Abstract
Every fruit, vegetable and root crop is exposed to hundreds of species of microorganisms during its lifetime yet the vast majority of these are incapable of extensively invading the plant tissues as long as the cells are living and the tissues are coherent. Approximately 25 species of fungi and bacteria are responsible for the major decays of plant products after harvest. Most of these microorganisms have the potential for attacking only a few different products from related species of plants. For example, Penicillium digitatum causes green mold on citrus fruits but does not cause disease in apples and pears. P. expansum on the other hand, attacks apples and pears, but not citrus fruits. Successful pathogens must have the capability to overcome the host defenses, must be able to initiate growth under conditions of water potential, pH and nutrients present in the host tissues, and must elaborate enzymes that macerate host tissue and cause a release of nutrients required to sustain the indeterminate parasitic development of the pathogen in the host tissues.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adams, M. J. (1975). Potato tuber lenticels: susceptibility to infection by Erwinia carotovora var. atroseptica and Phytophthora infestans. Ann. Appi. Biol. 79: 275.
Albersheim, P. and Anderson-Prouty, A. J. (1975). Carbohydrates proteins, cell surfaces and the biochemistry of pathogenesis. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 26: 31.
Barmore, C. R. and Brown, G. E. (1979). Role of pectolytic enzymes and galacturonic acid in citrus fruit decay caused by Penicillium digitatum. Phytopathology 69: 675.
Barmore, C. R. and Brown, G. E. (1980). Polygalacturonase from citrus fruit infected with Penicillium italicum. Phytopathology 71: 328.
Barnell, H. R. and Barneil, R. (1945). Studies in tropical fruits. 16. The distribution of tannins within the banana and the changes in their condition and amount during ripening Ann. Botany N. S. 5: 608.
Bartz, J. A., Geraldson, G. M. and Grill, J. P. (1979). Nitrogen nutrition of tomato plants and susceptibility of the fruit to bacterial soft rot. Phytopathology 69(2): 163.
Bateman, D. F. and Millar, R. L. (1966). Pectic enzymes in tissue degradation. Ann. Rev. Phytopath. 4: 119.
Beraha, L., Garber, E. D. and Billeter, B. A. (1974). Enzymes profiles and virulence in mutants of Erwinia carotovora. Phytopath. Z. 81: 15.
Brown, A. E. and Swinburne, T. R. (1971). Benzoic acid: an antifungal compound formed in Bramley’s Seedling apple fruits following infection by Nectria galligena Bres. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 1: 469.
Brown, A. E. and Swinburne, T. R. (1973). Factors affecting the production of benzoic acid in Bramley’s Seedling apples infected with Nectria galligena. Physiol. Plant Pathol.3: 91.
Brown, A. E. and Swinburne, T. R. (1978). Stimulants of germination and appressorial formation by Diaporthe perniciosa in apple leachate. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 71(3):405.
Brown, A. E. and Swinburne, T. R. (1980). The resistance of immature banana fruits to anthracnose (Colletotrichum musae). Phytopath. Z. 99: 70.
Brown, G. E. (1973). Development of green mold in degreened oranges. Phytopathology 63: 1104.
Brown, G. E. (1975). Factors affecting postharvest development of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in citrus fruits. Phytopathology 65: 404.
Brown, G. E. (1977). Ultrastructure of penetration of ethylene- degreened Robinson tangerines by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Phytopathology 67(3): 315.
Brown, G. E. (1978). Hypersensitive response of orange-colored Robinson tangerines to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides after ethylene treatment. Phytopathology 68: 700.
Brown, G. E. and Barmore, C. R. (1977). The effect of ethylene on susceptibility of Robinson tangerines to anthracnose. Phytopathology 67: 120.
Brown, G. E. and Wilson, W. C. (1968). Mode of entry of Diplodnatalensis and Phomopsis citri into Florida oranges. Phytopathology 58: 736.
Bush, D. A. and Codner, R. C. (1970). Comparison of the proper ties of the pectin transeliminases of Pénicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum. Phytochemistry 9: 87.
Byrde, R. J. W. (1963). Natural inhibitors of fungal enzymes and toxins in disease resistance. In Perspectives of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ed. by S. Rich. Conn. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull 663.
Cooper, R. M. and Wood, R. K. S. (1975). Regulation of synthes: of cell wall degrading enzymes by Verticillium albo-atrum and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 5: 135.
Davies, W. P. (1977). Infection of carrot roots in cool storage by Centrospora acerini. Ann. Appl. Biol, 85: 163.
Dennis, C. (1977). Susceptibility of stored crops of microbial infection. Ann. Appl. Biol. 85: 430.
Eckert, J. W. (1977). Control of postharvest diseases, pp. 269–352, In Antifungal Compounds. Vol. 1, Ed, by M. R. Siegel am H. D. Sisler, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.
Eckert, J. W. (1978). Pathological diseases of fresh fruits and vegetables, pp. 161–209. In Postharvest Biology and Biotechnology, Ed. by H. O. Hultin and N. Milner, Food and Nutrition Press, Westport, Conn.
Eckert, J. W. (1978). Postharvest diseases of citrus fruit. Outlook on Agric. 9: 225.
Eckert, J. W. and Kolbezen, M. J., (1963). Control of Penicillium decay of oranges with certain volatile aliphatic amines. Phytopathology 53: 1053.
Edney, K. L. (1958). Observations on the infection Cox’s Orange Pippin apples by Gloeosporium perennans Zeller and Childs. Ann. Appl. Biol. 46: 622.
Fox, R. T. V., Manners, J. G. and Myers, A. (1971). Ultra-structure of entry and spread of Erwinia carotovora var. atroseptica into potato tubers. Potato Res. 14: 61.
French, R. C., Long, R. K. Latterell, F. M. Graham, C. L. Smoot, J. J. and Shaw, P. E. (1978). Effect of n-nonanal citral, and citrus oils on germination of conidia of Penicillium digitatum and J?. italicum. Phytopathology 68: 877.
Friedman, B. A. (1962). Physiological differences between a virulent and weakly virulent radiation-induced strain of Erwinia carotovora. Phytopathology 52: 328.
Goodliffe, J. P. and Heale, J. B. (1977). Factors affecting the resistance of cold-stored carrots to Botrytis cinerea. Ann. Appl. Biol. 87: 17.
Goodliffe, J. P. and Heale, J. B. (1978). The role of 6-methoxymellein in the resistance and susceptibility of carrot root tissue to the cold storage pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 12: 27.
Greene, G. L. and Morales, C. (1967). Tannins as the cause of latency in anthracnose infections of tropical fruits. (Gloeosporium musarum in bananas). Turrialba 17:447.
Harding, V. K. and Heale, J. B. (1980). Isolation and identification of the antifungal compounds accumulating in the induced resistance response of carrot root slices to Botrytis cinerea. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 17: 277.
Harper, D. B. and Swinburne, T. R. (1979). 2, 3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid and related compounds as stimulants of germinations of conidia of Colletotrichummusae (Berk. & Curt) Arx. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 14: 363.
Heale, J. B., Harding, V., Dodd, K. and Gahan, P. B. (1977). Botrytis infection of carrot in relation to the length of the cold storage period. Ann. Appl. Biol. 85: 453.
Heale, J. B., Dodd, K. and Gahan, P. B. (1978). Cytochemical changes in carrot root tissue treated with heat-killed and live conidia of Botrytis cinerea. Ann. Appl. Biol. 89: 310.
Heale, J. B. and Sharman, S. (1977). Induced resistance to Botrytis cinerea in root slices and tissue cultures of carrots (Daucus carota L.) Physiol. Plant Pathol. 10: 51.
Hondelmann, W. R. E. and Richter, E. (1973). On the susceptibility of strawberry clones to Botrytis cinerea Pers. in relation to pectin quantity and quality in the fruit. Gartenbauwissenschaft 38: 311.
Hulme, A. C. and Edney, K. L. (1960). Phenolic substances in the peel of Cox’s orange pippin apples with reference to infection by G. perennans. pp. 87–99. In Phenolics in Plants in Health and Disease, Ed. by J. B. Pridham, Pergamon Press, New York.
Ishii, S. (1977). Purification and characterization of a factor that stimulates tissue maceration by pectolytic enzymes. Phytopathology 67: 994.
Ismail, M. A. and Brown, G. E. (1979). Postharvest wound healing in citrus fruit: induction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in injured ‘Valencia’ orange flavedo. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. 104: 126.
Kuc, J., Williams, E. B., Maconkin, M. A., Ginzel, J., Ross, A. F. and Freedman, L. J. (1966). Factors in the resistance of apple to Botryosphaeria ribis. Phytopathol. 57: 38.
Kuc, J. and Shain, L. (1977). Antifungal compounds associated with disease resistance in plants, pp. 497–528. in Antifungal Compounds, Vol. 2. Ed. by M. R. Siegel and H. D. Sisler, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
Langcake, P. (1981). Alternate chemical agents for controlling plant disease. Proc. Royal Soc. (in press).
Lund, B. M. (1971). Bacterial spoilage of vegetables and certain fruits. J. Appl. Bacter. 34: 9.
Lyon, G. D., Lund, B. M., Bayliss, C. E. and Wyatt, G. M. (1975) Resistance of potato tubers to Erwinia carotovora and formation of rishitin and phytuberin in infected tissue. Physiol Plant Pathol. 6: 43.
McClure, T. T. (1960). Chlorogenic acid accumulation and wound healing in sweet potato roots. Amer. J. Bot. 47: 277.
McCornack, A. A. (1972). Effect of ethylene degreening on decay of Florida citrus fruit. Proc. Florida State Hort. Soc. 84: 270.
Menke, G. H., Patel, P. N. and Walker, J. C. (1964). Physiology of Rhizopus stolonifer infection on carrot. Z. Pflanzenkrank 71: 128.
Mount, M. S. (1978). Tissue is disintegrated, pp. 279–297. In Plant Disease, Vol. III, Ed. by J. G. Horsfall and E. B. Cowling, Academic Press, New York.
Mount, M. S., Bateman, D. F. and Basham, H. G. (1970). Induction of electrolyte loss, tissue maceration and cellular death of potato tissue by an endopolygalacturonate trans-eliminase. Phytopathology 60: 924.
Mulvena, D., Webb, E. C. and Zerner, B. (1969). 3, 4-Dihydroxy- benazaldehyde, a fungistatic substance from green Cavendish bananas. Phytochemistry 8: 393.
Ndubizu, T. O. C. (1976). Relations of phenolic inhibitors to resistance of immature apple fruits to rot. J. Hort. Sci. 51:311.
Otazu, V. and Secor, G. A. (1981). Soft rot susceptibility of potatoes with high reducing sugar content. Phytopathology 71: 290.
Pelser, P. du T. and Eckert, J. W. (1977). Constituents of orange juice that stimulate the germination of conidia of Penicillium digitatum. Phytopathology 67: 747.
Perombelon, M. C. M. and Lowe, R. (1975). Studies on the initiation of bacterial soft rot in potato tubers. Potato Res. 18: 64.
Pilnik, W. and Voragen, A. G. J. (1970). Pectic substances and other uronides. in The Biochemistry of Fruits and their Products, Vol. 1, Ed. by A. C. Hulme, Academic Press, New York.
Ride, J. P. (1978). The role of cell wall alterations in resistance to fungi. Ann. Appl. Biol. 89: 302.
Rombouts, F. M. and Pilnik, W. (1972). Research on pectin depolymerases in the sixties — a literature review. Critical Rev. Food Technol. 3: 1.
Schlosser, E. (1975). Role of saponins in antifungal resistance. III. Tomatin dependent development of fruit rot organisms on tomato fruits. Z. Pflkrankh. Pflschutz. 82: 476.
Segali, R. H. (1967). Bacterial soft rot, bacterial necrosis, and Alternaria rot of tomatoes as influenced by field washing and postharvest chilling. Plant Disease Reptr. 51: 151.
Smith, W. L., Jr. and Smart, H. F. (1955). Relation of soft rot development to protective barriers in Irish potato slices. Phytopathology 45: 649.
Spalding, D. H. (1969). Toxic effect of macerating action of extracts of sweet-potatoes rotted by Rhizopus stolonifer and its inhibition by ions. Phytopathology 59: 685.
Stanghellini, M. E. and Aragaki, M. (1966). Relation of periderm formation and callous deposition to anthracnose resistance in papaya fruit. Phytopathology 56: 444.
Steinbauer, C. E. and Kushman, L. J. (1971). Sweet potato culture and disease. U. S. Dept. Agr. Handbook 388.
Swinburne, T. R. (1973). The resistance of immature Bramley’s Seedling apples to rotting by Nectria galligena Bres. In Fungal Pathogenicity and the Plant’s Response, Ed. by J. W. Byrde and C. V. Cutting, Academic Press. New York.
Swinburne, T. R. and Brown, A. E. (1975). The biosynthesis of benzoic acid in Bramley’s Seedling apples infected by Nectria galligena Bres. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 6: 259.
Swinburne, T. R. (1976). Stimulants of germination and appressoria formation by Colletotrichum musae (Berk. & Curt) Arx. in banana leachate. Phytopath. Z. 87:74.
Tani, T. (1967). The relation of soft rot caused by pathogenic fungi to pectic enzyme production by the host, pp. 40–57. In The Dynamic Role of Molecular Constituents in the Plant-Parasite Interaction, Ed. by C. J. Mirocha and I. Uritani, Am. Phytopathol. Soc.
Thorne, S. M. (1972). Studies on the behavior of stored carrots with respect to their invasion by Rhizopus stolonifer Lind. J. Food Technol. 7: 139.
Toibin, M. (1974). Pectic enzymes in sour rot of orange caused by Geotrichum candidum var. citri-aurantii (Ferr.) M. Sc. Thesis National University of Ireland, Dublin.
Van Den Berg, L. and Lentz, C. P. (1973). High humidity storage of carrots, parsnips, rutabagas and cabbage. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 98: 129.
Verhoeff, K. (1974). Latent infections by fungi. Ann. Rev. Phytopath. 12: 99.
Verhoeff, K. and Liem, J. (1975). Toxicity of tornatine to Botrytis cinerea in relation to latency. Phytopath. Z. 82: 333.
Yoder, O. C. and Whalen, M. L. (1975). Factors affecting post-harvest infection of stored cabbage tissues by Botrytis cinerea. Can. J. Botany 53: 691.
Yoder, O. C. and Whalen, M. L. (1975). Variations in susceptibility of stored cabbage tissue to infection by Botrytis cinerea. Can. J. Botany 53: 1972.
Zucker, M., Hankin, L. and Sands, D. (1972). Factors governing pectate lyase synthesis in soft rot and non-soft rot bacteria. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 2:59.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1983 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Eckert, J.W., Ratnayake, M. (1983). Host-Pathogen Interactions in Postharvest Diseases. In: Lieberman, M. (eds) Post-Harvest Physiology and Crop Preservation. Nato Advanced Study Institutes Series, vol 46. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0094-7_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0094-7_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-0096-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-0094-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive