Abstract
Within the span of approximately a decade, the chemical control of mosquitoes and black flies has shifted markedly from a reliance on synthetic insecticides toward an increasing usage of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (B. t. i.); pending full registration and commercial availability of Bacillus sphaericus, this bacteria undoubtedly will join B.t.i. as an operational alternative to synthetic materials for mosquito control. The development of these two bacteria as control agents has been extremely rapid and is dependent on a variety of factors, especially the continuing research efforts dealing with subjects in this volume. Indeed, preparation of this volume has, to a degree, been a contest—a contest for the authors to be aware of and report on recent advances in their research as well as that of other scientists. Other factors, such as resistance to synthetic insecticides and associated environmental concerns, are supporting the research focused on these bacteria and their future development. Many professional vector-control personnel view these agents as solutions to such problems. However, this situation is somewhat reminiscent of the time in 1943–1944 when, with the shortage of pyrethrum and derris, DDT was rapidly investigated and manufactured for the control of arthropod disease vectors. At that time, the value of DDT led Sir Ian M. Heilbron, chemical advisor to the Ministry of Production in Great Britain, to state that “the discovery of DDT indubitably heralds a new era in man’s ceaseless fight for mastery against disease” (West and Campbell 1952).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abedi, Z. H., and Brown, A. W. A. 1961. Peritrophic membrane as a vehicle for DDT excretion in Aedes aegypti larvae. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 54: 539–542.
Aly, C; Mulla, M. S.; and Federici, B. A. 1989. Ingestion, dissolution, and proteolysis of the Bacillus sphaericus toxin by mosquito larvae. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 53: 12–20.
Brown, T. M., and Brown, A. W. A. 1980. Accumulation and distribution of methoprene in resistant Culex pipiens pipiens larvae. Ent. Exp. & Appl. 27: 11–22.
Brownbridge, M., and Margalit, J. 1986. New Bacillus thuringiensis strains isolated in Israel are highly toxic to mosquito larvae. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 48: 216–222.
——— 1987a. Identification of Bacillus thuringiensis strains toxic to mosquitoes recently isolated in Israel. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 50: 322–323.
——— 1987b. Mosquito active strains of Bacillus sphaericus isolated from soil and mud samples collected in Israel. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 50: 106–122.
Currie, D. C., and Craig, D. A. 1987. Feeding strategies of larval black flies. In Black flies: Ecology, population management, and annotated world list, ed. K. C. Kim and R. W. Merritt, 155–170. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State Univ. Press.
Dahl, C.; Widahl, L.; and Nilsson, C. 1988. Functional analysis of the suspension feeding system in mosquitoes. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 81: 105–127.
Davidson, E. W., and Sweeney, A. W. 1983. Microbial control of vectors: A decade of progress. J. Med. Entomol. 20: 235–247.
Fleming, J. P., and Hazen, J. L 1983. Development of water-dispersible granule systems. In Pesticide formulations and application systems: Third symposium, ed. T. M. Kaneko and N. B. Akesson, 141–146. ASTM Special Technical Publications 828.
Georghiou, G. P., and Mellon, R. B. 1983. Pesticide resistance in time and space. In Pest resistance to pesticides, ed. G. P. Georghiou and T. Saito, 1–46. London: Plenum.
Gharib, A. H., and Szalay-Marzso, L 1986. Selection for resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis serotype H-14 in laboratory strains of Aedes aegypti L. In Fundamental and applied aspects of invertebrate pathology, ed. R. A. Samson, J. M. Vlak, and D. Peters, 37. Proc. 4th Intern. Colloquiium of Invert. Path. Ponsen and Looijen, Neth.
Goldman, I. F.; Arnold, J.; and Carlton, B. C. 1986. Selection for resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis in field and laboratory populations of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 47: 317–324.
Hart, D. D. 1987. Processes and patterns of competition in larval black flies. In Black flies: Ecology, population management, and annotated world list, ed. K. C. Kim and R. W. Merritt, 109–129. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State Univ. Press.
Henry, P. A.; Schmit, J. A.; Dieckman, J. F., and Murphy, F. J. 1971. Combined high speed liquid chromatography and bioassay for the evaluation and analysis of an organophosphorus larvicide. Anal. Chem. 43: 1053.
Hollingsworth, R. M. 1976. The biochemical and physiological basis of selective toxicity. In Insecticide biochemistry and physiology, ed. C. F. Wilkinson, 431–506. New York: Plenum.
Khawaled, K.; Barak, Z.; and Zaritsky, A. 1988. Feeding behavior of Aedes aegypti larvae and toxicity of dispersed and of naturally encapsulated Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, J. Invertebr. Pathol. 52: 419–426.
Lacey, L. A. 1985. Bacillus thuringiensis serotype H-14. Amer. Mosq. Control Assoc. Bull. 6: 132–158.
Lawrence, D. H. 1964. The mosquito. In The complete poems of D. H. Lawrence, ed. V. de Sola Pinto and W. Roberts, 1: 332–334. New York: Viking.
Leesch, J. G., and Fukuto, T. R. 1972. The metabolism of Abate in mosquito larvae and houseflies. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2: 223–235.
McGaughey, W. H. 1985. Insect resistance to the biological insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis. Science 229: 193–195.
Mathavan, S.; Sudha, P. M.; and Pechimuthu, S. M. 1989. Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis on the midgut cells of Bombyx mori larvae: a histopathological and histochemical study. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 53: 217–227.
Metcalf, R. L.; Ferguson, J. E.; Lampman, R; and Andersen, J. F. 1987. Dry cucurbitacin-containing baits for controlling diabroticite beetles. J. Econ. Entomol. 80: 870–875.
Mullen, G. R., and Hinkle, N. C. 1988. Method for determining settling rates of Bacillus thuringiensis serotype H-14 formulations. J. Amer. Mosq. Control Assoc. 4: 132–137.
Romano, J. 1989. Parents upset over gypsy moth spray that fell on children. New York Times, July 2, sec. 12, 2.
Schmidt, R. 1988. Helicopter calibration of B. t. i. granules. N.J. Mosq. Control Assoc. Proc. 75: 22–25.
Stone, T. B.; Sims, S. R; and Marrone, P. G. 1989. Selection of tobacco budworm for resistance to a genetically engineered Pseudomonas fluorescens containing the δ-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 53: 228–234.
Sutherland, D. J., and Carey, W. 1983. Pesticide delivery to aquatic pests. In Pesticide formulations and application systems: Third symposium, ed. T. M. Kaneko and N. B. Akesson, 110–120. ASTM Special Technical Publications 828.
West, T. F., and Campbell, G. A. 1952. DDT and newer persistent insecticides New York: Chemical Publishing.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 Rutgers University Press
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sutherland, D.J. (1990). The Future of Bacterial Control of Mosquito and Black Fly Larvae. In: de Barjac, H., Sutherland, D.J. (eds) Bacterial Control of Mosquitoes & Black Flies. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5967-8_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5967-8_22
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-011-5969-2
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-5967-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive