Abstract
Clearance of apoptotic cells by phagocytes can result in either anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects or prostimulatory consequences through presentation of cell-associated antigens to T cells. The differences in outcome are due to the conditions under which apoptosis is induced, the type of phagocytic cell, the nature of the receptors involved in apoptotic cell capture, and the milieu in which phagocytosis of apoptotic cells takes place. Preferential ligation of specific receptors on professional antigen-presenting cells dendriticc cells) has been proposed to induce potentially tolerogenic signals. On the other hand, dendritic cells can efficiently process and present antigens from pathogen-infected apoptotic cells to T cells. In this review, we discuss how apoptotic cells manipulate immunity through interactions with dendritic cells.
Access provided by Autonomous University of Puebla. Download to read the full chapter text
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
- Dendritic Cell
- Apoptotic Cell
- Major Histocompatibility Complex Class
- Transporter Associate With Antigen Processing
- Human Dendritic Cell
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
Ackerman AL, Kyritsis C, Tampe R, Cresswell P (2003) Early phagosomes in dendritic cells form a cellular compartment sufficient for cross presentation of exogenous antigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:12889–12894
Akiyama K, Ebihara S, Yada A, Matsumura K, Aiba S, Nukiwa T, Takai T (2003) Targeting apoptotic tumor cells to Fc gamma R provides efficient and versatile vaccination against tumors by dendritic cells. J Immunol 170:1641–1648
Albert ML, Pearce SF, Francisco LM, Sauter B, Roy P, Silverstein RL, Bhardwaj N (1998) Immature dendritic cells phagocytose apoptotic cells via alphavbeta5 and CD36, and cross-present antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 188:1359–1368
Albert ML, Sauter B, Bhardwaj N (1998) Dendritic cells acquire antigen from apoptotic cells and induce class I-restricted CTLs. Nature 392:86–89
Albert ML, Kim JI, Birge RB (2000) Alphavbeta5 integrin recruits the CrkII-Dockl80-racl complex for phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Nat Cell Biol 2:899–905
Anderson HA, Maylock CA, Williams JA, Paweletz CP, Shu H, Shacter E (2003) Serum-derived protein S binds to phosphatidylserine and stimulates the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Nat Immunol 4:87–91
Andrieu M, Desoutter JF, Loing E, Gaston J, Hanau D, Guillet JG, Hosmalin A (2003) Two human immunodeficiency virus vaccinal lipopeptides follow different cross-presentation pathways in human dendritic cells. J Virol 77:1564–1570
Arnold D, Faath S, Rammensee H-G, Schild H (1995) Cross-priming of minor histocompatibility antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells upon immunization with the heat shock protein gp96. J Exp Med 182:885–889
Arrode G, Boccaccio C, Lule J, Allart S, Moinard N, Abastado JP, Alam A, Davrinche C (2000) Incoming human cytomegalovirus pp65 (UL83) contained in apoptotic infected fibroblasts is cross-presented to CD8+ T cells by dendritic cells. J Virol 74:10018–10024
Arrode G, Boccaccio C, Abastado JP, Davrinche C (2002) Cross-presentation of human cytomegalovirus pp65 (UL83) to CD8+ T cells is regulated by virus-induced, soluble-mediator-dependent maturation of dendritic cells. J Virol 76:142–150
Arur S, Uche UE, Rezaul K, Fong M, Scranton V, Cowan AE, Mohler W, Han DK (2003) Annexin I is an endogenous ligand that mediates apoptotic cell engulfment. Dev Cell 4:587–598
Balasa B, Krahl T, Patstone G, Lee J, Tisch R, McDevitt HO, Sarvetnick N (1997) CD40 ligand-CD40 interactions are necessary for the initiation of insulitis and diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. J Immunol 159:4620–7462
Balasubramanian K, Chandra J, Schroit AJ (1997) Immune clearance of phosphatidylserine-expressing cells by phagocytes. The role of beta2-glycoprotein I in macrophage recognition. J Biol Chem 272:31113–31117
Bartl MM, Luckenbach T, Bergner O, Ullrich O, Koch-Brandt C (2001) Multiple receptors mediate apoJ-dependent clearance of cellular debris into nonprofessional phagocytes. Exp Cell Res 271:130–141
Baruch DI, Gormely JA, Ma C, Howard RJ, Pasloske BL (1996) Plasmodium faciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 is a parasitized erythrocyte receptor for adherence to CD36, thrombospondin, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:3497–3502
Basu S, Binder RJ, Ramalingam T, Srivastava PK (2001) CD91 is a common receptor for heat shock proteins gp96, hsp90, hsp70, and calreticulin. Immunity 14:303–313
Bave U, Magnusson M, Eloranta ML, Perers A, Alm GV, Ronnblom L (2003) Fc gamma RIIa is expressed on natural IFN-alpha-producing cells (plasmacytoid dendritic cells) and is required for the IFN-alpha production induced by apoptotic cells combined with lupus IgG. J Immunol 171:3296–3302
Bellinghausen I, Brand U, Steinbrink K, Enk AH, Knop J, Saloga J (2001) Inhibition of human allergic T-cell responses by IL-10-treated dendritic cells: differences from hydrocortisone-treated dendritic cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 108:242–249
Belz GT, Smith CM, Kleinert L, Reading P, Brooks A, Shortman K, Carbone FR, Heath WR (2004) Distinct migrating and nonmigrating dendritic cell populations are involved in MHC class I-restricted antigen presentation after lung infection with virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:8670–8675
Belz GT, Heath WR, Carbone FR (2002) The role of dendritic cell subsets in selection between tolerance and immunity. Immunol Cell Biol 80:463–468
Belz GT, Vremec D, Febbraio M, Corcoran L, Shortman K, Carbone FR, Heath WR (2002) CD36 is differentially expressed by CD8+ splenic dendritic cells but is not required for cross-presentation in vivo. J Immunol 168:6066–6070
Binder RJ, Han DK, Srivastava PK (2000) CD91: a receptor for heat shock protein gp96. Nat Immunol 1:151–155
Bird DA, Gillotte KL, Horkko S, Friedman P, Dennis EA, Witztum JL, Steinberg D (1999) Receptors for oxidized low-density lipoprotein on elicited mouse perioneal macrophages can recognize both the modified lipid moieties and the modified protein moieties: implications with respect to macrophage recognition of apoptotic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:6347–6352
Blander JM, Medzhitov R (2004) Regulation of phagosome maturation by signals from toll-like receptors. Science 304:1014–1018
Boes M (2000) Role of natural and immune IgM antibodies in immune responses. Mol Immunol 37:1141–1149
Brown S, Heinisch I, Ross E, Shaw K, Buckley CD, Savill J (2002) Apoptosis disables CD31-mediated cell detachment from phagocytes promoting binding and engulfment. Nature 418:200–203
Carbone FR, Bevan MJ (1990) Class I-restricted processing and presentation of exogenous cell-associated antigen in vivo. J Exp Med 171:377–387
Casciola-Rosen L, Anhalt G, Rosen A (1994) Autoantigens targeted in systemic lupus erythematosus are clustered in two populations of surface structures on apoptotic keratinocytes. J Exp Med 179:1317–1330
Chan A, Magnus T, Gold R (2001) Phagocytosis of apoptotic inflammatory cells by microglia and modulation by different cytokines: mechanism for removal of apoptotic cells in the inflamed nervous system. Glia 33:87–95
Chang MK, Bergmark C, Laurila A, Horkko S, Han KH, Friedman P, Dennis EA, Witztum JL (1999) Monoclonal antibodies against oxidized low-density lipoprotein bind to apoptotic cells and inhibit their phagocytosis by elicited macrophages: evidence that oxidation-specific epitopes mediate macrophage recognition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:6353–6358
Chen W, Masterman KA, Basta S, Haeryfar SM, Dimopoulos N, Knowles B, Bennink JR, Yewdell JW (2004) Cross-priming of CD8+ T cells by viral and tumor antigens is a robust phenomenon. Eur J Immunol 34:194–199
Cho HJ, Hayashi T, Datta SK, Takabayashi K, Van Uden JH, Horner A, Corr M, Raz E (2002) IFN-αβ promote priming of antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes by immunostimulatory DNA-based vaccines. J Immunol 168:4907–4913
Cohen PL, Caricchio R, Abraham V, Camenisch TD, Jennette JC, Roubey RA, Earp HS, Matsushima G, Reap EA (2002) Delayed apoptotic cell clearance and lupus-like autoimmunity in mice lacking the c-mer membrane tyrosine kinase. J Exp Med 196:135–140
Corinti S, Albanesi C, la Sala A, Pastore S, Girolomoni G (2001) Regulatory activity of autocrine IL-10 on dendritic cell functions. J Immunol 166:4312–4318
Datta SK, Redecke V, Prilliman KR, Takabayashi K, Corr M, Tallant T, DiDonato J, Dziarski R, Akira S, Schoenberger SP, Raz E (2003) A subset of Toll-like receptor ligands induces cross-presentation by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. J Immunol 170:4102–4110
Delneste Y, Magistrelli G, Gauchat J, Haeuw J, Aubry J, Nakamura K, Kawakami-Honda N, Goetsch L, Sawamura T, Bonnefoy J, Jeannin P (2002) Involvement of LOX-1 in dendritic cell-mediated antigen cross-presentation. Immunity 17:353–362
Den Haan J, Lehar S, Bevan M (2000) CD8+ but not CD8− dendritic cells cross-prime cytotoxic Tcells in vivo. J Exp Med 192:1685–1696
Den Haan JM, Bevan MJ (2002) Constitutive versus activation-dependent cross-presentation of immune complexes by CD8+ and CD8− dendritic cells in vivo. J Exp Med 196:817–827
Devitt A, Moffatt OD, Raykundalia C, Capra JD, Simmons DL, Gregory CD (1998) Human CD14 mediates recognition and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Nature 392:505–509
Dhodapkar MV, Steinman RM, Krasovsky J, Munz C, Bhardwaj N (2001) Antigen-specific inhibition of effector T cell function in humans after injection of immature dendritic cells. J Exp Med 193:233–238
Diebold SS, Kaisho T, Hemmi H, Akira S, Reise e Sousa C (2004) Innate antiviral responses by means of TLR7-mediated recognition of single-stranded RNA. Science 303:1529–1531
Diehl L, den Boer AT, Schoenberger SP, van der Voort EI, Schumacher TN, Melief CQ, Offringa R, Toes RE (1999) CD40 activation in vivo overcomes peptide-induced peripheral cytotoxic T-lymphocyte tolerance and augments anti-tumor vaccine efficacy. Nat Med 5:774–779
Dini L, Autuori F, Lentini A, Oliverio S, Piacentini M (1992) The clearance of apoptotic cells in the liver is mediated by the asialoglycoprotein receptor. FEBS Lett 296:174–178
Doyle SE, O’Connell RM, Miranda GA, Vaidya SA, Chow EK, Liu PT, Suzuki S, Suzuki N, Modlin RL, Yeh WC, Lane TF, Cheng G (2004) Toll-like receptors induce a phagocytic gene program through p38. J Exp Med 199:81–90
Drechsler Y, Chavan S, Catalano D, Mandrekar P, Szabo G (2002) FcgammaR cross-linking mediates NF-kappaB activation, reduced antigen presentation capacity, and decreased IL-12 production in monocytes without modulation of myeloid dendritic cell development. J Leukoc Biol 72:657–667
Dummer W, Becker JC, Schwaaf A, Leverkus M, Moll T, Brocker EB (1995) Elevated serum levels of interleukin-10 in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma. Melanoma Res 5:67–68
Ehrenstein MR, Cook HT, Neuberger MS (2000) Deficiency in serum immunoglobulin (Ig)M predisposes to development of IgG autoantibodies. J Exp Med 191:1253–1258
Elias F, Flo J, Lopez RA, Zorzopulos J, Montaner A, Rodriguez JM (2003) Strong cytosine-guanosine-independent immunostimulation in humans and other primates by synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides with PyNTTTTGT motifs. J Immunol 171:3697–3704
Fadok VA, Voelker DR, Campbell PA, Cohen JJ, Bratton DL, Henson PM (1992) Exposure of phosphatidylserine on the surface of apoptotic lymphocytes triggers specific recognition and removal by macrophages. J Immunol 148:2207–2216
Fadok VA, Bratton DL, Frasch SC, Warner ML, Henson PM (1998) The role of phosphatidylserine in recognition of apoptotic cells by phagocytes. Cell Death Differ 5:551–562
Fadok VA, Bratton DL, Rose DM, Pearson A, Ezekewitz RA, Henson PM (2000) A receptor for phosphatidylserine-specific clearance of apoptotic cells. Nature 405:85–90
Feng H, Zeng Y, Graner MW, Katsanis E (2002) Stressed apoptotic tumor cells stimulate dendritic cells and induce specific cytotoxic T cells. Blood 100:4108–4115
Feng H, Zeng Y, Graner MW, Likhacheva A, Katsanis E (2003) Exogenous stress proteins enhance the immunogenicity of apoptotic tumor cells and stimulate antitumor immunity. Blood 101:245–252
Fiebiger E, Meraner P, Weber E, Fang IF, Stingl G, Ploegh H, Maurer D (2001) Cytokines regulate proteolysis in major histocompatibility complex class II-dependent antigen presentation by dendritic cells. J Exp Med 193:881–892
Fonteneau JF, Larsson M, Bhardwaj N (2002) Interactions between dead cells and dendritic cells in the induction of antiviral CTL responses. Curr Opin Immunol 14:471–477
Fonteneau JF, Gilliet M, Larsson M, Dasilva I, Munz C, Liu YJ, Bhardwaj N (2003) Activation of influenza virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells: a new role for plasmacytoid dendritic cells in adaptive immunity. Blood 101:3520–3526
Fonteneau JF, Kavanagh DG, Lirvall M, Sanders C, Cover TL, Bhardwaj N, Larsson M (2003) Characterization of the MHC class I cross-presentation pathway for cell-associated antigens by human dendritic cells. Blood 102:4448–4455
Freigang S, Egger D, Bienz K, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM (2003) Endogenous neosynthesis vs. cross-presentation of viral antigens for cytotoxic T cell priming. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:13477–13482
Gabrilovich DI, Patterson S, Timofeev AV, Harvey JJ, Knight SC (1996) Mechanism for dendritic cell dysfunction in retroviral infection of mice. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 80:139–146
Gallucci S, Lolkema M, Matzinger P (1999) Natural adjuvants: endogenous activators of dendritic cells. Nat Med 5:1249–1255
Garrett WS, Chen LM, Kroschewski R, Ebersold M, Turley S, Trombetta S, Galan JE, Mellman I (2000) Developmental control of endocytosis in dendritic cells by Cdc42. Cell 102:325–334
Geissmann F, Revy P, Regnault A, Lepelletier Y, Dy M, Brousse N, Amigorena S, Hermine O, Durandy A (1999) TGF-beta 1 prevents the noncognate maturation of human dendritic Langerhans cells. J Immunol 162:4567–4575
Gorak PM, Engwerda CR, Kaye PM (1998) Dendritic cells, but not macrophages, produce IL-12 immediately following Leishmania donovani infection. Eur J Immunol 28:687–695
Gregory CD (2000) CD14-dependent clearance of apoptotic cells: relevance to the immune system. Curr Opin Immunol 12:27–34
Grouard G, Rissoan MC, Filgueira L, Durand I, Banchereau J, Liu YJ (1997) The enigmatic plasmacytoid T cells develop into dendritic cells with interleukin (IL)-3 and CD40-ligand. J Exp Med 185:1101–1111
Guermonprez P, Saveanu L, Kleijmeer M, Davoust J, Van Endert P, Amigorena S (2003) ER-phagosome fusion defines an MHC class I cross-presentation compartment in dendritic cells. Nature 425:397–402
Hanayama R, Tanaka M, Miwa K, Shinohara A, Iwamatsu A, Nagata S (2002) Identification of a factor that links apoptotic cells to phagocytes. Nature 417:182–187
Harding CV, Song R (1994) Phagocytic processing of exogenous particulate antigens by macrophages for presentation by class I MHC molecules. J Immunol 153:4925–4933
Harshyne L, Watkins S, Gambotto A, Barratt-Boyes S (2001) Dendritic cells acquire antigens from live cells for cross-presentation to CTL. J Immunol 166:3717–3723
Harshyne LA, Zimmer MI, Watkins SC, Barratt-Boyes SM (2003) A role for class a scavenger receptor in dendritic cell nibbling from live cells. J Immunol 170:2302–2309
Hawiger D, Inaba K, Dorsett Y, Guo K, Mahnke K, Rivera M, Ravetch JV, Steinman RM, Nussenzweig MC (2001) Dendritic cells induce peripheral T cell unresponsiveness under steady state conditions in vivo. J Exp Med 194:769–780
72. Heath WR, Belz GT, Behrens GMN, Smith CM, Forehan SP, Parish IA, Davey GM, Wilson NS, Carbone FR, Villadangos JA (2004) Cross-presentation, dendritic cell subsets, and the generation of immunity to cellular antigens. Immunol Rev 199:9–26
Heil F, Hemmi H, Hochrein H, Ampenberger F, Kirschning C, Akira S, Lipford G, Wagner H, Bauer S (2004) Species-specific recognition of single-stranded RNA via Toll-like receptor 7 and 8. Science 303:1526–1529
Heit A, Maurer T, Hochrein H, Bauer S, Huster KM, Busch DH, Wagner H (2003) Cutting Edge: Toll-like receptor 9 expression is not required for CpG DNA-aided cross-presentation of DNA-conjugated antigens but essential for cross-priming of CD8 T cells. J Immunol 170:2802–2805
Henson PM, Bratton DL, Fadok VA (2001) The phosphatidylserine receptor: a crucial molecular switch? Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2:627–633
Herr W, Ranieri E, Olson W, Zarour H, Gesualdo L, Storkus WJ (2000) Mature dendritic cells pulsed with freeze-thaw cell lysates define an effective in vitro vaccine designed to elicit EBV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte responses. Blood 96:1857–1864
Hochrein H, O’Keeffe M, Wagner H (2002) Human and mouse plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Hum Immunol 63:1103–1110
Hochweller K, Anderton SM (2004) Systemic administration of antigen-loaded CD40-deficient dendritic cells mimics soluble antigen administration. Eur J Im-munol 34:990–998
Hoffmann PR, deCathelineau AM, Ogden CA, Leverrier Y, Bratton DL, Daleke DL, Ridley AJ, Fadok VA, Henson PM (2001) Phosphatidylserine (PS) induces PS receptor-mediated macropinocytosis and promotes clearance of apoptotic cells. J Cell Biol 155:649–659
Houde M, Bertholet S, Gagnon E, Brunet S, Goyette G, Laplante A, Princiotta MF, Thibault P, Sacks D, Desjardins M (2003) Phagosomes are competent organelles for antigen cross-presentation. Nature 425:402–406
Howard LM, Miga AJ, Vanderlugt CL, Dal Canto MC, Laman JD, Noelle RJ, Miller SD (1999) Mechanisms of immunotherapeutic intervention by anti-CD40L (CD154) antibody in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. J Clin Invest 103:281–290
Huang FP, Platt N, Wykes M, Major JR, Powell TJ, Jenkins CD, MacPherson GG (2000) A discrete subpopulation of dendritic cells transports apoptotic intestinal epithelial cells to T cell areas of mesenteric lymph nodes. J Exp Med 191:435–444
Hughes J, Liu Y, Van Damme J, Savill J (1997) Human glomerular mesangial cell phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils: mediation by a novel CD36-independent vitronectin receptor/thrombospondin recognition mechanism that is uncoupled from chemokine secretion. J Immunol 158:4389–4397
Hugues S, Mougneau E, Ferlin W, Jeske D, Hofman P, Homann D, Beaudoin L, Schrike C, Von Herrath M, Lehuen A, Glaichenhaus N (2002) Tolerance to islet antigens and prevention from diabetes induced by limited apoptosis of pancreatic Pf cells. Immunity 16:169–181
Huynh ML, Fadok VA, Henson PM (2002) Phosphatidylserine-dependent ingestion of apoptotic cells promotes TGF-betal secretion and the resolution of inflammation. J Clin Invest 109:41–50
Ichikawa HT, Williams LP, Segal BM (2002) Activation of APCs through CD40 or Toll-like receptor 9 overcomes tolerance and precipitates autoimmune disease. J Immunol 169:2781–2787
Ignatius R, Marovich M, Mehlhop E, Villamide L, Mahnke K, Cox WI, Isdell F, Frankel SS, Mascola JR, Steinman RM, Pope M (2000) Canarypox virus-induced maturation of dendritic cells is mediated by apoptotic cell death and tumor necrosis factor alpha secretion. J Virol 74:11329–11338
Inaba K, Turley S, Yamaide F, Iyoda T, Mahnke K, Inaba M, Pack M, Subklewe, Sauter B, Sheff D, Albert M, Bhardwaj N, Mellman I, Steinman RM (1998) Efficient presentation of phagocytosed cellular fragments on the major histocompatibility complex class II products of dendritic cells. J Exp Med 188:2163–2173
Ishimoto Y, Ohashi K, Mizuno K, Nakano T (2000) Promotion of the uptake of PS liposomes and apoptotic cells by a product of growth arrest-specific gene, gas6. J Biochem (Tokyo) 127:411–417
Iyoda T, Shimoyama S, Liu K, Omatsu Y, Akiyama Y, Maeda Y, Takahara K, Steinman RM, Inaba K (2002) The CD8+ dendritic cell subset selectively endocytoses dying cells in culture and in vivo. J Exp Med 195:1289–1302
Janda J, Schoneberger P, Skoberne M, Messerle M, Russmann H, Geginat G (2004) Cross-presentation of listeria-derived CD8 T cell epitopes requires unstable bacterial translation products. Immunol 173:5644–5651
Jarvelainen HA, Galmiche A, Zychlinsky A (2003) Caspase-1 activation by Salmonella. Trends Cell Biol 13:204–209
Jeannin P, Renno T, Goetsch L, Miconnet I, Aubry JP, Delneste Y, Herbault N, Baussant T, Magistrelli G, Soulas C, Romero P, Cerottini JC, Bonnefoy JY (2000) OmpA targets dendritic cells, induces their maturation and delivers antigen into the MHC class I presentation pathway. Nat Immunol 1:502–509
Ji JD, Tassiulas I, Park-Min KH, Aydin A, Mecklenbrauker I, Tarakhovsky A, Pricop L, Salmon JE, Ivashkiv LB (2003) Inhibition of interleukin 10 signaling after Fc receptor ligation and during rheumatoid arthritis. J Exp Med 197:1573–1583
Jung S, Unutmaz D, Wong P, Sano G-I, De los Santos K, Sparwasser T, Wu S, Vuthoori S, Ko K, Zavala F, Pamer EG, Littman DR, Lang RA (2002) In vivo depletion of CD11c+ dendritic cells abrogation priming of CD8+ T cells by exogenous cell-associated antigens. Immunity 17:211–220
Kabarowski JH, Zhu K, Le LQ, Witte ON, Xu Y (2001) Lysophosphatidylcholine as a ligand for the immunoregulatory receptor G2A. Science 293:702–705
Kaisho T, Akira S (2003) Regulation of dendritic cell function through Toll-like receptors. Curr Mol Med 3:373–385
Kariko K, Ni H, Capodici J, Lamphier M, Weissman D (2004) mRNA is an endogenous ligand for toll-like receptor 3. J Biol Chem 279:12542–12550
Kim SJ, Gershov D, Ma X, Brot N, Elkon KB (2002) I-PLA(2) Activation during apoptosis promotes the exposure of membrane lysophosphatidylcholine leading to binding by natural immunoglobulin M antibodies and complement activation. J Exp Med 196:655–665
Kobie JJ, Wu RS, Kurt RA, Lou S, Adelman MK, Whitesell LJ, Ramanathapuram LV, Arteaga CL, Akporiaye ET (2003) Transforming growth factor beta inhibits the antigen-presenting functions and antitumor activity of dendritic cell vaccines. Cancer Res 63:1860–1864
Korb LC, Ahearn JM (1997) Clq binds directly and specifically to surface blebs of apoptotic human keratinocytes: complement deficiency and systemic lupus erythematosus revisited. J Immunol 158:4525–4528
Kovacsovics-Bankowski M, Clark K, Benacerraf B, Rock KL (1993) Efficient major histocompatibility complex class I presentation of exogenous antigen upon phagocytosis by macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:4942–4946
Kovacsovics-Bankowski M, Rock KL (1995) A phagosome-to-cytosol pathway for exogenous antigens presented on MHC class I molecules. Science 267:243–246
Krug A, Veeraswamy R, Pekosz A, Kanagawa O, Unanue ER, Colonna M, Cella M (2003) Interferon-producing cells fail to induce proliferation of naive T cells but can promote expansion and T helper 1 differentiation of antigen-experienced unpolarized T cells. J Exp Med 197:899–906
Larsson M, Messmer D, Somersan S, Fonteneau JF, Donahoe SM, Lee M, Dunbar PR, Cerundolo V, Julkunen I, Nixon DF, Bhardwaj N (2000) Requirement of mature dendritic cells for efficient activation of influenza A-specific memory CD8+ T cells. J Immunol 165:1182–1190
Larsson M, Fonteneau JF, Bhardwaj N (2001) Dendritic cells resurrect antigens from dead cells. Trends Immunol 22:141–148
Larsson M, Fonteneau JF, Somersan S, Sanders C, Bickham K, Thomas EK, Mahnke K, Bhardwaj N (2001) Efficiency of cross presentation of vaccinia virus-derived antigens by human dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 31:3432–3442
Larsson M, Fonteneau JF, Lirvall M, Haslett P, Lifson JD, Bhardwaj N (2002) Activation of HIV-1 specific CD4 and CD8 T cells by human dendritic cells: roles for cross-presentation and non-infectious HIV-1 virus. AIDS 16:1319–1329
Lateef Z, Fleming S, Halliday G, Faulkner L, Mercer A, Baird M (2003) Orf virus-encoded interleukin-10 inhibits maturation, antigen presentation and migration of murine dendritic cells. J Gen Virol 84:1101–1109
Lauber K, Bohn E, Krober SM, Xiao YJ, Blumenthal SG, Lindemann RK, Marini P, Wiedig C, Zobywalski A, Baksh S, Xu Y, Autenrieth IB, Schulze-Osthoff K, Belka C, Stuhler G, Wesselborg S (2003) Apoptotic cells induce migration of phagocytes via caspase-3-mediated release of a lipid attraction signal. Cell 113:717–730
Lauber K, Blumenthal SG, Waibel M, Wesselborg S (2004) Clearance of apoptotic cells: getting rid of the corpses. Mol Cell 14:277–287
Le Bon A, Etchart N, Rossmann C, Ashton M, Hou S, Gewert D, Borrow P, Tough DF (2003) Cross-priming of CD8+ T cells stimulated by virus-induced type I interferon. Nat Immunol 4:1009–1015
Le LQ, Kabarowski JH, Weng Z, Satterthwaite AB, Harvill ET, Jensen ER, Miller IF, Witte ON (2001) Mice lacking the orphan G protein-coupled receptor G2A develop a late-onset autoimmune syndrome. Immunity 14:561–571
Leadbetter EA, Rifkin IR, Hohlbaum AM, Beaudette BC, Shlomchik MJ, Marshak-Rothstein A (2002) Chromatin-IgG complexes activate B cells by dual engagement of IgM and Toll-like receptors. Nature 416:603–607
Lee AW, Truong T, Bickham K, Fonteneau IF, Larsson M, Da Silva I, Somersan S, Thomas EK, Bhardwaj N (2002) A clinical grade cocktail of cytokines and PGE2 results in uniform maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells: implications for immunotherapy. Vaccine 20:A8–A22
Li M, Davey GM, Sutherland RM, Kurts C, Lew AM, Hirst C, Carbone FR, Heath WR (2001) Cell-associated ovalbumin is cross-presented much more efficiently than soluble ovalbumin in vivo. J Immunol 166:6099–6103
Li MO, Sarkisian MR, Mehal WZ, Rakic P, Flavell RA (2003) Phosphatidylserine receptor is required for clearance of apoptotic cells. Science 302:1560–1563
Liu K, Iyoda T, Saternus M, Kimura K, Inaba K, Steinman RM (2002) Immune tolerance after delivery of dying cells to dendritic cells in situ. J Exp Med 196:1091–1097
Liu Z, Geboes K, Colpaert S, Overbergh L, Mathieu C, Heremans H, de Boer M, Boon L, D’Haens G, Rutgeerts P, Ceuppens JL (2000) Prevention of experimental colitis in SCID mice reconstituted with CD45RBhigh CD4+ T cells by blocking the CD40-CD154 interactions. J Immunol 164:6005–6014
Lizee G, Basha G, Tiong J, Julien JP, Tian M, Biron KE, Jefferies WA (2003) Control of dendritic cell cross-presentation by the major histocompatibility complex class I cytoplasmic domain. Nat Immunol 4:1065–1073
Lucas M, Stuart LM, Savill J, Lacy-Hulbert A (2003) Apoptotic cells and innate immune stimuli combine to regulate macrophage cytokine secretion. J Immunol 171:2610–2615
Luder CG, Gross U, Lopes MF (2001) Intracellular protozoan parasites and apoptosis: diverse strategies to modulate parasite-host interactions. Trends Parasitol 17:480–486
Marguet D, Luciani MF, Moynault A, Williamson P, Chimini G (1999) Engulfment of apoptotic cells involves the redistribution of membrane phosphatidyl-serine on phagocyte and prey. Nat Cell Biol 1:454–456
Marovich MA, McDowell MA, Thomas EK, Nutman TB (2000) IL-12p70 production by Leishmania major-harboring human dendritic cells is a CD40/CD40 ligand-dependent process. J Immunol 164:5858–5865
Marth T, Kelsall BL (1997) Regulation of interleukin-12 by complement receptor 3 signaling. J Exp Med 185:1987–1995
Matsui H, Tsuji S, Nishimura H, Nagasawa S (1994) Activation of the alternative pathway of complement by apoptotic Jurkat cells. FEBS Lett 351:419–422
Matzinger P (2002) An innate sense of danger. Ann NY Acad Sci 961:341–342
McDowell MA, Sacks DL (1999) Inhibition of host cell signal transduction by Leishmania: observations relevant to the selective impairment of IL-12 responses. Curr Opin Microbiol 2:438–443
McGuirk P, Mills KH (2000) Direct anti-inflammatory effect of a bacterial virulence factor: IL-10-dependent suppression of IL-12 production by filamentous hemagglutinin from Bordetella pertussis. Eur J Immunol 30:415–422
McPherson SW, Roberts JP, Gregerson DS (1999) Systemic expression of rat soluble retinal antigen induces resistance to experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. J Immunol 163:4269–4276
Mevorach D, Mascarenhas JO, Gershov D, Elkon KB (1998) Complement-dependent clearance of apoptotic cells by human macrophages. J Exp Med 188:2313–2320
Moffatt OD, Devitt A, Bell ED, Simmons DL, Gregory CD (1999) Macrophage recognition of ICAM-3 on apoptotic leukocytes. J Immunol 162:6800–6810
133. Mold C, Morris CA (2001) Complement activation by apoptotic endothelial cells following hypoxia/reoxygenation. Immunology 102:359–364
Morelli AE, Larregina AT, Shufesky WJ, Zahorchak AF, Logar Al, Papworth GD, Wang Z, Watkins SC, Falo LD Jr, Thomson AW (2003) Internalization of circulating apoptotic cells by splenic marginal zone dendritic cells: dependence on complement receptors and effect on cytokine production. Blood 101:611–620
Morelli AE, Larregina AT, Shufesky WJ, Sullivan ML, Stolz DB, Zahorchak AF, Logar AJ, Papworth GD, Wang Z, Watkins SC, Falo LD Jr, Thomson AW (2004) Endocytosis, intracellular sorting, and processing of exosomes by dendritic cells. Blood 104:3257–3266
Morelli AE, Thomson AW (2003) Dendritic cells: regulators of alloimmunity and opportunities for tolerance induction. Immunol Rev 196:125–146
Moser M (2003) Dendritic cells in immunity and tolerance—Do they display opposite functions? Immunity 19:5–8
Newbold CI (1999) Antigenic variation in Plasmodium falciparum: mechanisms and consequences. Curr Opin Microbiol 2:420–425
Norbury CC, Basta S, Donohue KB, Tscharke DC, Princlotta MF, Berglund P, Gibbs J, Bennink JR, Yewdell JW (2004) D8+ T cell cross-priming a transfer of proteasome abstrates. Science 304:1318–1321
Norbury CC, Hewlett LJ, Prescott AR, Shastri N, Watts C (1995) Class I MHC presentation of exogenous soluble antigen via macropinocytosis in bone marrow macrophages. Immunity 3:783–791
Norsworthy PJ, Fossati-Jimack L, Cortes-Hernandez J, Taylor PR, Bygrave AE, Thompson RD, Nourshargh S, Walport MJ, Botto M (2004) Murine CD93 (ClqRp) contributes to the removal of apoptotic cells in vivo but is not required for Clq-mediated enhancement of phagocytosis. J Immunol 172:3406–3414
Ocana-Morgner C, Mota MM, Rodriguez A (2003) Malaria blood stage suppression of liver stage immunity by dendritic cells. J Exp Med 197:143–151
Ogden CA, de Cathelineau A, Hoffmann PR, Bratton D, Ghebrehiwet B, Fadok VA, Henson PM (2001) Clq and mannose binding lectin engagement of cell surface calreticulin and CD91 initiates macropinocytosis and uptake of apoptotic cells. J Exp Med 194:781–795
Ohashi K, Burkart V, Flohe S, Kolb H (2000) Cutting edge: heat shock protein 60 is a putative endogenous ligand of the toll-like receptor-4 complex. J Immunol 164:558–561
Oka K, Sawamura T, Kikuta K, Itokawa S, Kume N, Kita T, Masaki T (1998) Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 mediates phagocytosis of aged/apoptotic cells in endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:9535–9540
Okamura Y, Watari M, Jerud ES, Young DW, Ishizaka ST, Rose J, Chow JC, Strauss JF 3rd (2001) The extra domain A of fibronectin activates Toll-like receptor 4. J Biol Chem 276:10229–10233
Oldenhove G, de Heusch M, Urbain-Vansanten G, Urbain J, Maliszewski C, Leo O, Moser M (2003) CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells control T helper cell type 1 responses to foreign antigens induced by mature dendritic cells in vivo. J Exp Med 198:259–266
Ota S, Ono T, Morita A, Uenaka A, Harada M, Nakayama E (2002) Cellular processing of a multibranched lysine core with tumor antigen peptides and presentation of peptide epitopes recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes on antigenpresenting cells. Cancer Res 62:1471–1476
Pangburn MK (2000) Host recognition and target differentiation by factor H, a regulator of the alternative pathway of complement. Immunopharmacology 49:149–157
Park JS, Svetkauskaite D, He Q, Kim JY, Strassheim D, Ishizaka A, Abraham E (2004) Involvement of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in cellular activation by high mobility group Box 1 protein. J Biol Chem 279:7370–7377
Pasare C, Medzhitov R (2003) Toll pathway-dependent blockade of CD4+CD25+ T cell-mediated suppression by dendritic cells. Science 299:1033–1036
Pfeifer JD, Wick MJ, Roberts RL, Findlay K, Normark SJ, Harding CV (1993) Phagocytic processing of bacterial antigens for class I MHC presentation to T cells. Nature 361:359–362
Platt N, Suzuki H, Kurihara Y, Kodama T, Gordon S (1996) Role for the class A macrophage scavenger receptor in the phagocytosis of apoptotic thymocytes in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:12456–12460
Pollara G, Speidel K, Samady L, Rajpopat M, McGrath Y, Ledermann J, Coffin RS, Katz DR, Chain B (2003) Herpes simplex virus infection of dendritic cells: balance among activation, inhibition, and immunity. J Infect Dis 187:165–178
Pulendran B (2004) Modulating vaccine responses with dendritic cells and Tol-llike receptors. Immunol Rev 199:227–250
Quezada SA, Jarvinen LZ, Lind EF, Noelle RJ (2004) CD40/CD154 interactions at the interface of tolerance and immunity. Annu Rev Immunol 22:307–328
Radic M, Marion T, Monestier M (2004) Nucleosomes are exposed at the cell surface in apoptosis. J Immunol 172:6692–6700
Ramirez MC, Sigal LJ (2002) Macrophages and dendritic cells use the cytosolic pathway to rapidly cross-present antigen from live, vaccinia-infected cells. J Immunol 169:6733–6742
Reis e Sousa C, Germain RN (1995) Major histocompatibility complex class I presentation of peptides derived from soluble exogenous antigen by a subset of cells engaged in phagocytosis. J Exp Med 182:841–851
Rodriguez A, Regnault A, Kleijmeer M, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Amigorena S (1999) Selective transport of internalized antigens to the cytosol for MHC class I presentation in dendritic cells. Nat Cell Biol 1:362–368
Roncarolo MG, Levings MK, Traversari C (2001) Differentiation of T regulatory cells by immature dendritic cells. J Exp Med 193:F5–9
Rosen A, Casciola-Rosen L, Ahearn J (1995) Novel packages of viral and self-antigens are generated during apoptosis. J Exp Med 181:1557–1561
Roth E, Schwartzkopff J, Pircher H (2002) CD40 ligation in the presence of self-reactive CD8 T cells leads to severe immunopathology. J Immunol 168:5124–5129
Rovere P, Vallinoto C, Bondanza A, Crosti MC, Rescigno M, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Rugarli C, Manfredi AA (1998) Bystander apoptosis triggers dendritic cell maturation and antigen-presenting function. J Immunol 161:4467–4471
Rubartelli A, Poggi A, Zocchi MR (1997) The selective engulfment of apoptotic bodies by dendritic cells is mediated by the alphavbeta3 integrin and requires intracellular and extracellular calcium. Eur J Immunol 27:1893–1900
Rubartelli A, Poggi A, Zocchi MR (1997) The selective engulfment of apoptotic bodies by dendritic cells is mediated by the αvβ3 integrin and requires intracellular and extracellular calcium. Eur J Immunol 27:1893–1900
Salio M, Palmowski MJ, Atzberger A, Hermans IF, Cerundolo V (2004) CpG-matured murine plasmacytoid dendritic cells are capable of in vivo priming of functional CD8 T cell responses to endogenous but not exogenous antigens. J Exp Med 199:567–579
Sambrano GR, Steinberg D (1995) Recognition of oxidatively damaged and apoptotic cells by an oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor on mouse peritoneal macrophages: role of membrane phosphatidylserine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:1396–1400
Sansonetti PJ, Phalipon A, Arondel J, Thirumalai K, Banerjee S, Akira S, Takeda K, Zychlinsky A (2000) Caspase-1 activation of IL-lbeta and IL-18 are essential for Shigella flexneri-induced inflammation. Immunity 12:581–590
Sauter B, Albert ML, Francisco L, Larsson M, Somersan S, Bhardwaj N (2000) Consequences of cell death: exposure to necrotic tumor cells, but not primary tissue cells or apoptotic cells, induces the maturation of immunostimulatory dendritic cells. J Exp Med 191:423–434
Savill J, Hogg N, Ren Y, Hasslet C (1992) Thrombospondin cooperates with CD36 and the vitronectin receptor in macrophage recognition of neutrophils undergoing apoptosis. J Clin Invest 90:1513–1522
Savill J, Dransfield I, Gregory C, Haslett C (2002) A blast from the past: clearance of apoptotic cells regulates immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 2:965–275
Savill IS, Dransfield I, Hogg N, Haslett C (1990) Vitronectin receptor-mediated phagocytosis of cells undergoing apoptosis. Nature 343:170–173
Scaffidi P, Misteli T, Bianchi ME (2002) Release of chromatin protein HMGB1 by necrotic cells triggers inflammation. Nature 418:191–195
Schagat TL, Wofford JA, Wright JR (2001) Surfactant protein A enhances alveolar macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils. J Immunol 166:2727–2733
Schaible UE, Winau F, Sieling PA, Fischer K, Collins HL, Hagens K, Modlin RL, Brinkmann V, Kaufmann SH (2003) Apoptosis facilitates antigen presentation to T lymphocytes through MHC-I and CD1 in tuberculosis. Nat Med 9:1039–1046
Scheinecker C, McHugh R, Shevach EM, Germain RN (2002) Constitutive presentation of a natural tissue autoantigen exclusively by dendritic cells in the draining lymph node. J Exp Med 196:1079–1090
Schneider-Schaulies S, ter Meulen V (2002) Triggering of and interference with immune activation: interactions of measles virus with monocytes and dendritic cells. Viral Immunol 15:417–428
Schulz O, Pennington DJ, Hodivala-Dilke K, Febbraio M, Reis e Sousa C (2002) CD36 or alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta5 integrins are not essential for MHC class I cross-presentation of cell-associated antigen by CD8 alpha+ murine dendritic cells. J Immunol 168:6057–6065
Scott RS, McMahon EJ, Pop SM, Reap EA, Caricchio R, Cohen PL, Earp HS, Matsushima GK (2001) Phagocytosis and clearance of apoptotic cells is mediated by MER. Nature 411:207–211
Servet-Delprat C, Vidalain PO, Valentin H, Rabourdin-Combe C (2003) Measles virus and dendritic cell functions: how specific response cohabits with immunosuppression. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 276:103–123
Shen L, Sigal LJ, Boes M, Rock KL (2004) Important role of cathepsin S in generating peptides for TAP-independent MHC class I crosspresentation in vivo. Immunity 21:155–165
Shen L, Rock KL (2004) Cellular protein is the source of cross-priming antigen in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:3035–3040
Shi Y, Evans JE, Rock KL (2003) Molecular identification of a danger signal that alerts the immune system to dying cells. Nature 425:516–521
Sigal LJ, Crotty S, Andino R, Rock KL (1999) Cytotoxic T-cell immunity to virus-infected non-haematopoietic cells requires presentation of exogenous antigen. Nature 398:77–80
Sigal LJ, Rock KL (2000) Bone marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells are required for the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to viruses and use transporter associated with antigen presentation (TAP)-dependent and-independent pathways of antigen presentation. J Exp Med 192:1143–1150
Škoberne M, Schenk S, Hof H, Geginat G (2002) Cross-presentation of Listeria monocytogenes-derived CD4 Tcell epitopes. J Immunol 169:1410–1418
Škoberne M, Beignon AS, Bhardwaj N (2004) Danger signals: a time and space continuum. Trends Mol Med 10:251–257
Smiley ST, King JA, Hancock WW (2001) Fibrinogen stimulates macrophage chemokine secretion through toll-like receptor 4. J Immunol 167:2887–2894
Sohn JH, Bora PS, Suk HJ, Molina H, Kaplan HJ, Bora NS (2003) Tolerance is dependent on complement C3 fragment iC3b binding to antigen-presenting cells. Nat Med 9:206–212
Somersan S, Bhardwaj N (2001) Tethering and tickling: a new role for the phosphatidylserine receptor. J Cell Biol 155:501–504
Somersan S, Larsson M, Fonteneau JF, Basu S, Srivastava P, Bhardwaj N (2001) Primary tumor tissue lysates are enriched in heat shock proteins and induce the maturation of human dendritic cells. J Immunol 167:4844–4852
Sorg RV, Kogler G, Wernet P (1999) Identification of cord blood dendritic cells as an immature CD11c− population. Blood 93:2302–2307
Steinbrink K, Wolfl M, Jonuleit H, Knop J, Enk AH (1997) Induction of tolerance by IL-10-treated dendritic cells. J Immunol 159:4772–4780
Steinbrink K, Jonuleit H, Muller G, Schuler G, Knop J, Enk AH (1999) Interleukin-10-treated human dendritic cells induce a melanoma-antigen-specific anergy in CD8+ T cells resulting in a failure to lyse tumor cells. Blood 93:1634–1642
Steinbrink K, Graulich E, Kubsch S, Knop J, Enk AH (2002) CD4+ and CD8+ anergic T cells induced by interleukin-10-treated human dendritic cells display antigen-specific suppressor activity. Blood 99:2468–2476
Steinman RM, Turley S, Mellman I, Inaba K (2000) The induction of tolerance by dendritic cells that have captured apoptotic cells. J Exp Med 191:411–416
Steinman RM, Nussenzweig MC (2002) Avoiding horror autotoxicus: the importance of dendritic cells in peripheral T cell tolerance. Proc Natl Acad Sci US 99:351–358
Stent G, Reece JC, Baylis DC, Ivinson K, Paukovics G, Thomson M, Cameron PU (2002) Heterogeneity of freshly isolated human tonsil dendritic cells demonstrated by intracellular markers, phagocytosis, and membrane dye transfer. Cytometry 48:167–176
Stuart LM, Lucas M, Simpson C, Lamb J, Savill J, Lacy-Hulbert A (2002) Inhibitory effects of apoptotic cell ingestion upon endotoxin-driven myeloid dendritic cell maturation. J Immunol 168:1627–1635
Subklewe M, Paludan C, Tsang ML, Mahnke K, Steinman RM, Munz C (2001) Dendritic cells cross-present latency gene products from Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cells and expand tumor-reactive CD8+ killer T cells. J Exp Med 193:405–411
Tabi Z, Moutaftsi M, Borysiewicz LK (2001) Human cytomegalovirus pp65-and immediate early 1 antigen-specific HLA class I-restricted cytotoxic T cell responses induced by cross-presentation of viral antigens. J Immunol 166:5695–5703
Taylor PR, Carugati A, Fadok VA, Cook HT, Andrews M, Carroll MC, Savill JS, Henson PM, Botto M, Walport MJ (2000) A hierarchical role for classical pathway complement proteins in the clearance of apoptotic cells in vivo. J Exp Med 192:359–366
Termeer C, Benedix F, Sleeman J, Fieber C, Voith U, Ahrens T, Miyake K, Freudenberg M, Galanos C, Simon JC (2002) Oligosaccharides of hyaluronan activate dendritic cells via toll-like receptor 4. J Exp Med 195:99–111
Terpstra V, Bird DA, Steinberg D (1998) Evidence that the lipid moiety of oxidized low density lipoprotein plays a role in its interaction with macrophage receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:1806–1811
Travaglione S, Falzano L, Fabbri A, Stringaro A, Fais S, Fiorentini C (2002) Epithelial cells and expression of the phagocytic marker CD68: scavenging of apoptotic bodies following Rho activation. Toxicol In Vitro 16:405–411
Tsuji S, Kaji K, Nagasawa S (1994) Activation of the alternative pathway of human complement by apoptotic human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Biochem (Tokyo) 116:794–800
Tvinnereim AR, Harty JT (2000) CD8+ T-cell priming against a nonsecreted Listeria monocytogenes antigen is independent of the antimicrobial activities of gamma interferon. Infect Immun 68:2196–2204
Urban BC, Ferguson DJ, Pain A, Willcox N, Plebanski M, Austyn JM, Roberts DJ (1999) Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes modulate the maturation of dendritic cells. Nature 400:73–77
Urban BC, Willcox N, Roberts DJ (2001) A role for CD36 in the regulation of dendritic cell function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:8750–8755
Urban BC, Roberts DJ (2002) Malaria, monocytes, macrophages and myeloid dendritic cells: sticking of infected erythrocytes switches off host cells. Curr Opin Immunol 14:458–465
Vabulas RM, Ahmad-Nejad P, da Costa C, Miethke T, Kirschning CJ, Hacker H, Wagner H (2001) Endocytosed HSP60s use toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 to activate the toll/interleukin-1 receptor signaling pathway in innate immune cells. J Biol Chem 276:31332–31339
Vabulas RM, Braedel S, Hilf N, Singh-Jasuja H, Herter S, Ahmad-Nejad P, Kirschning CJ, Da Costa C, Rammensee HG, Wagner H, Schild H (2002) The endoplasmic reticulum-resident heat shock protein Gp96 activates dendritic cells via the Toll-like receptor 2/4 pathway. J Biol Chem 277:20847–20853
Vabulas RM, Wagner H, Schild H (2002) Heat shock proteins as ligands of toll-like receptors. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 270:169–184
Vandivier RW, Ogden CA, Fadok VA, Hoffmann PR, Brown KK, Botto M, Walport MJ, Fisher JH, Henson PM, Greene KE (2002) Role of surfactant proteins A, D, and Clq in the clearance of apoptotic cells in vivo and in vitro: calreticulin and CD91 as a common collection receptor complex. J Immunol 169:3978–3986
Verbovetski I, Bychkov H, Trahtemberg U, Shapira I, Hareuveni M, Ben-Tal O, Kutikov I, Gil O, Mevorach D (2002) Opsonization of apoptotic cells by autologous iC3b facilitates clearance by immature dendritic cells, down-regulates DR and CD86, and up-regulates CC chemokine receptor 7. J Exp Med 196:1553–1561
Verhoven B, Schlegel RA, Williamson P (1995) Mechanisms of phosphatidylserine exposure, a phagocyte recognition signal on apoptotic cells. J Exp Med 182:1597–1601
Verthelyi D, Zeuner RA (2003) Differential signaling by CpG DNA in DCs and B cells: not just TLR9. Trends Immunol 24:519–522
Voll RE, Herrmann M, Roth EA, Stach C, Kalden JR (1997) Immunosuppressive effects of apoptotic cells. Nature 390:350–351
Weinrauch Y, Zychlinsky A (1999) The induction of apoptosis by bacterial pathogens. Annu Rev Microbiol 53:155–187
West MA, Wallin RPA, Matthews SP, Svensson HG, Zaru R, Ljunggren HG, Prescott AR, Watts C (2004) Enchanced dendritic cell antigen capture via toll-like receptor-induced actin remodeling. Science 305:1153–1157
White S, Rosen A (2003) Apoptosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Opin Rheumatol 15:557–562
Yang Y, Huang CT, Huang X, Pardoll DM (2004) Persistent Toll-like receptor signals are required for reversal of regulatory T cell-mediated CD8 tolerance. Nat Immunol 5:508–515
Yewdell JW, Norbury CC, Bennink JR (1999) Mechanisms of exogenous antigen presentation by MHC class I molecules in vitro and in vivo: implications for generating CD8+ T cell responses to infectious agents, tumors, transplants, and vaccines. Adv Immunol 73:1–77
Yewdell JW, Hill AB (2002) Viral interference with antigen presentation. Nat Immunol 3:1019–1025
Yoshida Y, Kang K, Berger M, Chen G, Gilliam AC, Moser A, Wu L, Hammerberg C, Cooper KD (1998) Monocyte induction of IL-10 and down-regulation of IL-12 by iC3b deposited in ultraviolet-exposed human skin. J Immunol 161:5873–5879
Yrlid U, Wick MJ (2000) Salmonella-induced apoptosis of infected macrophages results in presentation of a bacteria-encoded antigen after uptake by bystander dendritic cells. J Exp Med 191:613–624
Zimmermann VS, Bondanza A, Monno A, Rovere-Querini P, Corti A, Manfredi AA (2004) TNF-alpha coupled to membrane of apoptotic cells favors the cross-priming to melanoma antigens. J Immunol 172:2643–2650
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer-Verlag
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Škoberne, M., Beignon, AS., Larsson, M., Bhardwaj, N. (2005). Apoptotic Cells at the Crossroads of Tolerance and Immunity. In: Griffin, D.E. (eds) Role of Apoptosis in Infection. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 289. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27320-4_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27320-4_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-23006-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-27320-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)