Abstract
A complete analysis on the occurrence of arsenic (As) in aquifers and several superficial water bodies in Latin America, identified in 13 countries, is presented. The Chaco-Pampean plain in Argentina is the largest area affected by groundwater As contamination. Research on the chemical and hydrogeological processes of release and mobilization of As has also been developed in Mexico, Chile, Bolivia, Peru, and Nicaragua. In most of the contaminated areas, As originates from geogenic sources, mainly volcanic rocks, hydrothermal fluids, and As-bearing minerals. However, anthropogenic sources are also present in certain zones, most of them coming from mining operations and, in some cases, related to agriculture. Mining is indeed the main As source in Brazil. The physicochemical characteristics of the water, such as pH and Eh, and the presence of other ions influence the mobilization of As. Hydrogeological conditions also determine the occurrence of As contamination. It has been found that the element is in the As(V) form in most locations. In all Latin American countries, more research has still to be conducted to determine As concentrations and speciation in water bodies used as drinking water source, to unravel its origin and mobilization processes.
Regarding analytical methods on As determination, 167 papers in scientific journals have been identified in the last 18 years in Latin America. The most widely analytical methodologies used for As determination are AAS (57%), specifically HG-AAS, and ICP (26%), mainly coupled with MS. Electrochemical methods have been applied in Chile, Brazil, and Argentina. UV-VIS spectrometry has been used mainly in Cuba and Mexico. XRF spectrometry, principally for solid samples, has been used in Mexico, Cuba, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. Other used methodologies are INAA, the ARSOlux Biosensor and the SPRN technique.
Access provided by Autonomous University of Puebla. Download chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
1 Situation of Arsenic in Latin America
The problem of arsenic (As) in drinking water is today very well-known due to the consequences on health all over the world. Arsenic (As) is a natural metalloid abundantly present in the earth’s crust.Footnote 1 It is one of the most toxic pollutants, present mainly in groundwater by the release of As to soils and aquifers due to natural processes such as volcanic phenomena and rock disintegration, and it can be detected in a wide range of concentrations. Human activities such as industrial processes, metal smelting, pesticide production, and wood preservation increase the contamination of soils and aquifers. The exposure of humans to the element occurs through the consumption of contaminated water and food (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 2012; Argos et al. 2011; Arsénico en agua, informe Grupo Ad-Hoc Arsénico en agua 2018; Murcott 2012; McCarty et al. 2011; Bundschuh et al. 2008, 2010, 2012; Bhattacharya et al. 2006; Smedley et al. 2009; Gomez et al. 2009; Alarcón-Herrera et al. 2013; Nicolli et al. 2009; Mukherjee et al. 2014; Blanes et al. 2011; Zabala et al. 2016; World Health Organization (WHO) 2011; Nicolli et al. 2010; Sigrist et al. 2013; Vázquez et al. 2014; Farias et al. 2016; World Health Organization & International Programme on Chemical Safety 1996; Ormachea Muñoz et al. 2014).
The presence of As in water is a worldwide problem with high impact in the poorest regions, with more than 226 million exposed people (Murcott 2012; McCarty et al. 2011). Its presence has been identified in waters of many areas of Latin America since the twentieth century. Health effects from chronic exposure to As-enriched drinking water were first reported in Bell Ville, Argentina, in 1913 (Bundschuh et al. 2010). Since then, and mainly since the 1960 decade, As occurrence in aquifers and surface water has been found in other parts of Argentina and also in other Latin American countries (Bundschuh et al. 2008, 2012).
2 Distribution of Arsenic in Latin America
2.1 Generalities
Arsenic concentrations and sources vary among sites, although, in most of them, it has a natural origin. The release of As to the water may involve complex geochemical processes that have been unraveled only in certain zones. In many of those sites, most or all drinking water comes from As-enriched aquifers, posing a health threat to the population. Here, an overview of As natural occurrence in Latin American water resources will be presented, including identified sources and geochemical processes involved in its release and mobilization, focusing on water bodies used as a drinking water sources.
2.2 Argentina
A compilation of studies conducted in Argentina related to the As presence in water was recently reported (Bundschuh et al. 2012), being the Chaco-Pampean plain (about 1 million km2) the largest area affected by groundwater As contamination in Latin America. In this study, the zones with As occurrence were divided in Chaco-Pampean plain, Andean highlands, sub-Andean valleys/Andean foothills, and Patagonia, each one with specific As concentration ranges. Main hydrogeochemical characteristics and geochemical processes influencing As occurrence and mobilization were summarized in this publication. The factors controlling As mobilization in the aquifers of the Río Dulce alluvial cone, where groundwater contains an average As concentration of 743 μg/L, have been identified (Bhattacharya et al. 2006). Arsenic release involves the influx from dissolution of volcanic glass, adsorption of As on Fe and Al mineral phases in relatively low pH zones, and high mobility of As in high pH zones. Processes of As water enrichment and mobility in the Quaternary loess aquifer at the Chaco-Pampean plain were defined (Smedley et al. 2009). Accumulation of As in the groundwater flow toward the depression and lack of flushing seem to be responsible for the high As concentrations, which reach 5300 μg/L. Sorption/desorption on Fe oxides and possibly on Mn oxides were considered as important controls on As mobility. In addition, a high correlation (R2 = 0.84) between As and fluoride (F) contents in the groundwater of the phreatic aquifer of Coronel Moldes has been found (Gomez et al. 2009). Coexistence of As and F in groundwater of the Chaco-Pampean plain was also remarked (Alarcón-Herrera et al. 2013). It has been informed that groundwater flowing through Tertiary and Quaternary loess deposits at Tucumán province contains also high As concentrations (up to 1610 μg/L), with lower concentrations at large depth (Nicolli et al. 2009). Sorption was also considered as a control of As mobility in this study. The role of the tectonic setting in the As concentration increase of groundwater in the Chaco-Pampean plain was evaluated through flow path modeling (Mukherjee et al. 2014). This study included the chemical analysis of major, minor, and trace elements in water from 60 wells. The PHREEQC hydrogeochemical code was used to model reaction flow path for pairs of wells. The simulations considered chemical evolution through silicate weathering, dissolution of evaporites, reversible cation exchange reactions, and oxide phases. Arsenic concentration in water was as high as 7500 μg/L, with As(V) being the dominant species. Volcanic glass was considered to be the primary source of As in the Chaco-Pampean groundwater. In addition, mineralized, hydrothermal zones and hot springs are also a major geogenic source. The As origin may be tectonically controlled; As is transported to the surface aquifers by extrusive volcanism or hydrothermal fluids. Rhyolitic glass in volcanic ash beds and silicate rocks undergo hydrolytic dissolution releasing trace oxy-anions to groundwater that then undergo other geochemical processes in the groundwater flow. Arsenic concentrations and distribution in groundwater of the Central-West region of Chaco have been determined (Blanes et al. 2011). Approximately 88% of 86 groundwater samples collected in 2007 exceeded the WHO guideline value posing a risk to the population since this water is used for human and livestock consumption. Elevated As concentrations were associated to high pH and Na-HCO3-type groundwater. The processes controlling As and F distribution in groundwater of the Pampeano aquifer and the Del Azul Creek basin, located southeast of the Chaco-Pampean plain, in Buenos Aires province, have been evaluated (Zabala et al. 2016). Concentrations above the present WHO safe drinking level (10 μg/L) (World Health Organization (WHO) 2011) were measured in 92% of 62 samples collected in the years 2011 and 2012. Hydrogeochemical, isotopic, and statistical interpretations within the hydrogeological framework allowed defining two main controls on As distribution. Hydrogeochemical processes control As distribution in low and moderately mineralized water of the middle and lower parts of the basin, while hydrogeological conditions control its distribution northeast and beyond the lower basin. Hydrogeochemical studies have also been performed in the Salí River basin part of the Tucumano-Santiagueña hydrogeological province, where 42 groundwater samples from shallow aquifers, 26 deep samples, and 17 from artesian aquifers were collected (Nicolli et al. 2010). Arsenic concentrations ranged from 11.4 to 1660 μg/L being 100% of the samples above the WHO guideline value. A strong positive correlation among As, F, and V was found in shallow groundwaters. Leaching from pyroclastic materials is favored by high pH and high bicarbonate waters. In another study, the distribution of inorganic arsenic (iAs) species in groundwater used for human consumption was determined in the Santa Fe province (Sigrist et al. 2013). Results showed a prevalence of As(V) and As contents above the WHO limit in all of the samples collected in 27 counties with concentrations up to 186.5 μg/L. Arsenic concentration in water, soils, human, and dog hair was determined at La Matanza District, 31 km away from Buenos Aires City (Vázquez et al. 2014). Average As concentration (measured by total reflection X-ray fluorescence, TXRF) in drinking groundwater was 57 μg/L, while As in human hair was below the reference level, and As in dog hair showed the occurrence of chronic As contamination. The presence of As in surface water and groundwater of the Argentine Altiplano (Puna) and sub-Andean valleys, which is consumed by 355,000 people, was also evaluated (Farias et al. 2016). The concentrations measured in 61% of the 62 samples collected in an area of 30,000 km2 exceeded the WHO limit. Arsenic occurrence was ascribed to geogenic sources. Results showed that the daily As intake for the majority of the population from La Puna (561 μg/day average in summer and 280.5 μg/day in winter) was higher than the WHO reference value (146 μg/day) (World Health Organization & International Programme on Chemical Safety 1996).
2.3 Bolivia
The presence of As has been identified in various areas of Bolivia, mainly related to mining activities, ore deposits, geothermal manifestations, and leaching of volcanic rocks. Its occurrence in various environmental compartments has been summarized in 2012 (Bundschuh et al. 2008). Many of the studies have focused on the Pilcomayo River basin and the Poopó Lake basin. The As concentration in the less developed area of the basin, where untreated surface water and groundwater are used as drinking water, has been determined (Ormachea Muñoz et al. 2014). General physicochemical characteristics were slightly alkaline with high electrical conductivity and predominance of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate. Arsenic concentrations were above the WHO guideline value in 95% of the 41 sampled wells and 7 sites along 4 rivers, reaching 623 μg/L. The presence of As was related to water contact with alluvial material in lower terrains, besides arsenopyrite oxidation, and dissolution from volcanic rocks. Arsenic contamination in surface water, groundwater, and soils in the provinces of La Paz and Oruro of the Bolivian highland has been studied (Quintanilla et al. 2009). Groundwater average As concentration was 47 μg/L and ranged from below the detection limit (DL) to 200 μg/L in Kondo K, 245 μg/L in Santuario de Quillacas, 152 μg/L in the central region, and 187 μg/L in Pampa Aullagas. The Poopó lake contained the highest As concentrations of the sampled surface waters with 11,140 μg/L in the dry period. Geothermal processes are the main natural sources of As in the area; anthropogenic contamination is related to mine tailings located around San José, Huanuni, Poopó, Avicaya, Itos, and Llallagua. Arsenic presence in groundwater of the Poopó basin was ascribed to sulfide mineral oxidation. All the rivers that drain the mining area are enriched in As. The sources and geochemical processes controlling the mobilization of As and trace elements in shallow aquifers of the Antequera and Poopó sub-basins in the mining Oruro region have been evaluated (Ramos et al. 2014). In the Antequera sub-basin, As concentration was above the WHO limit in 89% of the samples, with a maximum value of 364 μg/L, while in the Poopó sub-basin, all samples were above that limit, reaching a maximum of 104.4 μg/L. Since high As concentrations were measured far from mining sites in the Antequera sub-basin, a natural origin related to the characteristics of the sediments was ascribed to the presence of the element. Statistical factor analysis showed that four processes could produce the mobilization of As and trace elements: desorption from hydrous ferric oxide surfaces, reductive dissolution of Fe and Mn hydrous oxides, increased trace element concentrations at acidic pH values, and oxidation of sulfide minerals.
2.4 Brazil
Mining has been an important As source in the Iron Quadrangle at the Minas Gerais state. This was assessed through an interdisciplinary project carried out from 1998 to 2007 (Matschullat et al. 2007). The main As source are primary ore deposits containing arsenopyrite and pyrite. Arsenic presence is related to natural leaching of rocks and soils as well as mining operations (Bundschuh et al. 2008). In the Ribeira Valley (southeastern Brazil), Pb and As have contaminated the Ribeira River as a result of Pb-Zn ore production and smelting. The Santana District in the Amazon region is also contaminated with As (up to 2.0 mg/L in some wells) produced from Mn ore benefit. However, low As exposure was identified in this latter area (Figueiredo et al. 2010). The occurrence of As in drinking waters at Paractu was also assessed (Bidone et al. 2014). The results showed that As concentrations in drinking water (surface water and groundwater) were below the WHO standard value in urban and rural communities and most of them below the instrumental DL. However, As reaches up to 40.10 μg/L in freshwater samples at Corrego Rico and Ribeirão Entre-Ribeiros watershed, due to the influence of a gold mining site and abandoned artisanal gold mining sites. In the Itapessoca catchment (northeast Brazil), As pollution due to a shrimp farm and fish ponds in surface waters, with concentrations up to 15.51 μg/L As, has been reported (Santos Pontes et al. 2014).
2.5 Chile
The area of Atacama Desert, northern Chile, is naturally enriched in As. People from the Arica zone have been affected by this metalloid for more than 4500 years (Figueiredo et al. 2010). Nevertheless, As-related health effects from As-rich drinking water pumped from the Loa river were identified only since 1962 at Antofagasta (Bundschuh et al. 2012). Arsenic concentrations up to 2000 μg/L were measured in the Loa river, as a result of high evaporation at alkaline pH and high salinity (Alarcón-Herrera et al. 2013). Arsenic is mainly released from volcanic rocks and sulfide ore deposits at the Andean chain and mobilized by snowmelts and rain to rivers and springs. At the Camarones Valley, about 100 km south of Arica City, drinking water from waterfalls and from the Camarones river contain 48.7 μg/L and 1252 μg/L of As, respectively, mostly as As(V) (Bundschuh et al. 2012). In the Tarapacá region, high As concentrations were determined in surface water and groundwater with a heterogeneous spatial distribution. Arsenic in drinking water of the rural area ranged from 0.1 μg/L in Guatacondo to 345.85 μg/L in Camiña, located at the north and south of the area, respectively. The highest As concentration in the sampled rivers was measured in Pachica. No correlation was found between As, boron (B), and salinity in the Tarapacá area. The occurrence of As was ascribed to the presence of volcanic sediments, salt lakes, thermal areas, predominance of closed basins, and anthropogenic sources like copper mining (Amaro et al. 2014). In the mining region of Antofagasta, high As concentrations were found in river waters (from 10 to 3000 μg/L). In addition, water used for human consumption ranged from 100 to 1900 μg/L. Nevertheless, As exposure has decreased, and As-related problems have been solved in most part of the country (Bundschuh et al. 2012; Figueiredo et al. 2010).
2.6 Colombia
While Colombia geology indicates the presence of rocks containing As minerals, few studies have been developed to assess the actual concentrations in rocks or water. Arsenic was found in the Marmato river water in the Marmato mining district (Bundschuh et al. 2012). In 2010 and 2011, As concentrations were determined in 319 samples of drinking water in Bogotá DC (Patiño-Reyes and Duarte Portocarrero 2014). Concentrations were below the detection level in most of the samples (99.38%), and the rest was below the WHO guideline value. A review of the occurrence and sources of As in Colombia was reported in 2014 (Alonso et al. 2014). The presence of low As levels was determined in the Suratá river waters with concentrations up to 13 μg/L near the municipality of California. Arsenic occurrence was related to mining in the area (Alonso et al. 2014). Information reported in that review showed that As concentrations in surface water and groundwater exceeded national standards at some sites; its presence was ascribed to human activities, mainly to mining and agriculture. This last source of As (up to 255 μg/L) was detected in the phreatic water of several municipalities of the Bogotá savannah with intense irrigation of horticultural crops. Arsenic concentrations above the Colombian drinking water standard of 10 μg/L were also measured in the water near the Muña reservoir, which is used by people (41.8 μg/L average). Although concentrations are low at many of the studied sites, in several cases, the values exceed the national recommended levels for drinking, irrigation, livestock, and aquatic life. The authors of the review highlight the importance of performing more research to understand the occurrence, origin, and distribution of As in Colombia.
2.7 Cuba
Arsenic concentrations have been reported at some sites in Cuba. Studies carried out at Isla de la Juventud, Manzanillo bay, Cienfuegos bay, and Santa Lucía mine have been informed (Bundschuh et al. 2012). At Isla de la Juventud, only one spring close to the Delita mine out of eight sampled points in the watershed was contaminated with 25–250 μg/L As (Toujague et al. 2003). Arsenic concentrations were above the WHO guideline value in wells at other watersheds, representing a risk for noncancerous diseases for children. Streams impacted by acid mine drainage (AMD) from the Santa Lucía mine showed decreasing As contents downstream ranging from 4 to 24 μg/L at around 1500–1700 m from the mine.
2.8 Ecuador
Concentrations of As from 220 to 369 μg/L at the surface and from 289 to 351 μg/L at depth were measured in the water of the Papallacta lake (Cumbal et al. 2009). The authors identified discharges of geothermal waters (containing up to 7853 μg/L of As) to the Tambo river as the main As sources to the lake. Arsenic concentrations ranging from 9 to 126 μg/L were found in wells used as drinking water sources in Tumbaco and Guayabamaba towns in 2006; treatment options were then applied by the municipality (Bundschuh et al. 2012).
2.9 El Salvador
Arsenic is present in the largest lakes of the country (Ilopango, Coatepeque, and Olomega), with the highest concentration (4210 μg/L) measured at the Olomega lake in 2000. While this water is not used for centralized supply, it has been reported to be used by people living in the watersheds (Bundschuh et al. 2012; López et al. 2012). High As contents (up to 770 μg/L) in the waters of the Ilopango lake are linked to hydrothermal fluid interaction with lake sediments. As and B concentrations (up to 8.6 mg/L) were correlated in the lake water with higher values to the south (López et al. 2009). Arsenic in springs and domestic wells of geothermal origin was determined in the Ahucahapán (from 20 to 210 μg/L) and Berlin (from 2 to 285 μg/L) geothermal fields. Arsenic was also found in Las Burras (164 μg/L) and Obrajuelo (16 to 330 μg/L) aquifers (Bundschuh et al. 2012). Water collected in the Bajo Lempa region in October 2012 and March 2013 showed a maximum of 12 μg/L As in surface water and 322 μg/L in groundwater. Arsenic presence is related to natural occurrence in rocks and geothermal fluid and probably to an anthropogenic source due to pesticides and fertilizers used in the area (López et al. 2014). The San Miguel aquifer was recognized to present a high risk due to As presence with up to 162 μg/L. Three rivers of the country (Paz, Sucio, and Jiboa) were identified to contain relatively high As concentrations with up to 123 μg/L in the Jiboa river (Bundschuh et al. 2012).
2.10 Guatemala
In 2007, a concentration of 15 μg/L As, originated from leaching of volcanic rocks, was measured in the water of a well used as drinking water supply at Mexico (Bundschuh et al. 2012; Garrido Hoyos et al. 2007). Later, in the area of the Marlin mine (boundary between San Miguel Ixtahuacán and Sipacapa, San Marcos department, 300 km from Guatemala City), As concentration up to 261 μg/L was measured in wells downgradient from the tailings (Bundschuh et al. 2012).
2.11 Mexico
Chronic As poisoning was first identified in Mexico in 1958 at the Comarca Lagunera, northern México (Cebrián et al. 1994). Since then, As has been detected in many areas of the country. Its presence is mainly related to geogenic sources, mineralization, geothermal systems, sorption and release from minerals, and salinization, but also to anthropogenic activities in some areas. An overview of the As presence in groundwater of Mexico and their possible sources was reported in 2008 (Armienta and Segovia 2008); areas identified with the presence of As and F have been also reported in 2013 (Alarcón-Herrera et al. 2013), and occurrence and mechanisms of As enrichment in geothermal zones were described (Birkle et al. 2010). Here, some of the As-rich areas resulting from diverse sources and recent studies in places where groundwater is used as drinking water are included.
Comarca Lagunera in Durango and Coahuila states has been one of the most studied areas with As concentrations up to 750 μg/L. The zones were where the former lagoons Mayrán and Viesca (currently dried up), in the northeastern part of the basin, are reported as the most As-enriched areas. Higher As concentrations have been determined for thousands of years in old waters with respect to recent infiltrated, young waters. Intensive groundwater abstraction, besides arrest of the Nazas river infiltration due to its canalization, has induced the pumping of deeper As-enriched old waters. As a result, As contents increased in 2010 compared to 1990, mainly in the northern part of the region. A correlation of As concentration with groundwater age, with older waters having higher As contents than the younger ones, has been identified (Boochs et al. 2014). From the interpretation of chemical and isotopic determinations and groundwater flow modeling, evaporation was postulated as the main process producing high As concentrations in the most southeastern part of this area (Ortega-Guerrero 2004). Release of As from sediments to the water due to pH increase was also proposed (Mejía-González et al. 2014). Recently, the geochemical influence of the aquitards on As enrichment at the edges of the Comarca Lagunera has been evaluated (Ortega-Guerrero 2017). Results of this study including geochemical modeling indicated that the advance of As-rich water to the main granular aquifer is due to a reversal of hydraulic gradients resulting from intensive groundwater exploitation and decrease of freshwater runoff from dam construction in the main rivers. Although various sources have been proposed as the origin of As, it was concluded that the most probable source is related to extinct hydrothermal activity and sedimentary process (Boochs et al. 2014). Increased groundwater abstraction and canalization of the Nazas river induced a drawdown of the groundwater level reaching about 100 m in the center of the area. Irrigation with As-rich water contributed also to As increase. Concentrations of As and F above the Mexican drinking water standards (i.e., 25 μg/L for As and 1.5 mg/L for F, Modificación a la Norma Oficial Mexicana 2000) have also been measured in the alluvial aquifer system of the Chihuahua state (Espino-Valdés et al. 2009; Reyes-Gómez et al. 2013). Interpretation of the distribution of concentrations within the hydrogeological and geological framework indicated a natural geogenic source related to the recharge flow coming from mountains presenting arsenopyrite deposits and from the contact of water with the aquifer sediments. Besides, at the Julimes municipality, geothermal water and high evaporation rate are also responsible of As contamination. A review including information from water, soils, and sediments reported natural (related to volcanic processes) and anthropogenic (related to mining and smelting) sources in the Chihuahua and Coahuila states (Mar Camacho et al. 2011). The co-occurrence of F and As in the central part of the Chihuahua state was studied (Reyes-Gómez et al. 2013). Petrographic analyses showed the presence of F as fluorapatite. Distribution maps depicted temporal (since 2003–2010) and spatial concentration variations of As and F. Measured values of pH and Eh indicated that As predominates as HAsO42− in groundwater. A geochemical conceptual model was proposed to reflect the mobility of As and F in groundwater. Highly fractured volcanic rocks and alluvial fans at the base of the sierras were identified as possible aquifer recharge zones. The alluvial fans contain rhyolites and shales with As and fluorapatite. Weathering releases these elements from the lithology of the area.
Arsenic contamination is related to natural and/or anthropogenic sources in mining zones. At Zimapán, Hidalgo state, two anthropogenic and one natural source were identified as the origin of As groundwater pollution in the aquifer system. Arsenic was determined in rocks, mining wastes, soils, and sediments (Fig. 1); chemical analyses of water included main ions determined by standard methods and isotopic analyses (δ18O, δ2H in water, and δ34S in dissolved sulfates). Interpretation of the results within the hydrogeological framework allowed to define the contamination degree and the As source and mobility. Water interaction with As-bearing minerals in the aquifer matrix releases As to the deep fractured limestone aquifer, while AMD from tailings and infiltration of As-enriched water from smelter stacks contaminated the shallow aquifer (Armienta et al. 2001; Sracek et al. 2010). At the Independencia basin, Guanajuato state, concentrations above drinking water standards have been measured in groundwater. A study to determine the processes involved in the geochemical evolution and mineralization of the area by means of chemical and isotopic (δ18O, 13C, 3H) analyses of groundwater, mineralogical determinations of rocks from boreholes by XRD, geochemical modeling (PHREEQC), and multivariate statistical analysis has been developed (Mahlknecht et al. 2004). Interpretation of the results led to the conclusion that weathering of rhyolites and oxidation of As-bearing minerals produce the high As and F concentrations. The concentrations, distribution, and source of As and F in the same basin were also investigated (Ortega-Guerrero 2009). The study included chemical (major and trace elements) and isotopic (δ18O, δ2H, 13C/14C, 3H) determinations interpreted in the hydrogeological framework. Hydrogeochemical and isotopic results indicated that As originates from the dissolution of silicates, while F is related to the dissolution of fluorite and silicates, thermal water, and a longer residence time of the water. The hydrogeological and geothermal factors related to the origin of As and F in another area of the Guanajuato state, at the Juventino Rosas municipality, were also studied (Morales-Arredondo et al. 2016). Interpretation of the results within the geological and hydrogeological framework using hydrogeochemical plots and statistical methods allowed to relate the water type with concentration ranges and circulation patterns of the groundwater. Rhyolite units appeared to be the most probable source of As and F. At Los Altos de Jalisco, western Mexico, mean As concentration in drinking water varied from 14.7 to 101.9 μg/L, with the highest values in the city of Mexticacán (262.9 μg/L). While most of the surface water has low As contents, the concentrations reach values above the WHO standard value in all sampled wells in the Los Altos de Jalisco towns (Hurtado-Jiménez and Gardea-Torresdey 2006).
2.12 Nicaragua
In the southwestern part of the Sébaco Valley, drinking water has been contaminated by As from geogenic sources (mainly weathering of Tertiary volcanic rocks). The valley is located at the eastern region of the Central American graben and is characterized by intensive tectonic stress, fracturing, presence of active and inactive faults, and hydrothermal alteration. Concentrations range from 10 to 122 μg/L. The high polluted well at El Zapote (As concentration, 1320 μg/L) was closed in 1996; arsenicosis was detected in people consuming that water for 2 years. The aquifer is used by several communities as drinking water source. Changes in redox conditions increase the As mobility. A study developed in 2004 showed that the northern zone of the country presented the highest As contents. In 2005, the presence of geogenic As was identified at San Juan de Limay (Bundschuh et al. 2012; Altamirano Espinoza and Bundschuh 2009; Armienta et al. 2010).
2.13 Peru
The presence of As has been detected at several sites in Peru, mainly in the Andean region, released by weathering and mining operations. The Locumba river and its tributaries contain up to 1680 μg/L. Volcanic rocks and pyroclastic materials release As in the area of the Yucamane volcano to the Collazas and Salado rivers. In the area of Puno, Andean highland As concentrations ranged from 140 to 230 μg/L in river water, mostly present as As(V). East of Lima City, the Rimac river basin has been contaminated by mining activities, leaching of volcanic rocks, and ore deposits. Concentrations present high temporal variations and reached up to 1630 μg/L in 2000 in Puente Santa Rosa (Bundschuh et al. 2012).
2.14 Uruguay
The presence of As (between 25 and 50 μg/L) was reported in the Raigón aquifer, at the southwestern part of the country. Arsenic source was related with the continental sediments containing volcanic ash, also occurring in the Santa Fe province in Argentina (Bundschuh et al. 2012; Guérèquiz et al. 2009). Concentrations below 10 μg/L were only measured in 6 out of 37 samples collected in the Raigón aquifer system since 2007 (Mañay et al. 2014). The importance of a multidisciplinary approach to assess the status of As in health and the environment in Uruguay has been remarked in this study.
3 Analytical Determination of Arsenic in Latin America
Due to the problems that can provoke the presence of As in quantities that can be toxic to human health, the study of the presence of the element and its derivative compounds, together with their quantification, has a great relevance. Arsenic is present in different matrices that impact the different geochemical spheres, i.e., lithosphere (rocks), pedosphere (soils), biosphere (living organisms), atmosphere (air), hydrosphere (water), and anthroposphere (man’s effect on the other spheres) (Hounslow 1995). The chemical behavior of As will depend on environmental conditions such as acidity conditions, oxidation-reduction state, presence of iron, organic matter or other ligands (e.g., sulfur), etc. Due to the low concentrations at which As may be present in an environment and its chemical behavior, the selection of an adequate analytical technique will greatly depend on the objectives of the study, the access to the adequate analytical methodology, the cost of the analyses, and the matrix to be studied. The analyst should take all these factors into account when selecting a technique, ensuring a high degree of precision and accuracy, as well as high sensitivity, which allow reaching concentrations below the μg/L range.
The presence of As in the environment has not been regulated until lethal diseases appeared (e.g., skin, lung, bladder cancers). For this reason, permissible limits of As content in water have been established by environmental agencies, and different maximum limits for As in drinking water can exist in each country. These limits are revised and lowered periodically to prevent the serious consequences on the human health.
In this chapter, different analytical methods for the determination of As in different matrices are presented, mainly focused on the studies conducted in Latin American countries. This study is based on a bibliographic research; 167 scientific manuscripts and articles of the last 18 years have been considered. Table 1 shows the different analytical methodologies used for the analysis of As (total or speciation) in different matrices. Classical methods (e.g., atomic flame absorption) and the most advanced methodologies such as the micro-X-ray synchrotron method or electrochemical methods are presented. It includes different matrices of interest such as water, food (e.g., wine, milk, and rice), human fluids (urine and human hair), rock, plants and marine organisms, and natural and synthetic materials.
Figure 2 shows the number of analytical methodologies reported in Latin America for As determination. The data indicate that the most widely analytical technique is AAS (57%), specifically with the method of sample introduction through hydride generation (HG-AAS) (Table 1). The DL using HG-AAS is about 0.1–0.6 μg/L (Arsénico en agua, informe Grupo Ad-Hoc Arsénico en agua 2018). This method has some advantages: the sensitivity and selectivity are improved, and the salinity of the sample does not influence the results (Arsénico en agua, informe Grupo Ad-Hoc Arsénico en agua 2018). Additionally, the methodology is simple and only requires relatively inexpensive and very versatile instrumentation, with excellent detection power for total and iAs (Litter et al. 2009). Figure 2 also shows that the second most used analytical technique is ICP (26%), with emphasis in ICPMS (Table 1). The DL reached by this methodology is 0.1 μg/L, and there is no need of preconcentrating the sample (Arsénico en agua, informe Grupo Ad-Hoc Arsénico en agua 2018). In general, ICP-MS and ICP-OES are robust and sensitive techniques, but they require very expensive equipment, special facilities, and a long and complex training of analysts (Litter et al. 2009). Figure 2 indicates that electrochemical analytical methods are the third most applied methodologies (5%). This method has a high analytical sensitivity, has a low cost, and is easy to use, with a concentration interval between 0.1 and 300 μg/L by anodic voltammetry (Arsénico en agua, informe Grupo Ad-Hoc Arsénico en agua 2018). Chile, Brazil, Argentine, Ecuador, and Venezuela reported the use of electrochemical methodologies for the determination of As mainly in water and food samples (Table 1). The fourth most used method (5%) is UV-VIS molecular spectroscopy. The methods based on this analytical methodology are simple and economical; however, although the sensitivity is high (10–50 μg/L), the accuracy is low (Arsénico en agua, informe Grupo Ad-Hoc Arsénico en agua 2018). Mexico and Cuba are the main countries that reported the use of this methodology for As determination in water and in samples of mine tailings (Table 1).
Regarding speciation, the two most widely methodologies used in Latin America are AAS and ICP spectroscopy combined with separation techniques (chromatography), which has led to the use of hyphenated methodologies (Table 1). These coupled techniques are the best options for the determination of arsenical species, due to their selectivity, their adequate precision, their high level of automation, and their relatively short response (Litter et al. 2009).
XRF spectrometry is mainly used for the identification and determination of As in solid samples. In quartziferous sands, the DL reaches 40 mg/kg (without interferences). Portable equipments can detect up to 60 mg/kg (Arsénico en agua, informe Grupo Ad-Hoc Arsénico en agua 2018). According to reference (Arsénico en agua, informe Grupo Ad-Hoc Arsénico en agua 2018), the future of this technique, regarding the determination of As in waters at the trace level, will be focused mainly through the development of preconcentration methodologies adaptable to laboratory equipment and to on-site determination.
Other methodologies are the instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) (Echeverría et al. 2018) and surface plasmon resonance nanosensor (SPRN) (Salinas et al. 2014). INAA is an accurate and sensitive methodology; it has been used for the determination of total As in biological samples (nail, hair, and other tissues), with a DL of 0.001 μg/g (Arsénico en agua, informe Grupo Ad-Hoc Arsénico en agua 2018). It is important to remark that SPRN is an autonomous sensor for mapping and monitoring As concentrations in water (Salinas et al. 2014). This system can be integrated to a portable suitcase, it is of low cost, and it is able to measure As concentrations below 5 μg/L. However, this method has been not yet applied to real cases. The ARSOlux sensor (Siegfried et al. 2015) is a novel method for field measurements of As in groundwater. This biosensor is a robust and accurate method for the detection of total bioavailable As concentrations and uses a lyophilizate containing a bioreporter bacteria strain.
Chemical speciation is an area of great importance for assessing the impact of As to evaluate its toxicity and bioavailability. In addition, the technological advance on development of analytical methods in the last two decades has allowed the application of chemical speciation. Chemical speciation is the qualitative and quantitative determination of the different chemical forms in which an element is present under environmental conditions. Some reviews are focused on the preparation of the sample for the chemical speciation of As analytical determination in terrestrial plants through different analytical methodologies (Amaral et al. 2013). A review on chemical analysis and speciation of traces of As in the environment, food, and industrial samples, mainly by the voltammetry technique, has been also published (Cavicchioli et al. 2004). An important review on the different techniques of extraction and derivatization for the chemical speciation of As can be found in the literature (Vieira et al. 2009).
Figure 3 shows the number of scientific articles related to analytical methods for As determination reported in Latin America. The data indicates that Mexico is the country reporting the largest number of studies (Table 1).
Several studies have been conducted in a joint collaborative way between Latin American and European countries (Spain, Germany, the UK, and France) focused on analytical aspects (Fig. 4).
Collaborative works between the United States and Latin American countries regarding analytical methods for As are also reflected in scientific articles (Fig. 5). Mexico, Chile, and Argentina are the main countries collaborating with the United States.
4 Conclusions
Arsenic is present in many aquifers and several superficial water bodies in most of the Latin American countries. Scientific publications related with As occurrence were identified in 13 out of the 19 countries considered in this review. This fact does not imply that concentrations of As above international or national drinking water standards are not present in the rest of the countries. The Chaco-Pampean plain in Argentina is the largest area affected by As contamination in groundwater. Occurrence, sources, geochemical, and mobilization processes of As, including hydrogeological influence, have been studied in diverse parts of this area. Research covering these aspects has also been developed in other countries such as Mexico, Chile, Bolivia, Peru, and Nicaragua. The origin of As in water has been identified in almost all the countries considered in this chapter. In most of the contaminated areas, As originates from geogenic sources, mainly volcanic rocks, hydrothermal fluids, and As-bearing minerals. However, anthropogenic sources are also present in certain zones, most of them as a result of mining operations and, in some cases, related with agriculture. Mining is indeed the main As source in Brazil. Physicochemical characteristics of the water, including pH and Eh, and presence of other ions influence the mobilization of As. Besides, hydrogeological conditions such as lack of flushing, evaporation, and flow-paths related with the tectonic setting also influence the occurrence of As contamination. Although As speciation has only been determined in some areas, it has been found to be mainly as As(V) in those locations. In all Latin American countries, more research has still to be conducted to determine As concentrations and speciation in all water bodies used as drinking water source and to unravel its origin and mobilization processes. This information is essential to develop adequate solutions to avoid the population exposure to this toxic element.
Regarding analytical methods on As determination in Latin American countries, 167 papers in scientific journals have been identified in the last 18 years. The most widely analytical methodology used for As determination is AAS (57%), specifically HG-AAS. The second most used analytical technique is ICP (26%), mainly coupled with MS. Regarding electrochemical methods, Chile, Brazil, and Argentina are the Latin American countries that have published on this topic. Although UV-VIS spectrometry is the least used methodology (5%), it has been employed mainly in Cuba and Mexico, with three reports in 2017 and one in 2018. XRF spectrometry is mainly used for the identification and determination of As in solid samples, and it has been mainly used in Mexico, Cuba, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. The 2% of other techniques used are INAA and SPRN, with reported studies on As determination in hair and water by Chile in 2018 and Colombia in 2014, respectively. A third novel methodology, ARSOlux Biosensor, developed between Argentine and Germany, is useful for determination of total bioavailable As concentrations in groundwater. Meanwhile, the SPRN technique is at test stage and is used for solid samples.
With respect to scientific publications focused on the analysis of As, it can be concluded that:
-
Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile are the countries presenting the largest number of scientific publications.
-
The collaboration between Latin America and Europe is mainly with Spain, Germany, the UK, and France.
-
Mexico, Chile, and Argentine are the main countries that have published in collaboration with the United States.
Notes
- 1.
In this paper, Latin America will be referred to as the region comprising those countries in the Americas where the Spanish or Portuguese languages prevail: Mexico, all countries of Central America with the exception of Belize, all South American countries (with the exception of Guyana, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago), and, in the Caribbean, Cuba, Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico.
Abbreviations
- AAS:
-
Atomic absorption spectrometry
- AE:
-
Anion exchange
- AEC:
-
Anion exchange chromatography
- AES:
-
Atomic emission spectrometry
- AFS:
-
Atomic fluorescence spectrometry
- AS-SWV:
-
Anodic stripping square-wave voltammetry
- ASV:
-
Anodic stripping voltammetry
- ASV-(CAR-CPE):
-
Adsorptive stripping voltammetric carrageenan modified carbon paste electrode
- BDES:
-
Bi-directional electrostacking system
- CPE:
-
Cloud point extraction
- CSV:
-
Cathodic stripping voltammetry
- CT:
-
Cryotrapping gas
- DPP:
-
Differential pulse polarography
- EcHG:
-
Electrochemical hydride generation
- ETAAS:
-
Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry
- ETV:
-
Electrothermal vaporizer
- EVA:
-
Ethyl vinyl acetate
- FI:
-
Flow injection
- GC-PFPD:
-
Gas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric detection
- GFAAS:
-
Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry
- GFH:
-
Granular ferric hydroxide
- HG:
-
Hydride generation
- HPLC:
-
High pressure liquid chromatography
- HR-CS:
-
High-resolution continuum source
- HS-SPME:
-
Headspace solid-phase micro-extraction
- IC:
-
Ionic chromatography
- ICPAES:
-
Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
- ICPMS:
-
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
- ICPOES:
-
Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry
- INAA:
-
Instrumental neutron activation analysis
- IXED:
-
Ion exchange/electrodialysis
- LA:
-
Laser ablation
- LC:
-
Liquid chromatography
- MP:
-
Microwave plasma
- MS:
-
Mass spectrometry
- MSFIA:
-
Multisyringe flow injection analysis
- PA-NCu:
-
Copper nanoparticles supported in polyamide pellets
- SIA:
-
Sequential injection analysis
- SPE:
-
Solid phase extraction
- SPRN:
-
Surface plasmon resonance nanosensor
- SWCSV:
-
Square wave cathodic stripping voltammetry
- UV:
-
Ultraviolet
- XRFS:
-
X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
References
Alarcón-Herrera MT, Bundschuh J, Nath B, Nicolli HB, Gutierrez M, Reyes-Gomez VM, Nunez D, Martín-Dominguez IR, Sracek O (2013) Co-occurrence of arsenic and fluoride in groundwater of semi-arid regions in Latin America: genesis, mobility and remediation. J Hazard Mater 262:960–969
Alcántara-Martínez N, Figueroa-Martínez F, Rivera-Cabrera F, Gutiérrez-Sánchez G, Volke-Sepúlveda T (2018) An endophytic strain of Methylobacterium sp. increases arsenate tolerance in Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd: a proteomic approach. Sci Total Environ 625:762–774
Alonso DL, Latorre S, Castillo E, Brandão PFB (2014) Environmental occurrence of arsenic in Colombia: a review. Environ Pollut 186:272–281
Altamirano Espinoza M, Bundschuh J (2009) Natural arsenic groundwater contamination of the sedimentary aquifers of southwestern Sébaco valley, Nicaragua. In: Bundschuh J, Armienta MA, Birkle P, Bhattacharya P, Matschullat J, Mukherjee AB (eds) Natural arsenic in groundwaters of Latin America. CRC Press, London, pp 109–122
Álvarez María A, Carrillo G (2012) Simultaneous determination of arsenic, cadmium, copper, chromium, nickel, lead and thallium in total digested sediment samples and available fractions by electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectroscopy (ETAAS). Talanta 97:505–512
Alves VN, Neri TS, Borges SSO, Carvalho DC, Coelho NMM (2017) Determination of inorganic arsenic in natural waters after selective extraction using Moringa oleífera seeds. Ecol Eng 106:431–435
Amaral CDB, Nóbrega JA, Noguiera ARA (2013) Sample preparation for arsenic speciation in terrestrial plants – a review. Talanta 115:291–299
Amaral CDB, Nóbrega JA, Nogueira ARA (2014) Investigation of arsenic species stability by HPLC-ICP-MS in plants stored under different conditions for 12 months. Microchem J 117:122–126
Amaro AS, Venecia Herrera BC, Lictevout E (2014) Spatial distribution of arsenic in the region of Tarapacá, Northern Chile. In: Litter MI, Nicolli HB, Meichtry JM, Quici N, Bundschuh J, Bhattacharya P, Naidu R (eds) One century of the discovery of arsenicosis in Latin America (1914–2014). CRC Press, London, pp 54–55
Antunes VM, Welz B, Curtius AJ (2002) Determination of arsenic in sediments, coal and fly ash slurries after ultrasonic treatment by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry and trapping in an iridium-treated graphite tube. Spectrochim Acta Part B 57:2057–2067
Arancibia V, López A, Zuñiga MC, Segura R (2006) Extraction of arsenic as the diethyl dithiophosphate complex with supercritical fluid and quantitation by cathodic stripping voltammetry. Talanta 68:1567–1573
Aranda PR, Llorens I, Perino E, De Vito I, Raba J (2016) Removal of arsenic (V) ions from aqueous media by adsorption on multiwall carbon nanotubes thin film using XRF technique. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag 5:21–26
Araujo-Barbosa U, Peña-Vazquez E, Barciela-Alonso MC, Costa Ferreira SL, Pinto dos Santos AM, Bermejo-Barrera P (2017) Simultaneous determination and speciation analysis of arsenic and chromium in iron supplements used for iron-deficiency anemia treatment by HPLC-ICP-MS. Talanta 170:523–529
Arcega-Cabrera F, Fargher LF (2016) Education, fish consumption, well water, chicken coops, and cooking fires: using biogeochemistry and ethnography to study exposure of children from Yucatan, Mexico to metals and arsenic. Sci Total Environ 568:75–82
Archer J, Hudson-Edwards KA, Preston DA, Howarth RJ, Linge K (2005) Aqueous exposure and uptake of arsenic by riverside communities affected by mining contamination in the Río Pilcomayo basin, Bolivia. Min Mag 69:719–736
Argos M, Kalra T, Pierce BL, Chen Y, Parvez F, Islam T, Ahmed A, Hasan R, Hasan K, Sarwar G, Levy D, Slavkovich V, Graziano JH, Rathouz PJ, Ahsan H (2011) A prospective study of arsenic exposure from drinking water and incidence of skin lesions in Bangladesh. Am J Epidemiol 174:185–194
Armienta MA, Segovia N (2008) Arsenic and fluoride in the groundwater of Mexico. Environ Geochem Health 30:345–353
Armienta MA, Rodríguez R, Cruz O (1997) Arsenic content in hair of people exposed to natural arsenic polluted groundwater at Zimapán, México. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 59:583–589
Armienta MA, Villaseñor G, Rodriguez R, Ongley LK, Mango H (2001) The role of arsenic-bearing rocks in groundwater pollution at Zimapán Valley, México. Environ Geol 40:571–581
Armienta MA, Talavera O, Morton O, Barrera M (2003) Geochemistry of metals from Mine Tailings in Taxco, Mexico. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 71:387–393
Armienta MA, Rodríguez R, Segovia N, Monteil M (2010) Medical geology in Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean. In: Selinus O, Finkelman RB, Centeno JA (eds) Medical geology a regional synthesis. Springer, New York, pp 59–78
Armienta MA, Villaseñor G, Cruz O, Ceniceros N, Aguayo A, Morton O (2012) Geochemical processes and mobilization of toxic metals and metalloids in an As-rich base metal waste pile in Zimapán, Central Mexico. Appl Geochem 27:2225–2237
Armienta MA, Rodríguez R, Ceniceros N, Cruz O, Aguayo A, Morales P, Cienfuegos E (2014) Groundwater quality and geothermal energy. The case of Cerro Prieto geothermal field, México. Renew Energy 63:236–254
Armienta MA, Mugica V, Reséndiz I, Gutierrez AM (2016) Arsenic and metals mobility in soils impacted by tailings at Zimapán, México. J Soils Sediments 16:1267–1278
Arriaza B, Amarasiriwardena D, Cornejo L, Standen V, Byrne S, Bartkus L, Bandak B (2010) Exploring chronic arsenic poisoning in pre-Columbian Chilean mummies. J Archaeol Sci 37:1274–1278
Arsénico en agua, informe Grupo Ad-Hoc Arsénico en agua (2018) Red de Seguridad Alimentaria, CONICET. https://www.rsa.conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Informe-Arsenico-en-agua-RSA.pdf. Accessed Oct 2018
Avilés M, Garrido SE, Esteller MV, De La Paz JS, Najera C, Cortés J (2013) Removal of groundwater arsenic using a household filter with iron spikes and stainless steel. J Environ Manag 131:103–109
Ayala AJ, Romero BH (2013) Presencia de metales pesados (arsénico y mercurio) en leche de vaca al sur de Ecuador. LA GRANJA. Rev Cienc Vida 17:36–46
Barra CM, Correia dos Santos MM (2001) Speciation of inorganic arsenic in natural waters by square-wave cathodic stripping voltammetry. Electroanalysis 13:1098–1104
Barra CM, Cervera ML, De la Guardia M, Erthal Santelli R (2000) Atomic fluorescence determination of inorganic arsenic in soils after microwave-assisted distillation. Anal Chim Acta 407:155–163
Batista BL, Souza JMO, De Souza SS, Barbosa F Jr (2011) Speciation of arsenic in rice and estimation of daily intake of different arsenic species by Brazilians through rice consumption. J Hazard Mater 191:342–348
Bhattacharya P, Claesson M, Bundschuh J, Sracek O, Fagerberg J, Jacks G, Martin RA, Storniolo A, Thir JM (2006) Distribution and mobility of arsenic in the Rio Dulce alluvial aquifers in Santiago del Estero Province. Sci Total Environ 358:97–120
Bidone ED, Castillos ZC, Santos MCB, Silva RSV, Cesar RG, Ferreira M (2014) Arsenic levels in natural and drinking waters from Paracatu, MG, Brazil. In: Litter MI, Nicolli HB, Meichtry JM, Quici N, Bundschuh J, Bhattacharya P, Naidu R (eds) One century of the discovery of arsenicosis in Latin America (1914–2014). CRC Press, London, pp 162–164
Birkle P, Bundschuh J, Sracek O (2010) Mechanisms of arsenic enrichment in geothermal and petroleum reservoirs fluids in Mexico. Water Res 44:5605–5617
Blanes PS, Buchamer EE, Giménez MC (2011) Natural contamination with arsenic and other trace elements in groundwater of the Central–West region of Chaco, Argentina. J Environ Sci Health, A 46:1197–1207
Boochs PW, Billib M, Gutiérrez C, Aparicio J (2014) Groundwater contamination with arsenic, Región Lagunera, México. In: Litter MI, Nicolli HB, Meichtry JM, Quici N, Bundschuh J, Bhattacharya P, Naidu R (eds) One century of the discovery of arsenicosis in Latin America (1914–2014). CRC Press, London, pp 132–134
Bruhn CG, Bustos CJ, Sáez KL, Neira JY, Álvarez SE (2007) A comparative study of chemical modifiers in the determination of total arsenic in marine food by tungsten coil electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Talanta 71:81–89
Bühl V, Álvarez C, Kordas K, Pistón M, Mañay N (2015) Development of a simple method for the determination of toxicologically relevant species of arsenic in urine using HG-AAS. J Environ Pollut Human Health 3:46–51
Bundschuh, J., Pérez-Carrera, A., Litter, M. 2008. Distribución del arsénico en las regiones Ibérica e Iberoamericana. Editorial Programa Iberoamericano de Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo
Bundschuh J, Litter M, Ciminelli V, Morgada ME, Cornejo L, Garrido Hoyos S, Hoinkis J, Alarcón-Herrera MT, Armienta MA, Bhattacharya P (2010) Emerging mitigation needs and sustainable options for solving the arsenic problems of rural and isolated urban areas in Iberoamerica – a critical analysis. Water Res 44:5828–5845
Bundschuh J, Litter MI, Parvez F, Román-Ross G, Nicolli HB, Jiin-Shuh J, Chen-Wuing L, López D, Armienta MA, Guilherme LRG, Gomez Cuevas A, Cornejo L, Cumbal L, Toujaguez R (2012) One century of arsenic exposure in Latin America: a review of history and occurrence from 14 countries. Sci Total Environ 429:2–35
Cáceres DD, Pino P, Montesinos N, Atalah E, Amigo H, Loomis D (2005) Exposure to inorganic arsenic in drinking water and total urinary arsenic concentration in a Chilean population. Environ Res 98:151–159
Caiminagua A, Fernández L, Romero H, Lapo B, Alvarado J (2015) Electrochemical generation of arsenic volatile species using a gold/mercury amalgam cathode, determination of arsenic by atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal Chem Res 3:82–88
Cárdenas-González M, Osorio-Yáñez C, Gaspar-Ramírez O, Pavković M, Ochoa-Martínez A, López-Ventura D, Medeiros M, Barbier OC, Pérez-Maldonado IN, Sabbisetti VS, Bonventre JV, Vaidya VS (2016) Environmental exposure to arsenic and chromium in children is associated with kidney injury molecule-1. Environ Res 150:653–662
Carrera P, Espinoza-Montera PJ, Fernández L, Romero H, Alvarado J (2017) Electrochemical determination of arsenic in natural waters using carbon fiber ultra-microelectrode modified with gold nanoparticles. Talanta 166:198–206
Carrero P, Malave A, Burguera JL, Burguera M, Rondon C (2001) Determination of various arsenic species by flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry: investigation of the effects of the acid concentration of different reaction media on the generation of arsines. Anal Chim Acta 438:195–204
Cassella RJ, de Sant’Ana OD, Santelli RE (2002) Determination of arsenic in petroleum refinery streams by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry after multivariate optimization based on Doehlert design. Spectrochim Acta B 57:1967–1978
Castro Grijalba A, Escudero LB, Wuilloud RG (2015) Capabilities of several phosphonium ionic liquids for arsenic species determination in water by liquid–liquid microextraction and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal Methods 7:490–499
Castro Grijalba A, Fiorentini EF, Martinez LD, Wuilloud RG (2016) A comparative evaluation of different ionic liquids for arsenic species separation and determination in wine varietals by liquid chromatography – hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry. J Chromat A 1462:44–54
Cavicchioli A, La-Scalea M, Gutz IGR (2004) Analysis and speciation of traces of arsenic in environmental, food and industrial samples by voltammetry: a review. Electroanalysis 16:697–711
Cebrián ME, Albores A, García-Vergas G, Del Razo LM (1994) Chronic arsenic poisoning in humans: the case of Mexico. In: Nriagu JO (ed) Arsenic in the environment part II. Wiley, New York, pp 93–107
Cervini-Silva J, Hernández-Pineda J, Rivas-Valdés MT, Cornejo-Garrido H, Guzmán J, Fernández-Lomelín P, Del Razo LM (2010) Arsenic (III) methylation in betaine–nontronite clay–water suspensions under environmental conditions. J Hazard Mater 178:450–454
Chávez M (2009) Evaluación de dos técnicas analíticas para la especiación de arsénico en aguas superficiales del sur del Perú. Rev Peru Med Exp 26:20–26
Coelho NMM, Coelho LM, De Limac ES, Pastord A, De la Guardia M (2005) Determination of arsenic compounds in beverages by high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Talanta 66:818–822
Coelho LM, Coelho NMM, Arruda MAZ, De la Guardia M (2007) On-line bi-directional electrostacking for As speciation/preconcentration using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Talanta 71:353–358
Contreras S, Henríquez-Vargas L, Álvarez PI (2017) Arsenic transport and adsorption modeling in columns using a copper nanoparticles composite. J Water Proc Eng 19:212–219
Cumbal LH, Bundschuh J, Aguirre V, Murgueitio E, Tipán I, Chávez C (2009) The origin of arsenic in sediments from Papallacta lake area in Ecuador. In: Bundschuh J, Armienta MA, Birkle P, Bhattacharya P, Matschullat J, Mukherjee AB (eds) Natural arsenic in groundwaters of Latin America. CRC Press, London, pp 81–90
De Moraes FÉM, Cirne da Silva LL, Smanioto BJ, Fleig Saidelles AP, Zanella VR, Dressler L, Gottfried Paniz JN (2001) Minimization of volatile nitrogen oxides interference in the determination of arsenic by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. Spectrochim Acta Part B 56:1883–1891
de Oliveira LK, Melo CA, Goveia D, Lobo FA, Armienta Hernández MA, Fraceto LF, Rosa AH (2015) Adsorption/desorption of arsenic by tropical peat: influence of organic matter, iron and aluminium. Environ Technol 36:149–159
De Pietri DE, Navoni JA, Olmos V, Giménez C, Bovi Mitre G, de Titto E, Villaamil Lepori EC (2014) Geospatial human health risk assessment in an Argentinean region of hydroarsenicism. In: Litter MI, Nicolli HB, Meichtry JM, Quici N, Bundschuh J, Bhattacharya P, Naidu R (eds) One century of the discovery of arsenicosis in Latin America (1914–2014). CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, London, pp 597–601
De Santana FA, Portugal LA, Serra AM, Ferrer L, Cerdà V, Ferreira SLC (2016) Development of a MSFIA system for sequential determination of antimony, arsenic and selenium using hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Talanta 156–157:29–33
de Souza SVC, Pinto CT, Junqueira RG (2007) In-house method validation: application in arsenic analysis. J Food Compos Anal 20:241–247
Del Razo LM, Garcia-Vargas GG, Garcia-Salcedo J, Sanmiguel MF, Rivera M, Hernández MC, Cebrian ME (2002) Arsenic levels in cooked food and assessment of adult dietary intake of arsenic in the Region Lagunera, Mexico. Food Chem Toxicol 40:1423–1431
Díaz O, Tapia Y, Muños O, Montoro R, Velez D, Almela C (2012) Total and inorganic arsenic concentrations in different species of economically important algae harvested from coastal zones of Chile. Food Chem Toxicol 50:744–749
Dos Santos Costa BE, Melo Coelho NM, Melo Coelho L (2015) Determination of arsenic species in rice samples using CPE and ETAAS. Food Chem 178:89–95
Dos Santos QO, Silva Junior MM, Lemos VA, Ferreira SLC, de Andrade JB (2018) An online preconcentration system for speciation analysis of arsenic in seawater by hydride generation flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Microchem J 143:175–180
Dótor Almazán A, Armienta Hernández MA, Árcega Cabrera F, Talavera Mendoza O (2014) Arsenic and metals transport processes in surface waters from the mining district of Taxco, Mexico: stable isotopes application. Hidrobiol 24:245–256
Echeverría J, Niemeyer HM, Muñoz L, Uribe M (2018) Arsenic in the hair of mummies from agro-ceramic times of Northern Chile (500 BCE–1200 CE). J Archaeol Sci Rep 21:175–182
Escudero LB, Martinis EM, Olsina RA, Wuilloud RG (2013) Arsenic speciation analysis in mono-varietal wines by on-line ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. Food Chem 138:484–490
Espinosa E, Armienta MA, Cruz O, Aguayo A, Ceniceros N (2009) Geochemical distribution of arsenic, cadmium, lead and zinc in river sediments affected by tailings in Zimapán, a historical polymetalic mining zone of México. Environ Geol 58:1467–1477
Espino-Valdés MS, Barrera-Prieto Y, Herrera-Peraza E (2009) Arsenic presence in North section of Meoqui–Delicias aquifer of State of Chihuahua, Mexico. Tecnociencia Chihuahua 3:8–17
Esteller MV, Domínguez-Mariani E, Garrido SE, Avilés M (2015) Groundwater pollution by arsenic and other toxic elements in an abandoned silver mine, Mexico. Environ Earth Sci 74:2893–2906
Farías SS, Casa VA, Vázquez C, Ferpozzi L, Pucci GN, Cohen IM (2003) Natural contamination with arsenic and other trace elements in groundwaters of Argentine Pampean Plain. Sci Total Environ 309:187–199
Farías S, Smichowski P, Vélez D, Montoro R, Curtosi A, Vodopívez C (2007) Total and inorganic arsenic in Antarctic macroalgae. Chemosphere 69:1017–1024
Farias SS, Bianco de Salas G, Servant RE, Bovi Mitre G, Escalante J, Ponce RI, Ávila Carrera ME (2016) Survey of arsenic in drinking water and assessment of the intake of arsenic from water in Argentine Puna. In: Bundschuh J, Armienta MA, Birkle P, Bhattacharya P, Matschullat J, Mukherjee AB (eds) Natural arsenic in groundwaters of Latin America. CRC Press, London, pp 397–407
Figueiredo BR, Litter MI, Silva CR, Mañay N, Londono SC, Rojas AM, Garzón C, Tosiani T, Di Giulio GM, De Capitani EM, Dos Anjos JASA, Angélica RS, Morita MC, Paoliello MMB, Cunha FG, Sakuma AM, Licht OA (2010) In: Selinus O, Finkelman RB, Centeno JA (eds) Medical geology studies in South America. Springer, New York, pp 79–106
Funes Pinter I, Salomon MV, Gil R, Mastrantonio L, Bottini R, Piccoli P (2018) Arsenic and trace elements in soil, water, grapevine and onion in Jáchal, Argentina. Sci Total Environ 615:1485–1498
Gamboa JCM, Cornejo L, Acarapi J, Squella JA (2013) Determination of arsenic (III) by differential pulse polarography in the waters of Camarones area, Chile. J Chil Chem Soc 58:2031–2034
García MG, D’Hiriart J, Giullitti J, Hurng L, Custo G, Hidalgo M d V, Litter MI, Blesa MA (2004) Solar light induced removal of arsenic from contaminated groundwater: the interplay of solar energy and chemical variables. Sol Energy 77:601–613
Garrido Hoyos SE, Avilés Flores M, Rivera Huerta ML, Nájera Flores MC (2007) Diagnóstico de la presencia de arsénico en agua de pozo, Mixco, Guatemala, Final report TC-0711.3. Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua, Jiutepec
Gil RA, Ferrúa N, Salonia JA, Olsina RA, Martinez LD (2007) On-line arsenic co-precipitation on ethyl vinyl acetate turning-packed mini-column followed by hydride generation-ICP OES determination. J Hazard Mater 143:431–436
Gomez ML, Blarasin MT, Martínez DE (2009) Arsenic and fluoride in a loess aquifer in the central area of Argentina. Environ Geol 57:143–155
Gómez-Arroyo S, Armienta MA, Cortés-Eslava J, Villalobos-Pietrini R (1997) Sister chromatid exchanges in Vicia faba induced by arsenic-contaminated drinking water from Zimapan, Hidalgo, Mexico. Mutat Res 394:1–7
Gómez-Bernal JM, Morton Bermea O, Ruíz-Huerta EA, Armienta-Hernández MA, González DO (2014) Microscopic evidences of heavy metals distribution and anatomic alterations in breaching-leaves of Cupressus lindleyi growing around mining wastes. Microsc Res Tech 77:714–726
Gómez-Bernal JM, Ruiz-Huerta EA, Armienta Hernández MA, Luna-Pabello VM (2018) Heavy metals and arsenic phytoavailability index in pioneer plants from a semipermanent natural wetland. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 37:980–988
Guérèquiz R, Mañay N, Goso-Aguilar C, Fernández-Turiel JL, García-Valles M (2009) Environmental risk assessment of arsenic in the Raigon aquifer. Uruguay. Biologist (Lima) 7.. Special issue:C0130
Hernández Ordáz G, Segura Castruita MA, Álvarez González Pico LC, Aldaco Nuncio RA, Fortis Hernández M, González Cervantes G (2013) Behavior of arsenic in soils of the región lagunera of Coahuila, Mexico. Terra Latinoam 31:291–303
Hounslow AW (1995) Water quality data. Analysis and interpretation. Taylor & Francis Group. E.U.A
Hurtado-Jiménez R, Gardea-Torresdey JL (2006) Contamination of drinking water supply with geothermal arsenic in Los Altos de Jalisco, Mexico, pp. 179–190. In: Bundschuh J, Armienta MA, Birkle P, Bhattacharya P, Matschullat J, Mukherjee AB (eds) Natural arsenic in groundwaters of Latin America. CRC Press, London, pp 179–190
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (2012) Arsenic, metals, fibres, and dusts. Volume 100 C. A review of human carcinogens. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Arsenic, metals, fibres, and dusts. International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon. http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/ vol100C/mono100C.pdf
Jesus JP, Suárez CA, Ferreira JR, Giné MF (2011) Sequential injection analysis implementing multiple standard additions for As speciation by liquid chromatography and atomic fluorescence spectrometry (SIA-HPLC-AFS). Talanta 85:1364–1368
Kordas K, Roy AR, López P, García Vargas G, Cebrian ME, Vera-Aguilar E, Rosado JL (2017) Iron and zinc supplementation does not impact urinary arsenic excretion in Mexican school children. Nutr Res 185:205–210
Labastida I, Armienta MA, Lara-Castro RH, Aguayo A, Cruz O, Ceniceros N (2013) Treatment of mining acidic leachates with indigenous limestone, Zimapan Mexico. J Hazard Mater 262:1187–1195
Lara René H, Velázquez Leticia J, Vazquez-Arenas J, Mallet M, Dossot M, Labastida I, Sosa-Rodríguez FS, Espinosa-Cristóbal LF, Escobedo-Bretado MA, Cruz R (2016) Arsenopyrite weathering under conditions of simulated calcareous soil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:3681–3706
Leiva ED, Rámila CDP, Vargas IT, Escauriaza CR, Bonilla CA, Pizarro GE, Regan JM, Pasten PA (2014) Natural attenuation process via microbial oxidation of arsenic in a high Andean watershed. Sci Total Environ 466–467:490–502
Lima EC, Brasil JL, Vaghetti JCP (2003) Valuation of different permanent modifiers for the determination of arsenic in environmental samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Talanta 60:103–113
Litter MI, Armienta MA, Farías SS (2009) Metodologías analíticas para la determinación y especiación de arsénico en aguas y suelos. Editorial Programa Iberoamericano de Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo
López Guzmán D, Costilla Salazar R, Pelallo Martínez N, Alcaraz Contreras Y, Bocanegra Salazar M, Rocha Amador DO (2017) Micronucleus in exfoliated buccal cells of children, from Durango, Mexico, exposed to arsenic through drinking water. Rev Int Contam Amb 33:281–287
López DL, Ransom L, Monterrosa J, Soriano T, Barahona F, Olmos R, Bundschuh J (2009) Volcanic arsenic and boron pollution of Ilopango lake, El Salvador. In: Bundschuh J, Armienta MA, Birkle P, Bhattacharya P, Matschullat J, Mukherjee AB (eds) Natural arsenic in groundwaters of Latin America. CRC Press, London, pp 129–143
López DL, Bundschuh J, Birkle P, Armienta MA, Cumbal L, Sracek O, Cornejo L, Ormachea M (2012) Arsenic in volcanic geothermal fluids of Latin America. Sci Total Environ 429:57–75
López DL, Ribó A, Quinteros E, Mejía R, López A, Orantes C (2014) Arsenic in soils, sediments, and water in area with high prevalence of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology. In: Litter MI, Nicolli HB, Meichtry JM, Quici N, Bundschuh J, Bhattacharya P, Naidu R (eds) One century of the discovery of arsenicosis in Latin America (1914–2014). CRC Press, London, pp 251–254
López-Carrillo L, Gamboa-Loira B, Becerra W, Hernández-Alcaraz C, Hernández-Ramírez RU, Jay GA, Franco-Marina F, Cebrián ME (2016) Dietary micronutrient intake and its relationship with arsenic metabolism in Mexican women. Environ Res 151:445–450
López-Zepeda JL, Villalobos M, Gutiérrez-Ruiz M, Romero F (2008) The use of synchrotron micro-X-ray techniques to determine arsenic speciation in contaminated soils. In: Bundschuch J, Armienta MA, Birkle P, Bhattacharya P, Matschullat J, Mukherjee AB (eds) Natural arsenic in groundwater of latinoamerica, vol 1. CRC Press, London, pp 255–264
Macedo SM, de Jesus RM, Garcia KS, Hatje V, Queiroz AF d S, Ferreira SLC (2009) Determination of total arsenic and arsenic (III) in phosphate fertilizers and phosphate rocks by HG-AAS after multivariate optimization based on Box-Behnken design. Talanta 80:974–979
Mahlknecht J, Steinich B, Navarro de León I (2004) Groundwater chemistry and mass transfers in the Independence aquifer, Central Mexico, by using multivariate statistics and mass-balance models. Environ Geol 45:781–795
Mañay N, Pistón M, Goso C (2014) Arsenic environmental and health issues in Uruguay: a multidisciplinary approach. In: Litter MI, Nicolli HB, Meichtry JM, Quici N, Bundschuh J, Bhattacharya P, Naidu R (eds) One century of the discovery of arsenicosis in Latin America (1914–2014). CRC Press, London, pp 485–487
Mar Camacho L, Gutierrez M, Alarcon-Herrera MT, Villalba ML, Deng S (2011) Occurrence and treatment of arsenic in groundwater and soil in northern Mexico and southwestern USA. Chemosphere 83:2011–2225
Martín R, Canet C, Alfonso P, Zambrana RN, Soto N (2014) The role of cassiterite controlling arsenic mobility in an abandoned stanniferous tailings impoundment at Llallagua, Bolivia. Sci Total Environ 481:100–107
Martínez LD, Gazquez JA (2005) Determinación de arsénico en aguas: diferentes técnicas y metodologías. II° Seminario Hispano-Latinoamericano sobre temas actuales de hidrología subterránea. IV° Congreso Hidrogeológico Argentino
Martínez-Acuña MI, Mercado-Reyes M, Alegría-Torres JA, Mejía-Saavedra JJ (2016) Preliminary human health risk assessment of arsenic and fluoride in tap water from Zacatecas, México. Environ Monit Assess 188:476
Martínez-Villegas N, Briones-Gallardo R, Ramos-Leal JA, Avalos-Borja M, Castañón-Sandoval AD, Razo-Flores E, Villalobos M (2013) Arsenic mobility controlled by solid calcium arsenates: a case study in Mexico showcasing a potentially widespread environmental problem. Environ Pollut 176:114–122
Matos-Reyes MN, Cervera ML, Campos RC, de la Guardia M (2010) Total content of As, Sb, Se, Te and Bi in Spanish vegetables, cereals and pulses and estimation of the contribution of these foods to the Mediterranean daily intake of trace elements. Food Chem 122:188–194
Matschullat J, Birmann K, Borba RP, Ciminelli V, Deschamps EM, Figueiredo BR, Gabrio T, Haßler S, Hilscher A, Junghänel I, de Oliveira NJ, Raßbach H, Schmidt H, Schwenk M, de Oliveira Vilhena MJ, Weidner U (2007) Long-term environmental impact of arsenic-dispersion in Minas Gerais, Brazil. In: Trace metals and other contaminants in the environment, vol 9. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 355–382
McCarty KM, Hanh HT, Kim KW (2011) Arsenic geochemistry and human health in South East Asia. Rev Environ Health 26:71–78
Mejía-González M, González L, Briones R, Cardona A, Soto P (2014) Mecanismos que liberan arsénico al agua subterránea de la Comarca Lagunera, estados de Coahuila y Durango. México, Tecnología Ciencias del Agua 5:71–82
Melo RF, Dias LE, Vargas de Mello JW, Oliveira JA (2010) Behavior of Eucalyptus grandis and E. cloeziana seedlings grown in arsenic-contaminated soil. Soc Bras Ciênc Solo 34:985–992
Méndez-Ramírez M, Armienta Hernández MA (2012) Distribución de Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd y As originada por residuos mineros y aguas residuales en un transecto del Río Taxco en Guerrero, México. Rev Mex Cienc Geológicas 29:450–462
Menegário AA, Gin MF (2000) Rapid sequential determination of arsenic and selenium in waters and plant digests by hydride generation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Spectrochim Acta B 55:355–362
Menezes HA, Maia G (2010) Specific adsorption of arsenic and humic acid on Pt and PtO films. Electrochim Acta 55:4942–4951
Modificación a la Norma Oficial Mexicana (2000) NOM-127-SSA1-1994, Salud Ambiental. Agua para uso y consumo humano. Límites permisibles de calidad y tratamientos a los que debe someterse el agua para su potabilización. Diario Oficial de la Federación, 22 noviembre de 2000, México City, México
Monasterio RP, Wuilloud RG (2010) Ionic liquid as ion-pairing reagent for liquid–liquid microextraction and preconcentration of arsenic species in natural waters followed by ETAAS. J Anal At Spectrom 25:1485–1490
Monasterio RP, Londinio JA, Farías SS, Smichowski P, Wuilloud RG (2011) Organic solvent-free reversed-phase ion-pairing liquid chromatography coupled to atomic fluorescence spectrometry for organoarsenic species determination in several matrices. J Agric Food Chem 59:3566–3574
Morales I, Villanueva-Estrada RE, Rodríguez R, Armienta MA (2015) Geological, hydrogeological and geothermal factors associated to the origin of arsenic, fluoride and groundwater temperature in a volcanic environment. Environ Earth Sci 74:5403–5415
Morales-Arredondo I, Rodríguez R, Armienta MA, Villanueva-Estrada RE (2016) The origin of groundwater arsenic and fluorine in a volcanic sedimentary basin in Central Mexico: a hydrochemistry hypothesis. Hydrogeol J 24:1029–1044
Morales-Arredondo JI, Esteller-Alberich MV, Armienta Hernández MA, Martínez-Florentino TAK (2018) Characterizing the hydrogeochemistry of two low-temperature thermal systems in Central Mexico. J Geochem Explor 185:93–104
Moreira CM, Duarte FA, Lebherz J, Pozebon D, Flores EMM, Dressler VL (2011) Arsenic speciation in white wine by LC-ICP-MS. Food Chem 126:1406–1411
Moreno ME, Acosta-Saavedra LC, Meza-Figueroa D, Vera E, Cebrian ME, Ostrosky-Wegmand P, Calderon Aranda ES (2010) Biomonitoring of metal in children living in a mine tailings zone in Southern Mexico: a pilot study. Int J Hyg Environ Health 213:252–258
Morgada ME, Levy IK, Salomone V, Farías SS, López G, Litter MI (2009) Arsenic (V) removal with nanoparticulate zerovalent iron: effect of UV light and humic acids. Catal Today 143:261–268
Mukherjee A, Raychowdhury N, Bhattacharya P, Bundschuh J, Johannesson K (2014) Tectonic-sourced groundwater arsenic in Andean foreland of Argentina: insight from flow path modeling. In: Litter MI, Nicolli HB, Meichtry JM, Quici N, Bundschuh J, Editorial Programa Iberoamericano de Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo, Bhattacharya P, Naidu R (eds) One century of the discovery of arsenicosis in Latin America (1914–2014). CRC Press, London, pp 22–25
Muñoz L, Meneses M, Pismante P, Andonie O, Queirolo F, Stegen S (2014) Methodological validation for the determination of toxic arsenic species in human urine using HPLC with ICP-MS. J Chil Chem Soc 59:2432–2436
Muñoz O, Zamorano P, Garcia O, Bastías JM (2017) Arsenic, cadmium, mercury, sodium, and potassium concentrations in common foods and estimated daily intake of the population in Valdivia (Chile) using a total diet study. Food Chem Toxicol 109:1125–1134
Murcott S (2012) Arsenic contamination in the world – an international sourcebook. IWA Publishing, London
Navarro O, González J, Júnez-Ferreira HE, Bautista C-F, Cardona A (2017) Correlation of arsenic and fluoride in the groundwater for human consumption in a semiarid region of Mexico. Procedia Eng 186:333–340
Navoni JA, Olivera NM, Villaamil Lepori EC (2010) Cuantificación de arsénico por inyección de flujo-generación de hidruros-espectrometría de absorción atómica (IF-GH-EAA) previa derivatización con L-cisteína. Validación y comparación intermetodológica utilizando dos técnicas de referencia. Acta Toxicol Argent 18:29–38
Navoni JA, De Pietri D, Olmos V, Gimenez C, Bovi Mitre G, Titto d, Villaamil Lepori E (2014) Human health risk assessment with spatial analysis: study of a population chronically exposed to arsenic through drinking water from Argentina. Sci Total Environ 499:166–174
Nicolli HB, Tineo A, Falcón CM, García JW, Merino MH, Etchichury MC, Alonso MS, Tofalo OR (2009) Arsenic hydrogeochemistry in groundwater from the Burruyacú basin, Tucumán province, Argentina. In: Bundschuh J, Armienta MA, Birkle P, Bhattacharya P, Matschullat J, Mukherjee AB (eds) Natural arsenic in groundwaters of Latin America. CRC Press, London, pp 47–59
Nicolli HB, Bundschuh J, García JW, Falcón CM, Jean J (2010) Sources and controls for the mobility of arsenic in oxidizing groundwaters from loess-type sediments in arid/semi-arid dry climates – evidence from the Chaco Pampean plain (Argentina). Water Res 44:5589–5604
Nieva NE, Borgnino L, Locati F, García MG (2016) Mineralogical control on arsenic release during sediment–water interaction in abandoned mine wastes from the Argentina Puna. Sci Total Environ 550:1141–1151
Núñez C, Arancibia V, Gómez M (2016) Determination of arsenic in the presence of copper by adsorptive stripping voltammetry using pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate or diethyl dithiophosphate as chelating-adsorbent agents. Effect of CPB on the sensitivity of the method. Microchem J 126:70–75
Núñez C, Arancibia V, Triviño JJ (2018) A new strategy for the modification of a carbon paste electrode with carrageenan hydrogel for a sensitive and selective determination of arsenic in natural waters. Talanta 187:259–264
Oliveira A, Henrique Gonzalez M, Müller Queiroz H, Cadore S (2016) Fractionation of inorganic arsenic by adjusting hydrogen ion concentration. Food Chem 213:76–82
Ongley LK, Sherma L, Armienta A, Concilio A, Ferguson Salinas C (2007) Arsenic in the soils of Zimapán, Mexico. Environ Pollut 145:793–799
Ormachea Muñoz M, Huallpara L, Coariti E, García Aróstegui JL, Kohfahl C, Estévez M, Bhattacharya P (2014) Natural arsenic occurrence in drinking water and assessment of water quality in the southern part of the Poopó lake Basin, Bolivia Altiplano. In: Litter MI, Nicolli HB, Meichtry JM, Quici N, Bundschuh J, Bhattacharya P, Naidu R (eds) One century of the discovery of arsenicosis in Latin America (1914–2014). CRC Press, London, pp 154–151
Ormachea MM, Quintanilla AJ (2014) Distribution of geogenic arsenic in superficial and underground water in Central Bolivian Highlands. Rev Boliviana Quím 31:54–60
Ortega A, Oliva I, Contreras KE, González I, Cruz-Díaz MR, Rivero EP (2017) Arsenic removal from water by hybrid electro-regenerated anion exchange resin/electrodialysis process. Sep Purif Technol 184:319–326
Ortega-Guerrero MA (2004) Abstract at the International Geologic Congress, Florence
Ortega-Guerrero A (2009) Presencia, distribución, hidrogeoquímica y origen de arsénico, fluoruro y otros elementos traza disueltos en agua subterránea, a escala de cuenca hidrológica tributaria de Lerma-Chapala, México. Rev Mex Cienc Geol 26:143–161
Ortega-Guerrero A (2017) Evaporative concentration of arsenic in groundwater: health and environmental implications, La Laguna Region, Mexico. Environ Geochem Health 39:987–1003
Patiño-Reyes N, Duarte Portocarrero E (2014) Analysis of mercury and arsenic in drinking water in Bogotá DC (Colombia) in 2010 and 2011. In: Litter MI, Nicolli HB, Meichtry JM, Quici N, Bundschuh J, Bhattacharya P, Naidu R (eds) One century of the discovery of arsenicosis in Latin America (1914–2014). CRC Press, London, pp 187–188
Peralta Ramos ML, González JA, Albornoz SG, Pérez CJ, Villanueva ME, Giorgieri SA, Copello GJ (2016) Chitin hydrogel reinforced with TiO2 nanoparticles as an arsenic sorbent. Chem Eng J 285:581–587
Pereira ER, De Almeida TS, Borges DLG, Carasek E, Welz B, Feldmann J, Del Campo Menoyo J (2016) Investigation of chemical modifiers for the direct determination of arsenic in fish oil using high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Talanta 150:142–147
Pérez Moreno F, Prieto García E, Barrado Estebán E, Roas Heranández A, Méndez Marzo MA (2002) Optimización del método de determinación de arsénico en aguas potables por espectrofotometría UV-Vis con dietilcarbamato de plata. Rev Soc Quími Méx 46:175–179
Pérez AA, Pérez LB, Strobl AM, Camarda S, Farias SS, López CM, Fajardo MA (2010) Variación estacional de arsénico total en algas comestibles recolectadas en el Golfo San Jorge (Chubut, Argentina). Rev Latinoam Biotecnol Amb Algal 1:16–30
Pistón M, Silva J, Pérez-Zambra R, Dol I, Knochen M (2012) Automated method for the determination of total arsenic and selenium in natural and drinking water by HG-AAS. Environ Geochem Health 34:273–278
Pizarro I, Gómez-Gómez M, León J, Román D, Palacios MA (2016) Bioaccessibility and arsenic speciation in carrots, beets and quinoa from a contaminated area of Chile. Sci Total Environ 565:557–563
Planer-Friedich B, Armienta MA, Merkel BJ (2001) Origin of arsenic in the groundwater of the Río Verde Basin, México. Environ Geol 40:1290–1298
Quevedo O, Luna B, Carballeira E, Rodríguez AC (2003) Determinación de As(III) y As (V) en aguas naturales por generación de hidruro con detección por espectrometría de absorción atómica. Rev CENIC Cienc Químicas 34:133–137
Quiller G, Mérida-Ortega Á, Rothenberg SJ, Cebrián MEA, Gandolfi J, Franco-Marina F, López-Carrillo L (2018) Dietary flavonoids improve urinary arsenic elimination among Mexican women. Nutr Res 55:65–71
Quintanilla J, Ramos O, Ormachea M, García ME, Medina H, Thunvik R, Bhattacharya P, Bundschuh J (2009) Arsenic contamination, speciation and environmental consequences in the Bolivian plateau. In: Bundschuh J, Armienta MA, Birkle P, Bhattacharya P, Matschullat J, Mukherjee AB (eds) Natural arsenic in groundwaters of Latin America. CRC Press, London, pp 91–99
Ramírez Cordero BE, Cañizares-Macías MP (2009) Determination of bioavailable soluble arsenic and phosphates in mine tailings by spectrophotometric sequential injection analysis. Talanta 78:1069–1076
Ramírez-Aldaba H, Valles OP, Vazquez-Arenas J, Rojas-Contreras JA, Valdez-Pérez D, Ruiz-Baca E, Meraz-Rodríguez M, Sosa-Rodríguez FS, Rodríguez AG, Lara RH (2016) Chemical and surface analysis during evolution of arsenopyrite oxidation by Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans in the presence and absence of supplementary arsenic. Sci Total Environ 566–567:1106–1119
Ramírez-González S, Jiménez-Prieto Y, Esperanza-Pérez G, Ribalta-Quesada JA, Rodríguez-Rivero RA (2017) Determinación de arsénico por el método de azul de molibdeno en muestras de aguas provenientes de una planta de procesamiento de minerales auríferos. Rev Cub Quim 29:3–12
Ramos OE, Quino I, Quintanilla J, Bhattacharya P, Bundschuh J (2014) Geochemical processes controlling mobilization of arsenic and trace elements in shallow aquifers in mining regions, Bolivian Altiplano. In: Litter MI, Nicolli HB, Meichtry JM, Quici N, Bundschuh J, Bhattacharya P, Naidu R (eds) One century of the discovery of arsenicosis in Latin America (1914–2014). CRC Press, London, pp 239–241
Razo I, Carrizales L, Castro J, Díaz-Barriga F, Monroy M (2004) Arsenic and heavy metal pollution of soils, water and sediments in a semi-arid climate mining area in México. Water Air Soil Pollut 152:129–152
Reboucas MV, Ferreira SLC, De Barros NB (2005) Behaviour of chemical modifiers in the determination of arsenic by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry in petroleum products. Talanta 67:195–204
Reyes-Gómez V, Alarcón M, Gutiérrez M, Nuñez D (2013) Fluoride and arsenic in an alluvial aquifer system in Chihuahua, Mexico: contaminant levels, potential sources, and co-occurrence. Water Air Soil Pollut 224:1433–1448
Robles AD, Vetterelo SN, Gerpe M, Garay F (2017) The electrochemical reaction mechanism of arsenic on gold analyzed by anodic stripping square-wave voltammetry. Electrochim Acta 10:447–454
Rocha-Amador DO, Calderón J, Carrizales L, Costilla-Salazar R, Pérez-Maldonado IN (2011) Apoptosis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in children exposed to arsenic and fluoride. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 32:399–405
Rodríguez Castro MC, Urrea G, Guasch H (2015) Influence of the interaction between phosphate and arsenate on periphyton’s growth and its nutrient uptake capacity. Sci Total Environ 503–504:122–132
Rodríguez Garrido NE, Segura Castruita MA, Orozco Vidal JA, Fortis Hernández M, Preciado Rangel P, Olague Ramírez J, Yescas Coronado P (2017) Arsénico edáfico y su distribución en el distrito de riego 017: uso de métodos de interpolación. Terra Latinoam 35:19–28
Rodríguez R, Ramos JA, Armienta A (2004) Groundwater arsenic variations: the role of local geology and rainfall. Appl Geochem 19:245–250
Romero FM, Armienta MA, González-Hernández G (2007) Solid-phase control on the mobility of potentially toxic elements in an abandoned lead/zinc mine tailings impoundment, Taxco, Mexico. Appl Geochem 22:109–127
Romero FM, Prol-Ledesma RM, Canet C, Núñez Alvares L, Pérez-Vázquez R (2010) Acid drainage at the inactive Santa Lucia mine, Western Cuba: natural attenuation of arsenic, barium and lead, and geochemical behavior of rare earth elements. Appl Geochem 25:716–727
Romero FM, Núñes L, Gutiérrez ME, Armienta MA, Ceniceros-Gómez AE (2011) Evaluation of the potential of indigenous calcareous shale for neutralization and removal of arsenic and heavy metals from acid mine drainage in the Taxco Mining Area, Mexico. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 60:191–203
Roque-Álvarez I, Sosa-Rodríguez FS, Vázquez-Arenas J, Escobedo-Bretado MA, Labastida I, Corral-Rivas JJ, Aragón-Piña A, Armienta MA, Ponce-Peña P, Lara RH (2018) Spatial distribution, mobility and bioavailability of arsenic, lead, copper and zinc in low polluted forest ecosystem in Northwestern, Mexico. Chemosphere 210:320–333
Rosas-Castor JM, Guzmán-Mar JL, Alfaro-Barbosa JM, Hernández-Ramírez A, Pérez-Maldonado IN, Caballero-Quintero, Hinojosa-Reyes L (2014) Evaluation of the transfer of soil arsenic to maize crops in suburban areas of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Sci Total Environ 497–498:153–162
Rosas-Castor JM, Portugal L, Ferrer L, Guzmán-Mar JL, Hernández-Ramírez A, Cerdà V, Hinojosa-Reyes L (2015) Arsenic fractionation in agricultural soil using an automated three-step sequential extraction method coupled to hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 874:1–10
Rosas-Castor JM, Portugal L, Ferrer L, Hinojosa-Reyes L, Guzmán-Mar JL, Hernández-Ramírez A, Cerdà V (2016) An evaluation of the bioaccessibility of arsenic in corn and rice samples based on cloud point extraction and hydride generation coupled to atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Food Chem 204:475–482
Roy A, Kordas K, López P, Rosado JL, Cebrian ME, García Vargas G, Ronquillo D, Stoltzfus RJ (2011) Association between arsenic exposure and behavior among first-graders from Torreón, Mexico. Environ Res 111:670–676
Ruiz Huerta EA, Armienta MA (2012) Acumulación de arsénico y metales pesados en maíz en suelos cercanos a jales o residuos mineros. Rev Int Contam Amb 28:103–117
Ruíz Huerta EA, De la Garza Varela A, Gómez-Bernal JM, Castillo F, Avalos-Borja M, Sen Gupta B, Martínez-Villegas N (2017) Arsenic contamination in irrigation water, agricultural soil and maize crop from an abandoned smelter site in Matehuala. J Hazard Mater 339:330–339
Salas-Luévano MA, Mauricio-Castillo JA, González-Rivera M, Vega-Carrillo HR, Salas-Muñoz S (2017) Accumulation and phytostabilization of As, Pb and Cd in plants growing inside mine tailings reforested in Zacatecas, Mexico. Environ Earth Sci 76:806
Saldaña-Robles A, Saldaña-Robles N, Saldaña-Robles AL, Damian-Ascencio C, Rangel-Hernández VH, Guerra-Sánchez R (2017) Arsenic removal from aqueous solutions and the impact of humic and fulvic acids. J Clean Prod 159:425–431
Saldaña-Robles A, Damian-Ascencio CE, Guerra-Sanchez RJ, Saldaña-Robles AL, Saldaña-Robles N, Gallegos-Muñoz A, Cano-Andrade S (2018) Effects of the presence of organic matter on the removal of arsenic from groundwater. J Clean Prod 183:720–728
Salgado-Bustamante M, Ortiz-Pérez MD, Calderón-Aranda E, Estrada-Capetillo L, Niño-Moreno P, González-Amaro R, Portales-Pérez D (2010) Pattern of expression of apoptosis and inflammatory genes in humans exposed to arsenic and/or fluoride. Sci Total Environ 408:760–767
Salinas S, Mosquera N, Yate L, Coy E, Yamhure G, González E (2014) Surface plasmon resonance nanosensor for the detection of arsenic in water. Sensors Transducers 183:97–102
Sandoval MA, Fuentes R, Navab JL, Coreño O, Lid Y, Hernández JJ (2018) Simultaneous removal of fluoride and arsenic from groundwater by electrocoagulation using a filter-press flow reactor with a three-cell stack. Sep Purif Technol 208:208–216
Santos Pontes BM, de Albuquerque Menor E, Figueiredo JA (2014) Arsenic, selenium and lead contamination from the waters in surface Itapessoca catchment, northeastern Brazil. In: Litter MI, Nicolli HB, Meichtry JM, Quici N, Bundschuh J, Bhattacharya P, Naidu R (eds) One century of the discovery of arsenicosis in Latin America (1914–2014). CRC Press, London, pp 65–67
Santos CMM, Nunes MAG, Barbosa IS, Santos GL, Peso-Aguiar MC, Korn MGA, Flores EMM, Dressler VL (2013) Evaluation of microwave and ultrasound extraction procedures for arsenic speciation in bivalve mollusks by liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Spectrochim Acta Part B 86:108–114
Santos-Domínguez EE, Vargas-Morales JM, Cárdenas-González JF, Acosta-Rodríguez I (2017) Removal of arsenic (V) in aqueous solution by modified fungal biomass of Aspergillus niger. Inf Tecnol 28:45–51
Santos-Jallath J, Castro-Rodríguez A, Huezo-Casillas J, Torres-Bustillos L (2012) Arsenic and heavy metals in native plants at tailings impoundments in Queretaro, Mexico. Phys Chem Earth 37–39:10–17
Sariñana-Ruiz YA, Vazquez-Arenas J, Sosa-Rodríguez FS, Labastida I, Armienta MA, Aragon-Piña A, Escobedo-Bretado MA, González Valdez LS, Ponce-Peña P, Ramírez-Aldaba H, Lara RH (2017) Assessment of arsenic and fluorine in surface soil to determine environmental and health risk factors in the Comarca Lagunera, Mexico. Chemosphere 178:391–401
Schneider M, Cadorim HR, Welz B, Carasek E, Feldmann J (2018) Determination of arsenic in agricultural soil samples using high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and direct solid sample analysis. Talanta 188:722–728
Segura FR, de Oliveira Souza JM, De Paula ES, da Cunha Martins A Jr, Paulelli ACC, Barbosa F Jr, Batista BL, Lemos Batista B (2016) Arsenic speciation in Brazilian rice grains organically and traditionally cultivated: is there any difference in arsenic content? Food Res Int 89(Part 1):169–176
Sepúlveda M, Gutiérrez S, Carcamo J, Oyaneder A, Valenzuela D, Montt I, Santoro CM (2015) In situ X-ray fluorescence analysis of rock paintings along the coast and valleys of the Atacama Desert, Northern Chile. J Chil Chem Soc 60:2822–2826
Siegfried K, Hahn-Tomer S, Koelsch A, Osterwalder E, Mattusch J, Staerk HJ, Meichtry JM, De Seta GE, Reina FD, Panigatti C, Litter MI, Harms H (2015) Introducing simple detection of bioavailable arsenic at Rafaela (Santa Fe Province, Argentina) using the ARSOlux Biosensor. Int J Environ Res Publ Health 12:5465–5482
Sigrist M, Albertengo A, Beldoménico H, Repetti MR (2010) Evaluation of the influence of arsenical livestock drinking waters on total arsenic levels in cow’s raw milk from Argentinean dairy farms. Food Chem 121:487–491
Sigrist M, Albertengo A, Beldoménico H, Tudino M (2011) Determination of As(III) and total inorganic As in water samples using an on-line solid phase extraction and flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. J Hazard Mater 188:311–318
Sigrist M, Albertengo A, Brusa L, Beldoménico H, Tudino M (2013) Distribution of inorganic arsenic species in groundwater from Central-West part of Santa Fe Province, Argentina. Appl Geochem 39:43–48
Sigrist M, Hilbe N, Brusa L, Campagnoli D, Beldoménico H (2016) Total arsenic in selected food samples from Argentina: estimation of their contribution to inorganic arsenic dietary intake. Food Chem 210:96–101
Simona S, Lobos G, Pannier F, De Gregori I, Pinochet H, Potin-gautier (2004) Speciation analysis of organoarsenical compounds in biological matrices by coupling ion chromatography to atomic fluorescence spectrometry with on-line photooxidation and hydride generation. Anal Chim Acta 521:99–108
Smedley PL, Nicolli HB, MacDonald DMJ, Kinniburgh DG (2009) Arsenic in groundwater and sediments from La Pampa province, Argentina. In: Bundschuh J, Armienta MA, Birkle P, Bhattacharya P, Matschullat J, Mukherjee AB (eds) Natural arsenic in groundwaters of Latin America. CRC Press, London, pp 35–45
Sracek O, Armienta MA, Rodríguez R, Villaseñor G (2010) Discrimination between diffuse and point sources of arsenic at Zimapán, Hidalgo state, Mexico. J Environ Monit 12:329–337
Teixeira MC, Tavares EFL, Saczk AA, Okumura LL, Cardoso M d G, Magriotis ZM, Oliveira MF (2014) Cathodic stripping voltammetric determination of arsenic in sugarcane brandy at a modified carbon nanotube paste electrode. Food Chem 154:38–43
Tormen L, Gil RA, Frescura VLA, Martinez LD, Curtius AJ (2012) The use of electrothermal vaporizer coupled to the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the determination of arsenic, selenium and transition metals in biological samples treated with formic acid. Anal Chim Acta 717:21–27
Torres S, Martínez LD, Pacheco PH (2018) Determination of arsenic species distribution in extra virgin olive oils from arsenic-endemic areas by dimensional chromatography and atomic spectroscopy. J Food Compos Anal 66:121–126
Torres-Sánchez L, López-Carrillo L, Rosado JL, Rodriguez VM, Vera-Aguilar E, Kordas K, García-Vargas GG, Cebrian ME (2016) Sex differences in the reduction of arsenic methylation capacity as a function of urinary total and inorganic arsenic in Mexican children. Environ Res 151:38–43
Toujague R, Leonarte T, Reyes Verdecia A, Miravet BL, Leal RM (2003) Arsénico y metales pesados en aguas del área Delita, Isla de la Juventud. Cuba, Cienc Tierra Espacio 4:27–33
Valcárcel LA, Montero A, Estévez JR, Pupo I (2008) Arsenic speciation study using X-ray Fluorescence and cathodic stripping voltammetry. In: Bundschuch J, Armienta MA, Birkle P, Bhattacharya P, Matschullat J, Mukherjee AB (eds) Natural arsenic in groundwater of Latinoamerica, vol 1. CRC Press, London, pp 265–271
Valenzuela OL, Germolec DR, Borja-Aburto VH, Contreras-Ruiz J, García-Vargas GG, Del Razo LM (2007) Chronic arsenic exposure increases TGFalpha concentration in bladder urothelial cells of Mexican populations environmentally exposed to inorganic arsenic. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 222:264–270
Vázquez C, Marcó L, Rodríguez Castro MC, Boeykens S, Maury AM (2014) Integrated study of arsenic contamination in different matrices and targets in La Matanza, Buenos Aires province, Argentina. In: Litter MI, Nicolli HB, Meichtry JM, Quici N, Bundschuh J, Bhattacharya P, Naidu R (eds) One century of the discovery of arsenicosis in Latin America (1914–2014). CRC Press, London, pp 49–51
Velázquez-Peña GC, Solache-Ríos M, Olguina MT, Fall C (2019) As(V) sorption by different natural zeolite frameworks modified with Fe, Zr and FeZr. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 273:133–141
Vergara Gallardo M, Bohari Y, Astruc A, Potin-Gautier M, Astruc M (2001) Speciation analysis of arsenic in environmental solids reference materials by high-performance liquid chromatography–hydride generation–atomic fluorescence spectrometry following orthophosphoric acid extraction. Anal Chim Acta 441:257–268
Vieira MA, Grinberg P, Bobeda CRR, Reyes MNM, Campos RC (2009) Non-chromatographic atomic spectrometric methods in speciation analysis: a review. Spectrochim Acta B 64:459–476
Villalobos-Castañeda B, Alfaro-Cuevas R, Cortés-Martínez R, Verónica Martínez M, Márquez-Benavides L (2010) Distribution and partitioning of iron, zinc, and arsenic in surface sediments in the Grande River mouth to Cuitzeo Lake, Mexico. Environ Monit Assess 166:331–346
Villanueva-Estrada RE, Prol-Ledesma RM, Rodríguez-Díaz AA, Canet C, Armienta MA (2013) Arsenic in hot springs of Bahía Concepción, Baja California Peninsula, México. Chem Geol 348:27–36
Vitela-Rodriguez AV, Rangel-Mendez JR (2013) Arsenic removal by modified activated carbons with iron hydro(oxide) nanoparticles. J Environ Manag 114:225–231
World Health Organization & International Programme on Chemical Safety (1996) Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Vol. 2, health criteria and other supporting information, 2nd. World Health Organization, Geneva. http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/38551. Accessed Nov 2017
World Health Organization (WHO) (2011) Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 4th edn. World Health Organization, Geneva. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241548151_eng.pdf?ua=1. Accessed Nov 2017
Wuilloud RG, Altamirano JC, Smichowski PN, Heitkempera DT (2006) Investigation of arsenic speciation in algae of the Antarctic region by HPLC-ICP-MS and HPLC-ESI-Ion Trap MS. J Anal At Spectrom 21:1214–1223
Yáñez J, Fierro V, Mansilla H, Figueroa L, Cornejo L, Barnes RM (2005) Arsenic speciation in human hair: a new perspective for epidemiological assessment in chronic arsenicism. J Environ Monit 7:1335–1341
Yáñez LM, Alfaro JA, Bovi Mitre G (2018) Absorption of arsenic from soil and water by two chard (Beta vulgaris L.) varieties: a potential risk to human health. J Environ Manag 218:23–30
Zabala ME, Manzano M, Vives L (2016) Assessment of processes controlling the regional distribution of fluoride and arsenic in groundwater of the Pampeano aquifer and the Del Azul Creek basin (Argentina). J Hydrol 541:1067–1087
Zucchi OLAD, Moreira S, Salvador MJ, Santos LL (2005) Multielement analysis of soft drink by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 53:7863–7869
Zurita F, Del Toro-Sánchez CL, Gutierrez-Lomelí M, Rodriguez-Sahagún A, Castellanos-Hernández OA, Ramírez-Martínez G, White JR (2012) Preliminary study on the potential of arsenic removal by subsurface flow constructed mesocosms. Ecol Eng 47:101–104
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT) from Argentina under PICT-2015-0208 and by BioCriticalMetals-ERAMIN 2015 grants. We want to appreciate the support of Olivia Cruz, Alejandra Aguayo, Nora E. Ceniceros Bombela, and Blanca X. Felipe Martínez from the Geophysics Institute, UNAM, on the search of bibliographic information.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Litter, M.I., Armienta, M.A., Villanueva Estrada, R.E., Villaamil Lepori, E.C., Olmos, V. (2020). Arsenic in Latin America: Part I. In: Srivastava, S. (eds) Arsenic in Drinking Water and Food. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8587-2_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8587-2_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-8586-5
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-8587-2
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)