Abstract
Cystocarpic, tetrasporic and vegetative thalli of Gelidium chilense were extracted with water at 95 °C. The contents of 3,6-anhydro-galactose and sulfate group of the hydrocolloids correspond to those of an agar-type polysaccharide. The percentages of 6-O-methyl-galactose and of pyruvic acid ranged between 5.7-6.2% and 0.42-0.54%, respectively. The gel melting and gelation temperatures of Gelidium chilense, G. rex and G. lingulatum agars were determined. A correlation between 6-O-methylgalactose content and gelation temperatures was not observed. It was found by anion-exchange chromatography that 19.8% of tetrasporic and 4.9% of vegetative G. chilense agars are unsulfated polymers. Structural studies on the neutral fraction from tetrasporic G. chilense agar by partial hydrolysis and 1H NMR spectroscopy have shown that it is mainly composed of agarose. Methylation analysis, oxidative hydrolysis and partial hydrolysis, followed by 1H NMR spectroscopy, have shown that the neutral fraction of the agar from tetrasporic Gelidium rex is agarose. The results obtained in this work are compared with previously reported data on studies of agars from Chilean Gelidium species.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anderson, N. S., J. C. S. Dolan & D. A. Rees, 1973. Carrageenans. Part VII. Polysaccharides from Eucheuma spinosum and Eucheuma cottonii. The covalent structure of i-carrageenan. J. Chem. Soc.: 2173–2176.
Araki, C & K. Arai, 1957. Studies on the chemical constitution of agar-agar. XX. Isolation of a tetrasaccharide by enzymatic hydrolysis of agar-agar. Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 30: 287–293.
Araki, C., K. Arai & S. Hirase, 1967. Studies on the chemical constituents of agar-agar. XXIII. Isolation of D-xylose, 6-O-methyl-D-galactose, 4-O-methyl-L-galactose and 0 -methylpentose. Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 40: 959–962.
Cerezo, A. S., 1973. The carrageenan of Gigartina skottsbergii S. et G. Part III. Methylation analysis of the fraction precipitated with 0.3–0.4 M potassium chloride. Carbohydr. Res. 26: 335–340.
Chiles, T. C., K. T. Bird & F. E. Koehn, 1989. Influence of nitrogen availability on agar-polysaccharides from Gracilaria verrucosa strain G-16: structural analysis by NMR spectroscopy. J. appl. Phycol. 1: 53–58.
Dogson, K. S., 1961. Determination of inorganic sulphate in studies on the enzymic and non-enzymic hydrolysis of carbohydrate and other sulphate esters. Biochem. J. 78: 312–319.
Dubois, M., K. A. Gilles, J. K. Hamilton, P. A. Rebers & F. Smith, 1956. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal. Chem. 28: 350–356.
Duckworth, M. & W. Yaphe, 1970. Definitive assay of pyruvic acid in agar and other algal polysaccharides. Chem. Int. (London) 23: 747–748.
Duckworth, M. & W. Yaphe, 1971. The structure of agar. Part I. Fractionation of a complex mixture of polysaccharides. Carbohydr. Res. 16: 189–197.
Guiseley, K. B., 1970. The relationship between methoxyl content and gelling temperature of agarose. Carbphydr. Res. 13: 247–256.
Hakomori, S., 1964. A rapid permethylation of glycolipid and polysaccharides catalyzed by methylsulfinylcarbanion in dimethylsulfoxide. J. Biochem. 55: 205–208.
Hoyle, M. D., 1978a. Agar studies in two Gracilaria species (G. bursapastoris (Gmelin) Silva and G. coronopifolia J. Ag.) from Hawaii. Seasonal aspects. Bot. mar. 21: 247–252.
Hoyle, M. D., 1978b. Agar studies in two Gracilaria species (G. bursapastoris (Gmelin) Silva and G. coronopifolia J. Ag.) from Hawaii. I. Yield and gel strength in the gametophyte and tetrasporophyte generations. Bot. mar. 21: 343–345.
Izumi, K., 1971. Chemical heterogeneity of the agar from Gelidium amansii. Carbohydr. Res. 17: 227–230.
Izumi, K., 1973. Structural analysis of agar-type polysaccharides by NMR spectroscopy. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 320: 311–317.
Kim, D. H. & N. P. Henríquez, 1979. Yield and gel strength of agar from cystocarpic and tetrasporic plants of Gracilaria verrucosa (Florideophyceae). Proc. int. Seaweed Symp. 9: 257–262.
Lahaye, M., J. F. Revol, C. Rochas, J. McLachlan & W. Yaphe, 1988. The chemical structure of Gracilaria crassissima (P. et H. Crouan in Schramm et Mazé) P. et H. Crouan in Schramm et Mazé and G. tikvahiae McLachlan (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) cell-wall polysaccharides. Bot. mar. 31: 491–501.
Lahaye, M. & W. Yaphe, 1988. Effects of seasons on the chemical structure and gel strength of Gracilaria pseudoverrucosa agar (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta). Carbohydr. Polym. 8: 285–301.
Lewis, B. A., F. Smith & A. M. Stephen, 1963. 2,5- and 3,6-anhydrosugars and their derivatives. Methods Carbohydr. Chem. 2: 172–188.
Matsuhiro, B. & C. C. Urzú;a, 1988. Polysaccharides of Gelidium spp. In Maclean, J. L., L. B. Dizon & L. V. Hosillos (eds), The First Asian Fisheries Forum, The Asian Fisheries Society, Manila. pp. 165–168.
Matsuhiro, B. & C. C. Urzú;a, 1988. Agarans from tetrasporic and cystocarpic Gelidium lingulatum. Bol. Soc. chil. Quím. 33: 135–140.
Matsuhiro, B. & C. C. Urzú;a, 1990. Agars from Gelidium rex. Hydrobiologia, 204/205: 545–549.
Matsuhiro, B. & A. B. Zanlungo, 1983. Colorimetric determination of 3,6-anhydrogalactose in polysaccharides from red seaweeds. Carbohydr. Res. 118: 276–279.
McLachlan, J. & C. J. Bird, 1983. Gracilaria in the seaweed market: a prospectus. Symposium Internacional de Acuacultura, Coquimbo, Chile, Sept. 1983. pp. 133–157.
Mori, T., 1953. Seaweed polysaccharides. Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. 8: 315–350.
Murakami, S., 1960. Studies on the agar of Rhodophyceae III. The isolation and purification of agar. Sci. Rep. Saitama Univ. 3: 251–254.
Onraët, A. C. & B. L. Robertson, 1987. Seasonal variation in yield and properties of agar from sporophytic and gametophytic phases of Onikusa pristioides (Turner) Akatsuka (Gelidiaceae, Rhodophyta). Bot. mar. 30: 491–495.
Patwary, M. & J. P. van der Meer, 1983. Genetics of Gracilaria tikvahiae (Rhodophycaea). IX: Some properties of agars extracted from morphological mutants. Bot. mar. 26: 295–299.
Percival, E., 1978. Do the polysaccharides of brown and red seaweeds ignore taxonomy? Syst. Assoc. Spec. 10: 47–62.
Santelices, B., 1989. Algas Marinas de Chile, Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 310.
Santelices, B. & I. A. Abbott, 1985. Gelidium rex sp. nov. (Gelidiales, Rhodophyta) from central Chile. In Abbott I. A. & J. N. Norris (eds), Taxonomy of Economic Seaweeds. With Reference to Some Pacific and Caribbean Species. University of California, La Jolla, pp. 33–36.
Santelices, B. & S. Montalva, 1983. Taxonomic studies on Gelidiaceae (Rhodophyta) from central Chile. Phycologia 22: 185–196.
Santelices, B. & J. G. Stewart, 1985. Pacific species of Gelidium Lamouroux and other Gelidiales (Rhodophyta) with keys and descriptions to the common or economically important species. In Abott I. A. & J. N. Noris (eds), Taxonomy of Economics Seaweeds. With Reference to Some Pacific and Caribbean Species. University of California, La Jolla, pp. 17–31.
Selby, H. H. & W. H. Wynne, 1973. Agar. In Whistler, R. L. & J. N. BeMiller (eds), Industrial Gums. Academic Press, New York, pp. 29–48.
Su, H. & K. S. Young, 1977. An investigation of agars prepared from some Taiwan red seaweeds. J. Fish. Soc. Taiwan 6: 1–11.
Whyte, J. N. C. & J. R. Englar, 1980. Chemical composition and quality of agar in the morphotypes of Gracilaria from British Columbia. Bot. mar. 23: 277–283.
Whyte, J. N. C. & J. R. Englar, 1981. The agar component of the red seaweed Gelidium purpurascens. Phytochemistry 20: 237–240.
Whyte, J. N. C., J. R. Englar, R. G. Saunders & J. C. Lindsay, 1981. Seasonal variations in the biomass, quantity and quality of agar, from the reproductive and vegetative stages of Gracilaria (verrucosa type). Bot. mar. 24: 493–501.
Yaphe, W., 1960. Colorimetric determination of 3,6-anhydrogalactose and galactose in marine algal polysaccharide. Analyt. Chem. 32: 1327–1330.
Young, K., M. Duckworth & W. Yaphe, 1971. The structure of agar. Part III. Pyruvic acid, a common feature of agars from different agarophytes. Carbohydr. Res. 16: 446–448.
Zanlungo, A. B., 1979. Polisacâridos de algas chilenas. V. Composición del agar de Gelidium filicinum. Rev. latinoamer. Quím. 10: 149–151.
Zanlungo, A. B., 1980. Polysaccharides from Chilean seaweeds. Part IX. Composition of the agar from Gelidium lingulatum. Bot. mar. 23: 741–743.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this paper
Cite this paper
Matsuhiro, B., Urzúa, C.C. (1991). Agars from Chilean Gelidiaceae. In: Juanes, J.A., Santelices, B., McLachlan, J.L. (eds) International Workshop on Gelidium . Developments in Hydrobiology, vol 68. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3610-5_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3610-5_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-5601-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-3610-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive