryogenesis in woody plants. Front Plant Sci 7:938. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00938
Beyene G, Chauhan RD, Wagaba H et al (2016) Loss of CMD-2 resistance to cassava mosaic disease in plants regenerated through somatic embryogenesis. Mol Plant Pathol 17:1095–1110
Dey T, Saha S, Ghosh PD (2015) Somaclonal variation among somatic embryo derived plants – evaluation of agronomically important somaclones and detection of genetic changes by RAPD in Cymbopogon winterianus. S Afr J Bot 96:112–121
Adu-Gyamfi R, Wetten A, Marcelino Rodríguez López C (2016) Effect of cryopreservation and post-cryopreservation somatic embryogenesis on the epigenetic fidelity of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.). PLoS One 11:e0158857. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158857
ISAAA (2015) ISAAA Brief 51–2015: Executive summary. Global Status of Commercialized Biotech: GM Crops 2015. ISAAA. http://isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/51/executivesummary/default.asp, Accessed 20 Apr 2018
Khatodia S, Bhatotia K, Passricha N, Khurana SMP, Tuteja N (2016) The CRISPR/Cas genome-editing tool: application in improvement of crops. Front Plant Sci 7:506. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00506
Rotarenco V, Dicu G, State D, Fuia S (2010) New inducers of maternal haploids in maize. Maize Gen Cooperation Newsletter 84. http://www.agron.missouri.edu/mnl/84/PDF/15rotarenco.pdf. Accessed 20 Apr 2018
Nogler GA (1984) Gametophytic apomixis. In: Johri BM (ed) Embryology of angiosperms. Springer, Germany
Schlupp I (2005) The evolutionary ecology of gynogenesis. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 36:1–689
Yan H, Yang H-Y, Jensen WA (1989) An electron microscope study on in vitro parthenogenesis in sunflower. Sex Plant Reprod 2:154–156
Blasco M, Badenes ML, del Mar Naval M (2016) Induced parthenogenesis by gamma-irradiated pollen in loquat for haploid production. Breed Sci 66:606–612
Germanà MA, Chiancone B (2001) Gynogenetic haploids of Citrus after in vitro pollination with triploid pollen grains. Plant Cell Tissue Org Cult 66:59–66
Froelicher Y, Bassene JB, Jedidi-Neji E et al (2007) Induced parthenogenesis in mandarin for haploid production: induction procedures and genetic analysis of plantlets. Plant Cell Rep 26:937–944
Chiancone B, Gniech Karasawa MM, Gianguzzi V et al (2015) Early embryo achievement through isolated microspore culture in Citrus clementina Hort. Ex tan., cvs. ‘Monreal Rosso’ and ‘Nules’. Front Plant Sci 6:413. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00413
Höfer M (2004) In vitro androgenesis in apple – improvement of the induction phase. Plant Cell Rep 22:365–370
Jakse M, Bohanec B (2003) Haploid induction in onion via gynogenesis. In: Maluszynski M, Kasha KJ, Forster BP, Szarejko I (eds) Double haploid production in crop plants. Springer, Netherlands
Cardoso JC, Martinelli AP, Germanà MA, Latado RR (2014) In vitro anther culture of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) genotypes and of a C. clementina x C. sinensis ‘Hamlin’ hybrid. Plant Cell Tissue Org 117:455–464
Żur I, Dubas E, Krzewska M et al (2015) Hormonal requirements for effective induction of microspore embryogenesis in triticale (x Triticosecale Wittm.) anther cultures. Plant Cell Rep 34:47–62
Britt AB, Kuppu S (2016) Cenh3: an emerging player in haploid induction technology. Front Plant Sci 7:357. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00357
Ravi M, Chan SW (2010) Haploid plants produced by centromere-mediated genome elimination. Nature 464:615–618
Kelliher T, Starr D, Wang W et al (2016) Maternal haploids are preferentially induced by CENH3-tailswap transgenic complementation in maize. Front Plant Sci 7:414. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00414
Brew-Appiah RAT, Ankrah N, Liu W (2013) Generation of doubled haploid transgenic wheat lines by microspore transformation. PLoS One 8:e80155. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080155
Datta K, Sahoo G, Krishnan S et al (2014) Genetic stability developed for β-carotene synthesis in BR29 rice line using dihaploid homozygosity. PLoS One 9:e100212. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100212
Yamashita H, Shigehara I, Haniuda T (1998) Production of triploid grapes by in ovulo embryo culture. Vitis 37:113–117
Ji W, Li GR, Luo YX et al (2015) In vitro embryo rescue culture of F1 progenies from crosses between different ploidy grapes. Genet Mol Res 14:18616–18622
Hoshino Y, Miyashita H, Thomas TD (2011) In vitro culture of endosperm and its application in plant breeding: approaches to polyploidy breeding. Sci Hortic 130:1–8
Máthé Á, Hassan F, Abdul Kader A (2015) In vitro micropropagation of medicinal and aromatic plants. In: Máthé Á (ed) Medicinal and aromatic plants of the world (Vol. 1 of the series medicinal and aromatic plants of the world). Springer Science+Business Media, Netherlands
Wu S, Zu Y, Wu M (2003) High yield production of salidroside in the suspension culture of Rhodiola sachalinensis. J Biotechnol 106:33–43
Lata H, Chandra S, Khan IA, ElSohly MA (2010) High frequency plant regeneration from leaf derived callus of high Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol yielding Cannabis sativa L. Planta Med 76:1629–1633
Ketchum REB, Gibson DM, Croteau RB, Schuler ML (1999) The kinetics of taxoid accumulation in cell suspension cultures of Taxus following elicitation with methyl jasmonate. Biotechnol Bioeng 62:97–105
Yoo NH, Kim OT, Kim JB et al (2011) Enhancement of centelloside production from cultured plants of Centella asiatica by combination of thidiazuron and methyl jasmonate. Plant Biotechnol Rep 5:283–287
Gadzovska S, Maury S, Delaunay A, Spasenoski M, Hagège D, Courtois D, Joseph C (2013) The influence of salicylic acid elicitation of shoots, callus, and cell suspension cultures on production of naphtodianthrones and phenylpropanoids in Hypericum perforatum L. Plant Cell Tissue Org Cult 113:25–39
Sivanandhan G, Kapil Dev G, Jeyaraj M et al (2013) A promising approach on biomass accumulation and withanolides production in cell suspension culture of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. Protoplasma 250:885–898
Yesil-Celiktas O, Nartop P, Gurel A, Bedir E, Vardar-Sukan F (2007) Determination of phenolic content and antioxidant activity of extracts obtained from Rosmarinus officinalis’ calli. J Plant Physiol 164:1536–1542
Pi Y, Jiang KJ, Hou R et al (2010) Examination of camptothecin and 10-hydroxycamptothecin in Camptotheca acuminata plant and cell culture, and the affected yields under several cell culture treatments. Biocell 34:139–143
Kochan E, Wasiela M, Sienkiewicz M (2013) The production of ginsenosides in hairy root cultures of American ginseng, Panax quinquefolium L. and their antimicrobial activity. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 49:24–29
Shoji T, Hashimoto T (2013) Jasmonate-responsive transcription factors: new tools for metabolic engineering and gene discovery. In: Chandra S, Lata H, Varma A (eds) Biotechnology for medicinal plants. Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Watjanatepin N, Wong-Satiean W (2014) The design and construction of the PV-wind autonomous system for greenhouse plantations in Central Thailand. Int J Environ Chem Ecol Geol Geophys Eng 8:884–888
Jethva KR, Sharan G (2016) Assessment of environment control in arid area greenhouse coupled with earth tube heat exchanger. Curr World Environ 11:243–250
Ferreira LT, de Araújo Silva MM, Ulisses C et al (2017) Using led lighting in somatic embryogenesis and micropropagation of an elite sugarcane variety and its effects on redox metabolism during acclimatization. Plant Cell Tissue Org Cult 128:211–221
Kaur A, Sandhu JS (2015) High throughput in vitro micropropagation of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) from spindle leaf roll segments: cost analysis for Agri-business industry. Plant Cell Tissue Org Cult 120:339–350
Liu Y, Sun G, Zhong Z et al (2016) Overexpression of AtEDT1 promotes root elongation and affects medicinal secondary metabolite biosynthesis in roots of transgenic Salvia miltiorrhiza. Protoplasma 254:1617–1625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-016-1045-0
Yue W, Ming Q-L, Lin B et al (2016) Medicinal plant cell suspension cultures: pharmaceutical applications and high-yielding strategies for the desired secondary metabolites. J Crit Rev Biotechnol 36:215–232
Shukla MR, Singh AS, Piunno K et al (2017) Application of 3D printing to prototype and develop novel plant tissue culture systems. Plant Methods 13:6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-017-0156-8
Acknowledgments
JCC thanks CNPQ for the research fellowship No. 304174/2015-7.
Contribution Statements
LTSG contributed writing item 2.4 Bioreactors Systems to Reduce the Cost of Micropropagated Plantlets. JATS contributed writing items 2.1 LEDs, CCFLs, and Laser Light for Tissue Culture and 3.2 The Use of Micropropagation for Secondary Metabolite Production and with final revision of all the text. JCC contributed writing all other items in the chapter and final revision of the text.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Cardoso, J.C., Sheng Gerald, L.T., Teixeira da Silva, J.A. (2018). Micropropagation in the Twenty-First Century. In: Loyola-Vargas, V., Ochoa-Alejo, N. (eds) Plant Cell Culture Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1815. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8594-4_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8594-4_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-8593-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-8594-4
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols