Abstract
Of the plant diseases that are now known to be viroid incited, most were previously believed to be of virus causation. The potato spindle tuber disease, for example, was first described by Martin (1922) and shown to be an infectious disease soon after (Schultz and Folsom, 1923). From this time on until 1967, all investigators tacitly assumed that the disease was caused by a virus. Chrysanthemum stunt, similarly, was universally believed to be a conventional virus disease, ever since Brierley and Smith (1949) had demonstrated its infectious nature.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allen, R. N., and Dale, J. L., 1981, Application of rapid biochemical methods for detecting avocado sunblotch disease, Ann. Appl. Biol. 98:451.
Bachelier, J. C., Monsion, M., and Dunez, J., 1976, Possibilities of improving detection of chrysanthemum stunt and obtention of viroid-free plants by meristem-tip culture, Acta Hortic. 59:63.
Bardwell, J. C. A., and Craig, E. A., 1984, Major heat shock gene of Drosophila and the Escherichia coli heat-inducible dnaK gene are homologous, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:848.
Barker, J. M., McInnes, J. L., Murphy, P. J., and Symons, R. H., 1985, Dot-blot procedure with [32P] DNA probes for the sensitive detection of avocado sunblotch and other viroids in plants, /. Virol. Methods 10:87.
Belalcazar, C. S., and Galindo, A. J., 1974, Estudio sobre el virus de la “Planta Macho” del jitomate, Agrociencia 1974(18):79.
Boccardo, G., Beaver, R. G., Randies, J. W., and Imperial, J. S., 1981, Tinangaja and bristle top, coconut diseases of uncertain etiology in Guam, and their relationship to cadang-cadang disease of coconut in the Philippines, Phytopathology 71:1104.
Brierley, P., and Smith, F. F., 1949, Chrysanthemum stunt, Phytopathology 39:501.
Buddenhagen, I. W., 1983, Crop improvement in relation to virus diseases and their epidemiology, in: Plant Virus Epidemiology (R. T. Plumb and J. M. Thresh, eds.), pp. 25–37, Blackwell, Oxford.
Calavan, E. C., and Weathers, L. G., 1961, Evidence for strain differences and stunting with exocortis virus, in: Proceedings of the Second Conference of the International Organ ization of Citrus Virologists (W. C. Price, ed.), pp. 26–33, University of Florida Press, Gainesville.
Calavan, E. C., Frolich, E. F., Carpenter, J. B., Roistacher, C. N., and Christiansen, D. W., 1964, Rapid indexing for exocortis of citrus, Phytopathology 54:1359.
Camacho Henriquez, A., and Sanger, H. L., 1982a, Gelelectrophoretic analysis of phenol-extractable leaf proteins from different viroid/host combinations, Arch. Virol. 74:167.
Camacho Henriquez, A., and Sanger, H. L., 1982b, Analysis of acid-extractable tomato leaf proteins after infection with a viroid, two viruses and a fungus and partial purification of the “pathogenesis-related” protein p14, Arch. Virol. 74:181.
Camacho Henriquez, A., and Sanger, H. L., 1984, Purification and partial characterization of the major “pathogenesis-related” tomato leaf protein P14 from potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV)-infected tomato leaves, Arch. Virol. 81:263.
Conejero, V., and Semancik, J. S., 1977, Exocortis viroid: Alteration in the proteins of Gynura aurantiaca accompanying viroid infection, Virology 77:221.
Conejero, V., Picazo, I., and Segado, P., 1979, Citrus exocortis viroid (CEV): Protein alterations in different hosts following viroid infection, Virology 97:454.
da Graca, J. V., and Martin, M. M., 1981, Ultrastructural changes in avocado leaf tissue infected with avocado sunblotch, Phytopathol. Z. 102:185.
da Graca,J. V., and van Vuuren, S. P., 1980, Transmission of avocado sunblotch disease to cinnamon, Plant Dis. 64:475.
DeBokx, J. A., and Piron, P. G. M., 1981, Transmission of potato spindle tuber viroid by aphids, Neth. J. Plant Pathol. 87:31.
Desjardins, P. R., Drake, R. J., and Swiecki, S. A., 1980, Infectivity studies of avocado sunblotch disease causal agent, possibly a viroid rather than a virus, Plant Dis. 64:313.
Dickson, E., 1979, Viroids: Infectious RNA in plants, in: Nucleic Acids in Plants Vol. II (T. C. Hall and J. W. Davies, eds.), pp. 153–193, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
Dickson, E., Prensky, W., and Robertson, H. D., 1975, Comparative studies of two viroids: Analysis of potato spindle tuber and citrus exocortis viroids by RNA fingerprinting and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, Virology 68:309.
Diener, T. O., 1971, Potato spindle tuber virus: A plant virus with properties of a free nucleic acid. III. Subcellular location of PSTV-RNA and the question of whether virions exist in extracts or in situ, Virology 43:75.
Diener, T. O., 1979, Viroids and Viroid Diseases ,Wiley-Interscience, New York.
Diener, T. O., 1981, Viroids, in: Handbook of Plant Virus Infections: Comparative Diagnosis (E. Kurstak, ed.), pp. 913–934, Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam.
Diener, T. O., 1983, Viroids, Adv. Virus Res. 28:241.
Diener, T. O., and Raymer, W. B., 1969, Potato spindle tuber virus: A plant virus with properties of a free nucleic acid. II. Characterization and partial purification, Virology 37:351.
Diener, T. O., Hadidi, A., and Owens, R. A., 1977, Methods for studying viroids, in: Methods in Virology ,Vol. 6 (K. Maramorosch and H. Koprowski, eds.), pp. 185–217, Academic Press, New York.
Dimock, A. W., 1947, Chrysanthemum stunt, N. Y. State Flower Grow. Bull. 26:2.
Dimock, A. W., and Geissinger, C., 1969, A newly recognized disease of chrysanthemums caused by a graft-transmissible agent, Phytopathology 59:1024.
Dimock, A. W., Geissinger, C. M., and Horst, R. K., 1971, Chlorotic mottle: A newly recognized disease of chrysanthemum, Phytopathology 61:415.
Femow, K. H., 1967, Tomato as a test plant for detecting mild strains of potato spindle tuber virus, Phytopathology 57:1347.
Fernow, K. H., Peterson, L. C, and Plaisted, R. L., 1969, The tomato test for eliminating spindle tuber from potato planting stock, Am. Potato J. 46:424.
Flores, R., and Rodriguez, J. L., 1981, Altered pattern of root formation on cuttings of Gynura aurantiaca infected by citrus exocortis viroid, Phytopathology 71:964.
Flores, R., Chroboczek,J., and Semancik, J. S., 1978, Some properties of the CEV-P1 protein from citrus exocortis viroid-infected Gynura auiantiaca D.C., Physiol. Plant Pathol. 13:193.
Forster, A. C., Mclnnes, J. L., Skingle, D. C., and Symons, R. H., 1985, Non-radioactive hybridization probes prepared by the chemical labelling of DNA and RNA with a novel reagent, photobiotin, Nucleic Acids Res. 13:745.
Galindo, J. A., Smith, D. R., and Diener, T. O., 1982, Etiology of planta macho, a viroid disease of tomato, Phytopathology 72:49.
Galindo, J. A., Smith, D. R., and Diener, T. O., 1984, A disease-associated host protein in viroid-infected tomato, Physiol. Plant Pathol 24:257.
Garnsey, S. M., and Jones, J. W., 1967, Mechanical transmission of exocortis virus with contaminated budding tools, Plant Dis. Rep. 51:410.
Garnsey, S. M., and Whidden, R., 1970, Transmission of exocortis virus to various citrus plants by knife-cut inoculation, Phytopathology 60:1292.
Grasmick, M. E., and Slack, S. A., 1985, Symptom expression enhanced and low concentrations of potato spindle tuber viroid amplified in tomato with high light intensity and temperature, Plant Dis. 69:49.
Hari, V., 1980, Ultrastructure of potato spindle tuber viroid-infected tomato leaf tissue, Phytopathology 70:385.
Harris, P. S., and Browning, I. A., 1980, The effects of temperature and light on the symptom expression and viroid concentration in tomato of a severe strain of potato spindle tuber viroid, Potato Res. 23:85.
Hollings, M., and Stone, O. M., 1970, Attempts to eliminate chrysanthemum stunt from chrysanthemum by meristem-tip culture after heat-treatment, Ann. Appl. Biol. 65:311.
Hollings, M., and Stone, O. M., 1973, Some properties of chrysanthemum stunt, a virus with the characteristics of an uncoated ribonucleic acid, Ann. Appl. Biol. 74:333.
Horst, R. K., and Romaine, C. P., 1975, Chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle: A viroid disease, N.Y. Food Life Sci. Q. 8(3):11.
Horst, R. K., Langhans, R. W., and Smith, S. M., 1977, Effects of chrysanthemum stunt, chlorotic mottle, aspermy and mosaic on flowering and rooting of chrysanthemum, Phytopathology 67:9.
Keller, J. R., 1951, Report on indicator plants for chrysanthemum stunt virus and on a previously unreported chrysanthemum virus, Phytopathology 41:947.
Keller, J. R., 1953, Investigations on chrysanthemum stunt virus and chrysanthemum virus Q, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. St. Mem. 324.
Kelley, P. M., and Schlesinger, M. J., 1982, Antibodies to two major chicken heat shock proteins cross-react with similar proteins in widely divergent species, Mol. Cell. Biol. 2:267.
Kiefer, M. C., Owens, R. A., and Diener, T. O., 1983, Structural similarities between viroids and transposable genetic elements, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:6234.
Kojima, M., Murai, M., and Shikata, E., 1983, Cytopathic changes in viroid-infected leaf tissue, J. Fac. Agric. Hokkaido Univ. 61:219.
Lawson, R. H., and Hearon, S. S., 1971, Ultrastructure of chrysanthemum stunt virus-infected and stunt-free Mistletoe chrysanthemums, Phytopathology 61:653.
Lizarraga, R. E., Salazar, L. F., Roca, W. M., and Schilde-Rentschler, L., 1980, Elimination of potato spindle tuber viroid by low temperature and meristem culture, Phytopathology 70:754.
Lucas, J., Camacho Henriquez, A., Lottspeich, F., Henschen, A., and Sanger, H. L., 1985, Amino acid sequence of the “pathogenesis-related” leaf protein p 14 from viroid-infected tomato reveals a new type of structurally unfamiliar proteins, EMBO J. 4:2745.
Macquaire, G., Monsion, M., Mouches, C., Candresse, T., and Dunez, J., 1984, Spot hybridization: Application to viroid identification, Ann. Virol. (Inst. Pasteur) 135E:219.
Manzer, F. E., Akeley, R. V., and Merriam, D., 1964, Resistance in Solanum tuberosum to mechanical inoculation with the potato spindle tuber virus, Am. Potato J. 41:411.
Martin, W. H., 1922, “Spindle tuber,” a new potato trouble, Hints to Potato Growers, New Jersey State Potato Assoc. 3(8).
Marton, L., Duran-Vila, N., Lin, J. J., and Semancik, J. S., 1982, Properties of cell cultures containing the citrus exocortis viroid, Virology 122:229.
Maule, A. J., Hull, R., and Donson, J., 1983, The application of spot hybridization to the detection of DNA and RNA viruses in plant tissues, /. Virol. Methods 6:215.
Merriam, D., and Bonde, R., 1954, Dissemination of spindle tuber by contaminated tractor wheels and by foliage contact with diseased plants, Phytopathology 44:111.
Mohamed, N. A., and Imperial, J. S., 1984, Detection and concentration of coconut cadang-cadang viroid in coconut leaf extracts, Phytopathology 74:165.
Momma, T., and Takahashi, T., 1982, Ultrastructure of hop stunt viroid-infected leaf tissue, Phytopathol. Z. 104:211.
Momma, T., and Takahashi, T., 1983, Cytopathology of shoot apical meristem of hop plants infected with hop stunt viroid, Phytopathol. Z. 106:272.
Morris, T. J., and Smith, E. M., 1977, Potato spindle tuber disease: Procedures for the detection of viroid RNA and certification of disease-free potato tubers, Phytopathology 67:145.
Morris, T. J., and Wright, N. S., 1975, Detection on polyacrylamide gel of a diagnostic nucleic acid from tissue infected with potato spindle tuber viroid, Am. Potato ]. 52:57.
Muhlbach, H. P., and Sanger, H. L., 1977, Multiplication of cucumber pale fruit viroid in inoculated tomato leaf protoplasts, J. Gen. Virol. 35:377.
Mühlbach, H. P., and Sanger, H. L., 1981, Continuous replication of potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV) in permanent cell cultures of potato and tomato, Biosci. Rep. 1:79.
Mühlbach, H. P., Camacho Henriquez, A., and Sänger, H. L., 1977, Isolation and properties of protoplasts from leaves of healthy and viroid-infected tomato plants, Plant Sci. Lett. 8:183.
Niblett, C. L., Dickson, E., Fernow, K. H., Horst, R. K., and Zaitlin, M., 1978, Cross protection among four viroids, Virology 91:198.
Niblett, C. L., Dickson, E., Horst, R. K., and Romaine, C. P., 1980, Additional hosts and an efficient purification procedure for four viroids, Phytopathology 70:610.
O’Brien, M. J., and Raymer, W. B., 1964, Symptomless hosts of the potato spindle tuber virus, Phytopatholgy 54:1045.
Orozco Vargas, G., 1983, Aspectos ecológicos del viroide “planta macho del jitomate,” Master thesis, Colegio de Postgraduados, Chapingo, Mexico.
Owens, R. A., 1978, In vitro synthesis and characterization of DNA complementary to potato spindle tuber viroid, Virology 89:380.
Owens, R. A., and Diener, T. O., 1981, Sensitive and rapid diagnosis of potato spindle tuber viroid disease by nucleic acid hybridization, Science 213:670.
Owens, R. A., Smith, D. R., and Diener, T. O., 1978, Measurement of viroid sequence homology by hybridization with complementary DNA prepared in vitro, Virology 89:388.
Paliwal, Y. C, and Singh, R. P., 1981, Cytopathological changes induced by potato spindle tuber viroid in Scopolia sinensis, Can. J. Bot. 59:677.
Palukaitis, P., and Symons, R. H., 1978, Synthesis and characterization of a complementary DNA probe for chrysanthemum stunt viroid, FEBS Lett. 92:268.
Palukaitis, P., and Symons, R. H., 1980, Purification and characterization of the circular and linear forms of chrysanthemum stunt viroid, /. Gen. Virol. 46:477.
Palukaitis, P., Hatta, T., Alexander, D. McE., and Symons, R. H., 1979, Characterization of a viroid associated with avocado sunblotch disease, Virology 99:145.
Palukaitis, P., Rakowski, A. G., Alexander, D. McE., and Symons, R. H., 1981, Rapid indexing of the sunblotch disease of avocados using a complementary DNA probe to avocado sunblotch viroid, Ann. Appl. Biol. 98:439.
Pfannenstiel, M. A., and Slack, S. A., 1980, Response of potato cultivars to infection by the potato spindle tuber viroid, Phytopathology 70:922.
Pfannenstiel, M. A., Slack, S. A., and Lane, L. C, 1980, Detection of potato spindle tuber viroid in field-grown potatoes by an improved electrophoretic assay, Phytopathology 70:1015.
Randies, J. W., 1975, Association of two ribonucleic acid species with cadang-cadang disease of coconut palm, Phytopathology 65:163.
Randies, J. W., and Palukaitis, P., 1979, In vitro synthesis and characterization of DNA complementary to cadang-cadang-associated RNA, J. Gen. Virol. 43:649.
Randies, J. W., Boccardo, G., Retuerma, M. L., and Rillo, E. P., 1977, Transmission of the RNA species associated with cadang-cadang of coconut palm, and the insensitivity of the disease to antibiotics, Phytopathology 67:1211.
Raymer, W. B., and O’Brien, M. J., 1962, Transmission of potato spindle tuber virus to tomato, Am. Potato J. 39:401.
Raymer, W. B., O’Brien, M. J., and Merriam, D., 1964, Tomato as a source of and indicator plant for the potato spindle tuber virus, Am. Potato J. 41:311.
Rodriguez, J. L., Garcia-Martinez, J. L., and Flores, R., 1978, The relationship between plant growth substances content and infection of Gynura aurantiaca D.C. by citrus exocortis viroid, Physiol. Plant Pathol. 13:355.
Romaine, C. P., and Horst, R. K., 1975, Suggested viroid etiology for chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle disease, Virology 64:86.
Salazar, L. F., Owens, R. A., Smith, D. R., and Diener, T. O., 1983, Detection of potato spindle tuber viroid by nucleic acid spot hybridization: Evaluation with tuber sprouts and true potato seed, Am. Potato /. 60:587.
Sanger, H. L., and Ramm, K., 1975, Radioactive labelling of viroid-RNA, in: Modification of the Information Content of Plant Cells (R. Markham, D. R. Davies, D. A. Hopwood, and R. W. Horne, eds.), pp. 229–252, North-Holland/American Elsevier, Amsterdam/ New York.
Sasaki, M., and Shikata, E., 1977, Studies on the host range of hop stunt disease in Japan, Proc. J. Acad. Ser. B 53:103.
Sasaki, M., and Shikata, E., 1978, Studies on hop stunt disease. II. Properties of the causal agent, a viroid, Rep. Res. Lab. Kirin Brew. Co. 21:41.
Sasaki, M., and Shikata, E., 1980, Hop stunt disease, a new viroid disease occurring in Japan, Rev. Plant Prot. Res. (Tokyo) 13:97.
Schlesinger, M. J., Ashbumer, M., and Tissières, A. (eds.), 1982a, Heat Shock from Bacteria to Man ,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
Schlesinger, M. J., Kelley, P. M., Aliperti, G., and Malfer, C., 1982b, Properties of three major chicken heat-shock proteins and their antibodies, in: Heat Shock from Bacteria to Man (M. J. Schlesinger, M. Ashburner, and A. Tissières, eds.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
Schultz, E. S., and Folsom, D., 1923, Spindling tuber and other degeneration diseases of Irish potatoes, Phytopathology 13:40.
Schumacher, J., Randies, J. W., and Riesner, D., 1983, A two-dimensional electrophoretic technique for the detection of circular viroids and virusoids, Anal. Biochem. 135:288.
Schumann, G. L., Thurston, H. D., Horst, R. K., Kawamoto, S. O., and Nemoto, G. I., 1978, Comparison of tomato bioassay and slab gel electrophoresis for detection of potato spindle tuber viroid in potato, Phytopathology 68:1256.
Semancik, J. S., and Vanderwoude, W. J., 1976, Exocortis viroid: Cytopathic effects at the plasma membrane in association with pathogenic RNA, Virology 69:719.
Semancik, J. S., and Weathers, L. G., 1972, Pathogenic 10S RNA from exocortis disease recovered from tomato bunchy-top plants similar to potato spindle tuber virus infection, Virology 49:622.
Semancik, J. S., Magnuson, D. S., and Weathers, L. G., 1973, Potato spindle tuber disease produced by pathogenic RNA from citrus exocortis disease: Evidence for the identity of the causal agents, Virology 52:292.
Semancik, J. S., Tsuruda, D., Zaner, L., Geelen, J. L. M. C, and Weathers, L. G., 1976, Exocortis disease: Subcellular distribution of pathogenic (viroid) RNA, Virology 69:669.
Siegel, A., Zaitlin, M., and Sehgal, O. P., 1962, The isolation of defective tobacco mosaic virus strains, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 48:1845.
Singh, R. P., 1970a, Seed transmission of potato spindle tuber virus in tomato and potato, Am. Potato J. 47:225.
Singh, R. P., 1970b, Experimental host range of the potato spindle tuber “virus,” Am. Potato /. 50:111.
Singh, R. P., 1977, Piperonyl butoxide as a protectorant against potato spindle tuber viroid infection, Phytopathology 67:933.
Singh, R. P., 1982, Evaluation of procedures for the detection of potato spindle tuber viroid by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 62:41.
Singh, R. P., 1985, Clones of Solanum berthaultii resistant to potato spindle tuber viroid, Phytopathology 75:1432.
Singh, R. P., and Clark, M. C, 1973, Similarity of host response to both potato spindle tuber and citrus exocortis viruses, FAO Plant Prot. Bull 21:121.
Singh, R. P., Michniewicz, J. J., and Narang, S. A., 1975, Piperonyl butoxide, a potent inhibitor of potato spindle tuber viroid in Scopolia sinensis, Can. J. Biochem. 53:1130.
Skrzeczkowski, L. J., Okely, E., and Nackiewicz, N., 1985, Improved PAGE and cDNA diagnosis of potato spindle tuber viroid, Abstracts, Conference on “New Developments in Techniques for Virus Detection,” University of Cambridge, April.
Stace-Smith, R., and Mellor, F. C, 1970, Eradication of potato spindle tuber virus by ther-motherapy and axillary bud culture, Phytopathology 60:1857.
Takahashi, T., and Takusari, H., 1979, Some factors affecting mechanical transmission of hop stunt disease agent, Phytopathol. Z. 96:352.
Todd, J. M., 1958, Spread of potato virus X over a distance, in: Proceedings of the Third Conference on Potato Virus Diseases ,pp. 132–143, Lisse-Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Van Dorst, H. J. M., and Peters, D., 1974, Some biological observations on pale fruit, a viroid-incited disease of cucumber, Neth. J. Plant Pathol. 80:85.
Van Gelder, W. M. J., and Treur, A., 1982, Testing of imported potato genotypes for potato spindle tuber viroid with a tomato-intermediate/electrophoresis combined method, EPPO Bull. 12:297.
van Loon, L. C., Gianinazzi, S., White, R. F., Abu-Jawdah, Y., Ahl, P., Antoniw, J. F., Boiler, T., Camacho Henriquez, A., Conejero, V., Coussirat, J. C., Goodman, R. N., Maiss, E., Redolfi, P., and Wilson, T. M. A., 1983, Electrophoretic and serological comparisons of pathogenesis-related (b) proteins from different plant species, Neth. J. Plant Pathol. 89:293.
van Wezenbeek, P., Vos, P., van Boom, J., and van Kammen, A., 1982, Molecular cloning and characterization of a complete DNA copy of potato spindle tuber viroid, Nucleic Acids Res. 10:7947.
Wahn, K., Rosenberg-de Gomez, F., and Sanger, H. L., 1980, Cytopathic changes in leaf tissue of Gynura aurantiaca infected with the viroid of citrus exocortis disease, J. Gen. Virol. 49:355.
Wallace, J. M,, and Drake, R. J., 1962, A high rate of seed transmission of avocado sunblotch virus from symptomless trees and the origin of such trees, Phytopathology 52:237.
Walter, B., 1981, Un viroide de la Tomate en Afrique de 1’Ouest: Identité avec le viroide du “Potato Spindle Tuber”? C. R. Acad. Sci. 292(III):537.
Weathers, L. G., and Greer, F. C, 1972, Gynura as a host for exocortis virus of citrus, in: Proceedings of the Fifth Conference of the International Organization of Citrus Virologists (W. C. Price, ed.), pp. 95–98, University of Florida Press, Gainesville.
Wolff, P., Gilz, R., Schumacher, J., and Riesner, D., 1985, Complexes of viroids with histones and other proteins, Nucleic Acids Res. 13:355.
Yaguchi, S., and Takahashi, T., 1984, Response of cucumber cultivars and other cucurbitaceous species to infection by hop stunt viroid, Phytopathology Z. 109:21.
Yaguchi, S., and Takahashi, T., 1985, Syndrome characteristics and endogenous indoleacetic acid levels in cucumber plants incited by hop stunt viroid, Z. Pflanzenkr. Pflanzenschutz 92:263.
Yang, T. C., and Hooker, W.J., 1977, Albinism of potato spindle tuber-viroid infected Rutgers tomato in continuous light, Am. Potato J. 54:519.
Yoshikawa, N., and Takahashi, T., 1982, Purification of hop stunt viroid, Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 48:182.
Zaitlin, M., and Hariharasubramanian, V., 1972, A gel electrophoretic analysis of proteins from plants infected with tobacco mosaic and potato spindle tuber viruses, Virology 47:296.
Zelcer, A., van Adelsberg, J., Leonard, D. A., and Zaitlin, M., 1981, Plant suspension cultures sustain long-term replication of potato spindle tuber viroid, Virology 109:314.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Diener, T.O. (1987). Biological Properties. In: Diener, T.O. (eds) The Viroids. The Viruses. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1855-2_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1855-2_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9035-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-1855-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive