Abstract
The introduction of anthropogenic factors is known to affect various physiological/biochemical metabolic processess in organisms. Altered metabolic rate, if not compensated by adaptive mechanisms of the organisms, may affect it’s survival and/or reproduction. Any contaminant which may impair the metabolic function beyond the compensatory limit will cause severe stress and disability in the normal functioning of the organism. Such xenobiotically-induced variation in cellular or biochemical processes and function in an organism can be detected by certain assays termed as ‘biomarkers’. With the help of biomarkers it is possible to search that interaction between contaminants and organism have taken place.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahokos, J.T., Karki, N.T., Oikari, A. and Soivio, A. 1976. Mixed function mono-oxygenase of fish as an indicator of pollution of aquatic enviroment by industrial effluent. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 16, 270–274.
Andersson, T., Förlin, L., Hardig, J. and Larsson, A. 1988. Physiological disturbances in fish living in coastal water polluted with bleached kraft pulp effluents. Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 45, 1525–1536.
Atkinson, D.E. 1977. Cellular energy metabolism and its regulation. Academic Press, New York. 293 pp.
Bayne, B.L., Brown, A.D., Burns, K., Dixon, D.R., Ivanovici, A., Livingstone, D.R., Lowe, D.M., Moore, M.W., Stebbing, A.R.D., and Widdows, J. 1985. The effects of stress and pollution on marine animals Praeger Publishers, New York.
Bhagyalakshmi, A., Reddy, P.S. and Ramamurthi, R. 1983b. Changes in hemolymph glucose, hepatopacreas glycogen, total carbohydrates, phosphorylase and aminotransferases of Sumithion-stressed fresh-water rice-field crab (Oziotelphusa senex senex). Toxicol. Lett. 18, 277–284.
Blackstock, J. 1980. Biochemical approach to assessment of effects of organic pollution on the metabolism of non-opportunistic polychaete, Glyceralba., Helgolander Meeresunder. 33, 546–555.
Blackstock, J. 1981. Biochemical assessment of effects of pollution on marine invertebrtaes. Indices biochemiques et milieux marins. Journees du GABIM, Brest 18–20 Nov. CNEXO Publication, 14, 349–368.
Booth, J.H. 1979. The effect of oxygen supply-epinephrine and acetylcholine on the distribution of blood flow in trout gills. J. Exp. Biol. 83, 31–39.
Brown, J.A. 1993. Endocrine responses to environmental pollutants. In Fish Ecophysiology, eds. J.C. Rankin and F.B. Jensen, Chapman and Hall London, 276–296.
Brown, J.A., Edwards, D. and Whitehead, C. 1989. Cortisol and thyroid hormone responses to acid stress in the brown trout (Salmo trutta) L. J. Fish. Biol. 35, 73–84.
Bryan, G.W. 1976. Heavy metal contamination in the sea. In Marine Pollution. ed. R. Johnston. Academic Press, London. 185–302.
Bull, C.J. and McInerney, J.E. 1974. Behavior of Juvenile Coho Salmon exposed to sumithion, an organophosphate insecticide. J. Fish Res.Bd. Can. 31, 1867–1872.
Burns, K.A. 1976. Microsomal mixed function oxidases in an estuarine fish (Fundulus heteroclitus), and their induction as a result of environmental contamination. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 53B, 443–446.
Coppage, D.L.. and Braidech, T. 1976. River pollution by Anticholinesterase agents. Water Res., 10, 19–24.
Depledge, M.H. 1994. The rational basis for the use of Biomarkers as ecotoxicological Tools. In Nondestructive Biomarkers in Vertebrates. eds. M.C. Fossi and C. Leonzio. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida. 271–295.
Depledge, M.H. and Fossi, M.C. 1994. The role of biomarkers in environmental assessment (2). Invertebrates. Ecotoxicology 3, 161–172.
Desaiah, D., Cutkomp, L.K., Koch, R.B. and Jarvinen, A. 1975. DDT: Effect of continuous exposure on ATPase activity in the fish, Pimaphales promelas,. Arch. Environ. Contain. Toxicol., 3, 132–142.
Engel, D.W. and Roesijadi, G. 1987. Metallothioneins: a monitoring tool. In Pollution and Physiology of Estuarine Organisms. eds. F.J. Vernberg, F.P. Thurberg, A. Calabrese and W.B. Vernberg. University of South Carolina Press. Columbia. 421–438.
Exley, C and Phillips, M.J. 1988. Acid rain: implications for the farming of salmonids. In Recent Advances in Aquaculture, eds. J.M. Muir and R.R. Roberts. Croom Helm, London. 225–341.
Forbes, V.E. and Forbes, T.L. 1994. Ecotoxicolgy in theory and Practice. Ecotoxicolgy Series 2. Chapman and Hall, London.
Gibson, K.D., Neuberger, A. and Scott, J.J. 1955. The purification and properties of d-aminolaevulinic acid dehydrates. Biochem. J. 61, 618–629.
Giesy, J.P., Denzer, S.R., Duke, C.S. and Dickson,G.W. 1981. Phosphoadenylate concentrations and energy charge in two freshwater crustaceans: Responses to physical and chemical stressors. Verh. Intl.Verein. Limnol. 21, 205–220.
Giesy, J.P., Duke, C.S., Bingham, R.D. and Dickson, G.W. 1983. Changes in phosphoadenylate concentration and adenylate energy charge as an integrated biochemical measure of stress in invertebrates. The effects of cadmium on the freshwater Clam, Corbicula fluminea. Toxicol Environ. Chem. 6, 259–295.
Grue, C.E, Fleming, W.J., Busby, D.G. and Hill, E.F. 1983. Assessing hazards of organophosphate pesticides to wildlife. Trans. North Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf., 48, 200220.
Guen erich, F.P. 1991. Reactions and significance of cytochrome P-450 enzymes. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 10019–10022.
Hammond, P.B. and Belle, R.P. 1980. Metals: In Cassarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of poisons. eds. J. Doull, C.D. Klassen M.O: Amdur., MacMo_lan, New York. 409–467.
Hansen, J.I., Mustafa, T. and Depledge, M.H. 1992a. Mechanisms of copper toxicity in the shore crab, Carcinus maenas, I. Effects on Na,K-ATPase activity, haemolymph electrolyte concentrations and tissue water contents. Marine Biology. 114, 253–257.
Hansen, J.I., Mustaf a, T., and Depledge, M.H. 1992. Mechanisms of copper toxicity in the shore crab, Carcinus maenas, II. Effects on key metabolic enzymes, metabolites and energy charge potential. Marine Biology. 114, 259–264.
Harris, R.R and Bayliss, D. 1988. Gill (Na, K)-ATPase activity in decapod crustacean: distribution and characterstics in relation to Na-regulation. Camp. Biochem. Physiol. 90 A, 303–308.
Haux, C. and Förlin, L. 1988. Biochemical methods for detecting effects of contaminants on fish. Ambio. 17, 376–380.
Haya, K. and Waiwood, B.A. 1983. Adenylate energy charge and ATPase activity: potential biochemical indicators of sublethal effects caused by pollutants in aquatic animals. In Aquatic Toxicology. 13, ed. J.O. Nriagu., Wiley and Sons, New York, 307–333.
Hochachka, P.W. and Mustafa, T. 1972. Invertebrate Anaerobiosis. Science, 178, 1056 1060.
Hochachka, P.W, and Somero, G.N. 1984. Biochemical Adaptation, Princeton University Press.
Hodson, P.V., Blunt, B.R., Spry, D.J. and Austen, K. 1977. Evaluation of eryhtrocyte g-amino levulinic dehydratase activity as a short-term indicator in fish of a harmful exposure to lead. J. Fish Res. Board Can., 34, 501–508.
Ivanovici, A.M. 1980. Adenylate energy charge: an evaluation of applicability to assessment of pollution effects and directions for future research. Rapp. P-V. Reun. Cons. Intl. Explor. Mer. 179, 23–28.
Jensen, F.B., Nikinmaa, M. and Weber, R.E. 1993. Environmental perturbations of oxygen transport in teleost fishes: causes, consequences and compensations. In Fish Eco-physiology, Chapman and Hall, London, 161–175.
Kaattari, S.L. and Tripp, R.A. 1987. Cellular mechanisms of glucocorticoid immunosuppression in salmon. J. Fish. Biol. 31 (Supp-A), 129–132.
Kille, P., Kay, J., Leaver, M. and George, S. 1992. Induction of piscine metallothionein as a primary response to heavy metal pollutants: application of new sensitive molecular probes. Aquat. Toxicol. 22, 279–286.
Klaverkamp, J.F., Duangsawadsi, W.A., MacDonald, W.A. and Majewski, H.S. 1977. An introduction of fenitrothion toxicity in four life stages of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri). In Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Evaluation. eds. Mayer, F.L. and Hamelink, J.L. ASTM STP 634. American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia, PA 231240.
Kohn, K.W. 1983. The significance of DNA-damage assay in toxicity and carcinogenicity assessment. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 407, 106–118.
Kohn, R.K. and Bayne, B.L. 1989. Towards a johysiological and general understanding of the energetics of the stress response. Biol. J. Limn. Soc. 37, 157–171.
Livingstone, D.R. 1990. Cytochrome P-450 and oxidative metabolism in invertebrates. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 18, 15–19.
Livingstone, D.R. 1991. Organic xenobiotic metabolism in marine invertebrates. Advances in Comparative and Environmental physiology 7, 45–185.
Livingstone, D.R. 1993. Biotechnology and Pollution Monitoring: Use of Molecular giomarkers in the Aquatic environment. J. chem. Tech. Biotechnol. 57, 195–211.
Luxon, P.L., Hodson, P.V. and Borgmann, U. 1987. Hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity of Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) as an indicator of organic pollution. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 6, 649–657.
Mazeaud, M.M. and Mazeaud, F. 1981. Adrenergic responses to stress in fish. In Stress and Fish ed. A.D. Pickering, Academic Press, London. 49–75.
Maule, A.G., Tripp, R.A. Kaattari, S.L. and Schreck, C.B. 1989. Stress alters immune function and disease resistance in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). J. Endocr. 120, 135–142.
McCarthy, J.F., and Shugart, L.R. (eds.) 1990. Biomarkers of Environmental contamination. Lewis Publishers. Boca Raton, Florida, 457 pp.
McLuskv,, D.S., Bryant, V., and Campbell, R. 1986. The effects of temperature and salinity on be toxicity of heavy metals to marine and eustarine invertebrates. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. A. Rev. 24, 481–520.
Moore, M.N. and Simpson, M.G. 1992. Molecular and cellular pathology in environmental impact assessment. Aquat. Toxicol., 22, 313–322.
Morgan, M.J., Fancey, L.L. and Kiceniuk, J.W. 1990. Response and recovery of brain acetyl-cholinesterase activity in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exposed to fenitrothion. Can J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 47, 1652–1654.
Mustafa, T. and Kristensen, E. 1989. effects of Cadmium on the lugworm, Arenicola marina: protective action of thiols on the burrowing activity, respiration and energy metabolism In Society for Experimental Biology, Edingburg Meeting Proceedings. 3–7 April 1989. ed. R.D. Finn. The Trouser Press York, p 111.
Mustafa, T., Agnisola, C. and Hansen, J.K. 1995. Evidence for NO-dependent vasodilation in the trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) coronary system. (submitted for publication).
Nebert, D.W and Gonzalez, F.J. 1987. P450 genes. Structure, evolution, and regulation. Ann. Rev. Biochem., 56, 945–993.
Nilsson, 5.1983. Autonomic Nerve Function in the Vertebrates, Springer Verlag, Berlin, NRC. (National Research Council) 1987. Committee on biological markers. Environ. Health Perspect. 74, 3–9.
O’ Brien, R.D. 1967. Insecticides- Action and Metabolism. Academic Press, New York. Payne, J.F. 1976. Field evaluation of benzopyrene hydroxylase induction as a monitor for marine petroleum pollution. Science, 191, 945–946.
Payne, J.F., Fancey, L.L,Rahimtula, A.D. and Porter, E.L. 1987. Review and perspective on the use of mixed-function oxygenase enzymes in biological monitoring. Comp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 86C, 233–245.
Peakall, D. 1992. Animal Biomarkers as Pollution Indicators. Ecotoxicology Series I. Chapman and Hall. London. pp 291.
Peakall, D.B. 1994. Biomarkers: The way forward in environmental assessment. Toxicol. Ecotoxicol. News, 1, 55–60.
Perry, S.F., Daxboek, C. and Dobson, G.P. 1985. The effect of perfusion flow rate and adrenergic stimulation on oxygen transfer across the isolated saline-perfused head of rainbow trout (i). (Salmo gairdneri). J. exp. Biol. 116, 251–269.
Pickering, A.D. 1984. Cortisol-induced lymphocytopenia in brown trout, Salmo trutta L. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 53, 252–259.
Post, G. and Leisure, R.A. 1974. Sublétahl effect of Malathion to three Salmonid Species. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 12, 312–319.
Reinert, R.E. and Hobreiter, D.W. 1984. Adenylate energy charge as a measure of stress in fish. In Contaminant effects on fisheries, eds. V.W. Cairns, P.V. Hodson and J.O. Nriagu. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 151–161.
Sassa, A. 1982. Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase assay. Enzyme., 28, 133–145. Scheuhammer, A.M. 1987a. Erythrocyte g-aminolevulinic acid dehydratse in birds. I. The effects of lead and other metal in vitro. Toxicology, 45, 155–163.
Scheuhammer, A.M. 1987b. Erythrocyte g-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in birds. H. The effects of lead exposure in vivo Toxicology., 45, 165–175.
Sears, J. 1989. A review of lead poisoning among the River thames Mute Swan Cygnus olor population. Wildfowl, 40, 151–152.
Simon, L.M., Nemcsok, J. and Boross, L. 1983. Studies on the effect of Paraquat on glycogen mobilization in liver of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 75C, 167–169.
Skjoldal, H.R. and Bakke, T. 1978. Anaerobic metabolism of the scavenging isopod Cirolana borealis Lilljeborg: Adenine nucleotides. In Physiology and behavior of marine organisms. eds. D.S. McLusky and A.J: Berry., Pergmon Press, Oxford. 67–74.
Spies, R.B., Felton, J.S. and Dillard, L. 1982. Hepatic mixed-function oxidases in California flatfishes are increased in contaminated environments and by oil and PCB ingestion. Mar. Biol. 70, 117–127.
Stegeman, J.J., Brouwer, M., Di Guilio, R.T., Förlin, L., Fowler, B., Sanders, B.M. and Van Veld, P.A. 1992. Molecular responses to environmental contamination: enzyme and protein synthesis as indicators of chemical exposure and effect. In Biomarkers: Biochemical, Physiological, and Histological Markers of Anthropogenic Stress. eds. R.J. Huggett. R.A. Kimerle, P.M. Mehrle Jr. and H.L. Bergman. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton. Florida. 235–335.
Symons, P.E.K. 1973. Behavior of young Atlantic salmon exposed to or force-fed Fenitrothion, an organophosphate insecticide. J. Fish Res. Bd. Can 30, 651–655.
Viarengo, A., Mancinelli, A., Martino, G., Pertica, M., Canesi, L. and Mazzucotelli, A. 1988. Integrated cellular stress indices in trace metal contamination: critical evaluation in a field study. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 46, 65–70.
Warren, G.E. and Davis, G.E. 1967. Laboratory studies on the feeding bioenergetics and growth of fish. In The Biological basis of Freshwater Production ed. S.D. Gerking. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford. 175–214.
Widdows, J. and Johnson, D. 1988. Physiological energetics of Mytilus edulis: Scope for growth. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 46, 113–121.
Widdows. J., Bakke, T., Bayne, B.L., Donkin, P., Livingstone, D.R., Lowe, D.M., Moore, M.N., Evans, S.V. and Moore, S.L. 1982. Responses of Mytilus edulis on exposure to water contaminated fraction of North Sea Oil. Mar. Biol. 67, 15–31.
Winberg, G.G. 1971. Methods for the estimation of production of aquatic animals. Academic Press., London.
Woodwell, G.M. 1991. Supporting life on earth. ( Letter ), Science. 254, 358–359
Wright, P.A., Perry, S.F. and Moon, T.W. 1989. Regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis by catecholamines in rainbow trout during environmental hypoxia. J.Exp. Biol. 147, 169–188.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mustafa, T. (1997). Animal Biomarkers as Stress Indicators: Assessing the Health of Organisms in the Environment. In: Haq, B.U., Haq, S.M., Kullenberg, G., Stel, J.H. (eds) Coastal Zone Management Imperative for Maritime Developing Nations. Coastal Systems and Continental Margins, vol 3. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1066-4_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1066-4_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-4922-3
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-1066-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive