Skip to main content

Somatostatin analogs and receptors Diagnostic and therapeutic applications

  • Chapter
Endocrine Neoplasms

Part of the book series: Cancer Treatment and Research ((CTAR,volume 89))

Abstract

The widely distributed small cyclic peptide hormone somatostatin (SS) plays an important regulatory role in the function of multiple target organs, including the brain, pituitary, gastrointestinal tract, and the pancreas [1,2]. It has a mainly inhibitory role in these organ systems on neurotransmission and secretion processes [1,2]. High-affinity membrane receptors for the two molecular forms of somatostatin (i.e., SS-14, consisting of 14 amino acids, and SS-28, an NH2-terminally extended form of SS-14, [3]) have been found in most of the target organs of this important regulatory peptide hormone [4,5]. In addition to the above-mentioned role of SS, the peptide may have inhibitory effects on the proliferation of normal and tumorous cells in experimental models [5,6].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Guillemin R, Gerich JE. 1976. Somatostatin: Physiological and clinical significance. Ann Rev Med 27:379–388.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Guillemin R. 1978. Peptides in the brain: The new endocrinology of the neuron. Science 202:390–402.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Pradayrol L, Jörnvall H, Mutt V, Ribet A. 1980. N-terminally extended somatostatin: The primary structure of somatostatin-28. FEBS Lett 109:55–58.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Patel YC, Murthy KK, Escher EE, Banville D, Spiess J, Srikant CB. 1990. Mechanism of action of somatostatin: An overview of receptor function and studies of the molecular characterization and purification of somatostatin receptor proteins. Metabolism 39:63–69.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Lamberts SWJ, Krenning EP, Reubi JC. 1991. The role of somatostatin and its analogs in the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. Endocr Rev 12:450–482.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Serially AV. 1988. Oncological applications of somatostatin analogues. Cancer Res 48:6977–6985.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bruns C, Weckbecker G, Raulf F, Kaupmann K, Schoeffter P, Hoyer D, Lubbert H. 1994. Molecular pharmacology of somatostatin-receptor subtypes. In Wiedeman B, Kvols LK, Arnold R, Riecken EO, eds. Molecular and Cell Biological Aspects of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 733:138–146.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Hoyer D, Lubbert H, Bruns C. 1994. Molecular pharmacology of somatostatin receptors. Arch Pharmacol 350:441–453.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Hofland LJ, Visser-Wisselaar HA, Lamberts SWJ. 1995. Somatostatin analogs: Clinical application in relation to human smatostatin receptor subtypes. Biochem Pharmacol 50:287–297.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Patel YC, Greenwood MT, Panetta R, Demchyshyn L, Niznik H, Srikant CB. 1995. The somatostatin receptor family. Life Sci 57:1249–1265.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Reisine T, Bell GI. 1995. Moleculr biology of somatostatin receptors. Endocr Rev 16:427–442.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Hoyer D, Bell GI, Berelowitz M, Epelbaum J, Feniuk W, Humphrey PPA, O’Carroll A-M, Patel YC, Schonbrunn A, Taylor JE, Reisine T. 1995. Classification and nomenclature of somatostatin receptors. Trends Pharmacolo Sci 16:86–88.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Yamada Y, Stoffel M, Espinosa R III, Xiang K-S, Seino M, Seino S, Le Beau MM, Bell GI. 1993. Human somatostatin receptor genes: Localization to human chromosomes 14,17, and 22 and identification of simple tandem repeat polymorphisms. Genomics 15:449–452.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Panetta R, Greenwood MT, Warszynska A, Demchyshyn LL, Day R, Niznik HB, Srikant CB, Patel YC. 1994. Molecular cloning, functional characterization, and chromosomal localization of a human somatostatin receptor (somatostatin receptor type 5) with preferential affinity for somatostatin-28. Mol Pharmacol 45:417–427.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Demchyshyn LL, Srikant CB, Sunahara RK, Kent G, Seeman P, van Toi HHM, Panetta R, Patel YC, Niznik HB. 1993. Cloning and expression of a human somatostatin-14-selective receptor variant (somatostatin receptor 4) located on chromosome 20. Mol Pharmacol 43:894–901.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Corness JD, Demchyshyn LL, Seeman P, van Toi HHM, Srikant CB, Kent G, Patel YC, Niznic HB. 1993. A human somatostatin receptor (SSTR3), located on chromosome 22, displays preferential affinity for somatostatin-14 like peptides. FEBS Lett 321:279–284.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Akbar M, Okajima F, Tomura H, Majid MA, Yamada Y, Seino S, Kondo Y. 1994. Phospholipase C activation and Ca2+ mobilization by cloned human somatostatin receptor subtypes 1-5, in transfected COS-7 cells. FEBS Lett 348:192–196.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Buscail L, Estàve J-P, Saint-Laurent N, Bertrand V, Reisine T, O’Carroll, Bell G-I, Schally AV, Vaysse N, Susini C. 1995. Inhibition of cell proliferation by the somatostatin analogue RC-160 is mediated by somatostatin receptor subtypes SSTR2 and SSTR5 through different mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:1580–1584.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Lamberts SWJ. 1988. The role of somatostatin in the regulation of anterior pituitary hormone secretion and the use of its analogs in the treament of human pituitary tumors. Endocr Rev 9:417–436.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Bauer W, Briner U, Doepfner W, Haller R, Huguenin R, Marbach P, Petcher TJ, Pless J. 1982. SMS 201-995: A very potent and selective octapeptide analogue of somatostatin with prolonged action. Life Sci 31:1133–1140.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Cai R-Z, Szoke B, Lu R, Fu D, Redding TW, Schally AV. 1986. Synthesis and biological activity of highly potent octapeptide analogs of somatostatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:1896–1900.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Cai R-Z, Karashima T, Guoth J, Szoke B, Olsen D, Schally AV. 1987. Superactive octapeptide somatostatin analogues containing tryptophan at position 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:2502–2506.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Parmar H, Bogden A, Mollard M, de Rougé B, Phillips RH, Lightman SL. 1989. Somatostatin and somatostatin analogues in oncology. Cancer Res Treat 16:95–115.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Heiman ML, Murphy WA, Coy DH. 1987. Differential binding of somatostatin agonists to somatostatin receptors in brain and adenohypophysis. Neuroendocrinology 45:429–436.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Patel YC, Srikant CB. 1994. Subtype selectivity of peptide analogs for all five cloned human somatostatin receptors (hsstr 1–5). Endocrinology 135:2814–2817.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Liebow C, Reilly C, Serrano M, Schaly AV. 1989. Somatostatin analogues inhibit growth of pancreatic cancer by stimulating tyrosine phosphatase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:2003–2007.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Srkalovic G, Cai R-Z, Schally AV. 1990. Evaluation of receptors for somatostatin in various tumors using different analogs. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70:661–669.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Hofland LJ, van Koetsveld PM, Waaijers M, Zuyderwijk J, Lamberts SWJ. 1994. Relative potencies of the somatostatin analogs octreotide, BIM-23014, and RC-160 on the inhibition of hormone release by cultured human endocrine tumor cells and normal rat anterior pituitary cells. Endocrinology 134:301–306.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Janson ET, Westlin J-E, Eriksson B, Ahlström H, Nilsson S, Öberg K. 1994. [111In-DTPA-D-Phe1] octreotide scintigraphy in patients with carcinoid tumors: The predictive value for somatostatin analogue treatment. Eur J Endocrinol 131:577–581.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Hofland LJ, Lamberts SWJ. 1996. Somatostatin receptors and disease: Role of receptor subtypes. In Sheppard MC, Franklyn JA, eds. Surface Membrane Receptors and Disease. Baillière’s Clin Endocrinol Metab 10:163–176.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Reubi JC, Laissue J, Krenning E, Lamberts SWJ. 1992. Somatostatin receptors in human cancer: Incidence, characteristics, functional correlates and clinical implications. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 43:27–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Reubi JC, Krenning E, Lamberts SWJ, Kvols L. 1992. In vitro detection of somatostatin receptors in human tumors. Metabolism 41:104–110.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Reubi J-C, Laissue J, Waser B, Horisberger U, Schaer J-C. 1994. Expression of somatostatin receptors in normal, inflamed and neoplastic human gastrointestinal tissues. In Wiedeman B, Kvols LK, Arnold R, Riecken EO, eds. Molecular and Cell Biological Aspects of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 733:122–137.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Reubi JC, Waser B, van Hagen PM, Lamberts SWJ, Krenning EP, Gebbers JO, Laissue JA. 1992. In vitro and in vivo detection of somatostatin receptors in human malignant lymphomas. Int J Cancer 50:895–900.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Reubi JC, Schaer JC, Waser B, Mengod G. 1994. Expression and localization of somatostatin receptor SSTR1, SSTR2, and SSTR3 messenger RNAs in primary human tumors using in situ hybridization. Cancer Res 54:3455–3459.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Reubi J-C, Waser B, Schaer J-C, Markwalder R. 1995. Somatostatin receptors in human prostate and prostate cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:2806–2814.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Greenman Y, Melmed S. 1994. Heterogeneous expression of two somatostatin receptor subtypes in pituitary tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78:398–403.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Greenman Y, Melmed S. 1994. Expression of three somatostatin receptor subtypes in pituitary adenomas: Evidence for preferential SSTR5 expression in the mammosomatotroph lineage. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:724–729.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Kubota A, Yamada Y, Kagimoto S, Shimatsu, Imamura M, Tsuda K, Imura H, Seino S, Seino Y. 1994. Identification of somatostatin receptor subtypes and an implication for the efficacy of somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 in treatment of human endocrine tumors. J Clin Invest 93:1321–1325.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Panetta R, Patel YC. 1995. Expression of mRNA for all five human somatostatin receptors (hSSTRl-5) in pituitary tumors. Life Sci 56:333–342.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Epelbaum JE, Bertherat J, Prévost G, Kordon C, Meyerhof W, Wulfsen I, Richter D, Plouin P-F. 1995. Molecular and pharmacological characterization of somatostatin receptor subtypes in adrenal, extraadrenal, and malignant pheochromocytomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:1837–1844.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Miller GM, Alexander JM, Bikkal HA, Katznelson L, Zervas N, Klibansky A. 1995. Somatostatin receptor subtype gene expression in pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:1386–1392.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Vikić-Topić S, Raisch KP, Kvols LK, Vuk-Pavlović S. 1995. Expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes in breast carcinoma, carcinoid tumor, and renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:2974–2979.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Reubi J-C, Horisberger U, Laissue J. 1994. High density of somatostatin receptors in veins surrounding human cancer tissue: Role in tumor-host interaction? Int J Cancer 56:681–688.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Raynor K, Murphy WA, Coy DH, Taylor JE, Moreau J-P, Yasuda K, Bell GI, Reisine T. 1993. Cloned somatostatin receptors: Identification of subtype-selective peptides and demonstration of high affinity binding of linear peptides. Mol Pharmacol 43:838–844.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Bakker WH, Krenning EP, Breeman WAP, Kooij PPM, Reubi J-C, Koper JW, de Jong M, Lameris JS, Visser TJ, Lamberts SWJ. 1991. In vivo use of a radioiodinated somatostatin analogue: Dynamics, metabolism and binding to somatostatin receptor positive tumors in man. J Nucl Med 32:1184–1189.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Krenning EP, Bakker WH, Kooij PPM, Breeman WAP, Oei HY, de Jong M, Reubi J-C, Visser TJ, Bruns C, Kwekkeboom DJ, Reijs AEM, van Hagen PM, Koper JW, Lamberts SWJ. 1992. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy with [111In-DTPA-D-Phe1]-octreotide in man: Metabolism, dosimetry and comparison with [123I-Tyr3]-octreotide. J Nucl Med 33:652–658.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Krenning EP, Kwekkeboom DJ, Bakker WH, Breeman WAP, Kooij PPM, Oei HY, van Hagen M, Postema PTE, de Jong M, Reubi JC, Visser TJ, Reijs AEM, Hofland LJ, Koper JW, Lamberts SWJ. 1993. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy with [111In-DTPA-D-Phe1]-and [123I-Tyr3]-octreotide: The Rotterdam experience with more than 1000 patients. Eur J Nucl Med 20:716–731.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Krenning EP, Kooy PPM, Bakker WHB, Breeman WAP, Postema PTE, Kwekkeboom DJ, Oei HY, de Jong M, Visser TJ, Reijs AEM, Lamberts SWJ. 1994. Radiotherapy with a radiolabeled somatostatin analog [111n-DTPA-D-Phe1]-octreotide: A case history. In Wiedeman B, Kvols LK, Arnold R, Riecken EO, eds. Molecular and Cell Biological Aspects of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 733:496–506.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Hofland LJ, van Koetsveld PM, Waaijers M, Zuyderwijk J, Breeman WAP, Lamberts SWJ. 1995. Internalization of the radioiodinated somatostatin analog [125I-Tyr3] octreotide by mouse and human pituitary tumor cells: Increase by unlabeled octreotide. Endocrinology 136:3698–3706.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Bruno JF, Xu Y, Berelowitz M. 1994. Somatostatin regulates somatostatin receptor subtype mRNA expression in GH3 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 202:1738–1743.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Berelowitz M, Xu Y, Song J, Bruno JF. 1995. Regulation of somatostatin receptor mRNA expression. In Chadwick DJ, Cardew G, eds. Somatostatin and its Receptors. Ciba Foundation Symposium 190. Chichester, UK: Wiley & Sons, pp 111–126.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Dörr U, Räth U, Sautter-Bihl M-L, Guzman G, Bach D, Adrian H-J. 1992. Improved visualization of carcinoid liver metastases by indium-111 pentreotide scintigraphy following treatment with cold somatostatin analogue. Eur J Nucl Med 20:431–433.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Öberg K, Eriksson B, Janson ET. 1994. The clinical use of interferons in the management of neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors. In Wiedeman B, Kvols LK, Arnold R, Riecken EO, eds. Molecular and Cell Biological Aspects of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 733:471–479.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Ezzat S, Snyder PJ, Young WF, Boyajy LD, Newman C, Klibanshi A, Molitch ME, Boyd AE, Shealer L, Cook DM, Malarkey WB, Jackson I, Vance ML, Thorner MO, Banhan A, Frahmen LA, Melmed S. 1992. Octreotide treatment of acromegaly. Ann Intern Med 117:711–718.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Asa SL, Felix I, Singer W, Kovacs K. 1990. Effects of somatostatin on somatotroph adenomas of the human pituitary: An in vitro functional and morphological study. Endocr Pathol 1;228–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Davis JRE, Wilson EM, Vidal ME, Johnson AP, Lynch SS, Sheppard MC. 1989. Regulation of growth hormone secretion and messenger ribonucleic acid accumulation in human somatotropinoma cells in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 69:704–708.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Levy A, Lightman SL. 1988. Quantitative in-situ hybridization histochemistry studies on growth hormone (GH) gene expression in acromegalic somatotrophs: Effects of somatostatin, GH-releasing factor and cortisol. J Mol Endocrinol 1:19–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Hofland LJ, Velkeniers B, van der Lely AJ, van Koetsveld PM, Kazemzadeh M, Waaijers M, Hooghe-Peters, Lamberts SWJ. 1992. Long-term in-vitro treatment of human growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary adenoma cells with octreotide causes accumulation of intracellular GH and mRNA levels. Clin Endocrinol 37:240–248.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Ezzat S, Ren S-G, Braunstein GD, Melmed S. 1991. Octreotide stimulates insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) levels in acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73:441–443.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Fløgstad AK, Halse J, Haldorsen T, Lancranjan I, Marbach P, Bruns C, Jervell J. 1995. Sandostatin LAR in acromegalic patients: A dose-range study. J Clin Endocrinal Metab Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:3601–3607.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Marek J, Hana V, Kresk M, Justova V, Catus F, Thomas F. 1994. Long-term treatment of acromegaly with the slow-release somatostatin analogue lanreotide. Eur J Endocrinol 131:20–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Chanson P, Weintraub BD, Harris AG. 1993. Octreotide therapy for thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas. A follow-up of 52 patients. Ann Intern Med 119:236–240.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. de Bruin TWA, Kwekkeboom DJ, Van’t Verlaat JW, Reubi J-C, Krenning EP, Lamberts SWJ, Croughs RJM. 1992. Clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma and octreotide response to long term high dose treatment, and studies in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75:1310–1317.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Warnet A, Timsit J, Chanson P, Guillausseau PJ, Zamfirescu F, Harris AG, Derome P, Cophignon J, Lubetzki J. 1989. The effect of somatostatin analogue on chiasmal dysfunction from pituitary macroadenomas. J Neurosurg 71:687–690.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Kvols LK, Moertel CG, O’Connell MJ. 1986. Treatment of the malignant carcinoid syndrome, evaluation of a long-acting somatostatin analogue. N Engl J Med 315:5663–5666.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Kvols LK, Buck M, Moertel CG, Schutt AJ, Rubin J, O’Connel HJ, Hahn RG. 1987. Treatment of metastatic islet cell carcinoma with a somatostatin analogue (SMS 201–995). Ann Intern Med 107:162–168.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. O’Dorisio TM. 1986. Neuroendocrine disorders of the gastro-entero pancreatic system. Clinical applications of the somatostatin analogue SMS 201–995. Am J Med 81:1–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Wynick D, Anderson JV, Williams SJ, Bloom SR. 1989. Resistance of metastatic pancreatic endocrine tumours after long-term treatment with the somatostatin analogue octreotide (SMS 201–995). Clin Endocrinol 30:385–388.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Lamberts SWJ, Pieters GFFM, Metselaar HJ, Ong GL, Tan HS, Reubi J-C. 1988. Development of resistance to a long-acting somatostatin analogue during treatment of two patients with metastatic endocrine pancreatic tumours. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 119:561–566.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Melmed S, Dowling RH, Frohman L, Ho K, Lamberts SWJ, LaMont JT, Sassolas G, Schoenfield L, Snyder PJ, Wass JAH. 1994. Consensus statement: Benefits versus risks of medical therapy for acromegaly. Am J Med 97:468–473.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Berelowitz M. 1995. Editorial: The somatostatin receptor — a window of therapeutic opportunity? Endocrinology 136:3695–3697.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Weckbecker G, Raulf F, Stolz B, Bruns C. 1993. Somatostatin analogs for diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Pharmacol Ther 60:245–264.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. van Hagen PM, Krenning EP, Kwekkeboom DJ, Reubi J-C, van de Anker-Lugtenburg PJ, Löwenberg B, Lamberts SWJ. 1994. Somatostatin and the immune and haematopoetic system; a review. Eur J Clin Invest 24;91–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Viguerie N, Tahiri-Jouti N, Ayral AM, Cambillau C, Scemama JL, Bastie MJ, Knuhtsen S, Esteve JP, Pradayrol L, Susini C, Vaysse N. 1989. Direct inhibitory effects of a somatostatin analog, SMS 201-995, on AR4-2J cell proliferation via pertussis toxin-sensitive guanosine triphosphate-binding protein-independent mechanism. Endocrinology 124;1017–1025.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Chou CK, Ho LT, Ting LP, Hu CP, Su TS, Chang WC, Suen CS, Huang MY, Chang C. 1987. Selective suppression of insulin-induced proliferation of cultured human hepatoma cells by somatostatin. J Clin Invest 79:175–178.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Hofland LJ, van Koetsveld PM, Wouters N, Waaijers M, Reubi J-C, Lamberts SWJ. 1992. Dissociation of antiproliferative and antihormonal effects of the somatostatin analogue octreotide on 7315b pituitary tumor cells. Endocrinology 131:571–577.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hofland, L.J., Lamberts, S.W.J. (1997). Somatostatin analogs and receptors Diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In: Arnold, A. (eds) Endocrine Neoplasms. Cancer Treatment and Research, vol 89. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6355-6_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6355-6_17

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-7919-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-6355-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics