Abstract
General aspects of the production and use of carotenoids as colourants and supplements were discussed in Chapter 4. For several decades, these carotenoids have been produced commercially by chemical synthesis or as plant extracts or oleoresins, e.g. of tomato and red pepper. Some unicellular green algae, under appropriate conditions, become red due to the accumulation of high concentrations of ‘secondary’ carotenoids. Two examples, Dunaliella spp. and Haematococcus pluvialis, are cultured extensively as sources of β-carotene (3) and (3S,3′S)-astaxanthin (406), respectively. Non-photosynthetic microorganisms, i.e. bacteria, yeasts and moulds, may also be strongly pigmented by carotenoids, so commercial production by these organisms is an attractive prospect. Penetration into the food industry by fermentation-derived ingredients is increasing year after year, examples being thickening or gelling agents (xanthan, curdlan, gellan), flavour enhancers (yeast hydrolysate, monosodium glutamate), flavour compounds (γ-decalactone, diacetyl, methyl ketones), and acidulants (lactic acid, citric acid). Fermentation processes for pigment production on a commercial scale were developed later but some are now in use in the food industry, such as production of β-carotene from the fungus Blakeslea trispora, in Europe, and the non-carotenoid heterocyclic pigments from Monascus, in Asia [1–3]. Efforts have been made to reduce the production costs so that pigments produced by fermentation can be competitive with synthetic pigments or with those extracted from natural sources. There is scope for innovations to improve the economics of carotenoid production by isolating new microorganisms, creating better ones, or improving the processes.
Access provided by Autonomous University of Puebla. Download to read the full chapter text
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
- Carotenoid Biosynthesis
- Carotenoid Production
- Monosodium Glutamate
- Astaxanthin Production
- Rhodotorula Glutinis
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
U. Wissgott and K. Bortlik, Trends Food Sci. Technol., 7, 298 (1996).
P. O’Carroll, The World of Ingredients, 3–4, 39 (1999).
A. Downham and P. Collins, Int. J. Food Set. Technol., 35, 5 (2000).
M. Avron and A. Ben-Amotz, Dunaliella: Physiology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, CRC Press, London (1992).
A. Ben-Amotz, A. Kartz and M. Avron, J. Phycol, 18, 529 (1983).
Z. W. Ye, J. G. Jiang and G. H. Wu, Progr. Prosp. Biotechnol. Adv.,26, 352 (2008).
R. Villar, M. R. Laguna, J. M. Callega and I. Cadavid, Planta Med., 58, 405 (1992).
L. S. Jahnke, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 48, 68 (1999).
L. E. Lampila, S. E. Wallen, L. B. Bullerman and S. R. Lowry, Lebensm. Wiss. Technol., 18, 366 (1985).
E. Papaioannou, T. Roukas and M. Liakopoulou-Kyriakides, Prep. Biochem. Biotechnol., 38, 246 (2008).
European Commission, Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on β-Carotene fromBlakeslea trispora, SCF/CS/ADD/COL 158, adopted on 22 June 2000 and corrected on 7 September 2000.
E. A. Iturriaga, T. Papp, J. Breum, J. Arnau and A. P. Eslava, Meth. Biotechnol, 18, 239 (2005).
E. R. A. Almeida and E. Cerda-Olmedo, Curr. Genetics, 53, 129 (2008).
F. J. Murillo, I. L. Calderon, I. Lopez-Diaz and E. Cerda-Olmedo, Appl. Env. Microbiol., 36, 639 (1978).
B. J. Mehta, L. M. Salgado, E. R. Bejarano and E. Cerda-Olmedo, Appl. Env. Microbiol., 63, 3657 (1997).
E. Cerda-Olmedo, FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 25, 503 (2001).
E. Navarro, J. M. Lorca-Pascual, M. D. Quiles-Rosillo, F. E. Nicolas, V. Garre, S. Torres-Martinez and R. M. Ruiz-Vazquez, Mol. Genet. Genomics, 266, 463 (2001).
A. Velayos, M. A. Lopez-Matas, M. J. Ruiz-Hidalgo and A. P. Eslava, Fungal Genet. Biol., 22, 19 (1997).
EFSA, The EFSA Journal, 212, 1 (2005).
Vitatene Inc., Application for the. approval of lycopene from Blakeslea trispora, under the. EC regulation No 258/97 of the European Parliament, (2003).
J. D. Jones, T. M. Hohn and T. D. Leathers, Soc. Indust. Microbiol. Annual Meeting, p. 91 (2004).
T. D. Leathers, J. D. Jones and T. M. Holm, US Patent 6,696,282 (2004).
E. Del Rio, F. G. Acien, M. C. Garcia-Malea, J. Rivas, E. Molina-Grima and M. G. Guerrero, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 100, 397 (2008).
J. Fabregas, A. Otero, A. Maseda and A. Dominguez, J. Biotechnol., 89, 65 (2001).
M. A. Borowitzka, J. M. Huisman and A. Osborn, J. Appl. Phycol., 3, 295 (1991).
M. Kobayashi, T. Kakizono and S. Nagai, J. Ferrn. Bioeng., 71, 335 (1991).
R. Sarada, T. Usha and G. A. Ravishankar, Process Biochem., 37, 623 (2002)
T. R. Sommer, W. Pott and N. M. Morrissy, Aquaculture, 94, 79 (1991).
K. Ukibe, T. Katsuragi, Y. Tani and H. Takagi, FEMS Microbiol. Letts., 286 241 (2008).
G. H. An, B.G. Jang and M. H. Cho, J. Biosci. Bioeng., 92, 121 (2001).
J. M. Cruz and J. C. Parajo, Food Chem., 63, 479 (1998).
G. T. Hayman, B. M. Mannarelli and T. D. Leathers, J. Indust. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 14, 389 (1995).
J. D. Fontana, B. Czeczuga, T. M. B. Bonfim, M. B. Chociai, B. H. Oliveira, M. F. Guimaraes and M. Baron, Bioresource Technol., 58, 121 (1996).
J. Ramirez, M. L. Nunez and R. Valdivia, J. Indust. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 24, 187 (2000).
E. Longo, C. Sieiro, J. B. Velazquez, P. Calo, J. Cansado and T. G Villa, Biotech Forum Europe, 9, 565 (1992).
L. B. Flores-Cotera, R. Martin and S. Sanchez, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 55, 341 (2001).
Z. Palágyi, L. Ferenczy and C. Vagvölgyi, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 17, 95 (2001).
J. Ramirez, H. Guttierez and A. Gschaedler, J. Biotechnol, 88, 259 (2001).
Y. S. Liu, J. Y. Wu and K. P. Ho, Biochem. Eng. J., 27, 331 (2006).
K. P. Ho, C. Y. Tam and B. Zhou, Biotechnol. Lett., 21, 175 (1999).
H. Y. Chan and K. P. Ho, Biotechnol. Lett., 21, 953 (1999).
L. Rubinstein, A. Altamirano, L. D. Santopietro, M. Baigori and L. I. C. D. Figueroa, Folia Microbiol., 43, 626 (1998).
J. C. Verdoes, G. Sandmann, H. Visser, M. Diaz, M. van Mossel and A. J. J. van Ooyen, Appl. Env. Microbiol., 69, 3728 (2003).
T. J. Fang and J. M. Wang, Process Biochem., 37, 1235 (2002).
M. Vazquez, Food Technol. Biotechnol, 39, 123 (2001).
E. A. Johnson, Int. Microbiol, 6, 169 (2003).
P. R. David, US Patent 7,309,602 (2007).
A. Yokoyama, H. Izumida and W. Miki, Biosci. Biotech. Biochem., 58, 1842 (1994).
A. Yokoyama and W. Miki, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 128, 139 (1995).
A. Yokoyama, K. Adachi and Y. Shizuri, J. Nat. Prod., 58, 1929 (1995).
A. Tsubokura, H. Yoneda and H. Mizuta, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol, 49, 277 (1999).
P. Calo, T. D. Miguel, C. Sieiro, J. B. Velazquez and T. G. Villa, J. Appl. Bacteriol., 79, 282 (1995).
S. Alcantara and S. Sanchez, J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 23, 697 (1999).
D. Shepherd, J. Dasek, M. Suzanne and C. Carels, US Patent 3,951,743 (1976).
P. Bhosale and P. S. Bernstein, J. Indust. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 31, 565 (2004).
P. Bhosale, A. J. Larson and P. S. Bernstein, J. Appl. Microbiol., 96, 623 (2004).
P. Bhosale, I. V. Ermakov, M. R. Ermakova, W. Gellermann and P. S. Bernstein, Biotech. Lett., 25, 1007 (2003).
M. V. Jagannadham, M. K. Chattopadhyay, C. Subbalakshmi, M. Vairamani, K. Narayanan, C. M. Rao and S. Shivaji, Arch. Microbiol, 173, 418 (2000).
S. Rosa-Putra, A. Hemmerlin, J. Epperson, T. J. Bach, L. H. Guerra and M. Rohmer, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 204, 347 (2001).
D. L. Gierhart, US Patent 5,308,759 (1994).
A. Berry, D. Janssens, M. Hümbelin, J. P. M. Jore, B. Hoste, I. Cleenwerck, M. Vancanneyt, W. Bretzel, A. F. Mayer, R. Lopez-Ulibarri, B. Shanmugam, J. Swings and L. Pasamontes, Int. J. Syst. Evol Microbiol, 53, 231 (2003).
M. Hümbelin, A. Thomas, J. Lin, J. Jore and A. Berry, Gene, 297, 129 (2002).
A. J. Schocher and O. Wiss, US Patent 3,891,504, (1975).
A. Berry, W. Bretzel, M. Hümbelin, R. Lopez-Ulibarri, A. F. Mayer and A. A. Yeliseev, US Patent 0266518 (2005).
A. Berry, W. Bretzel, M. Hümbelin, R. Lopez-Ulibarri, A. F. Mayer and A. Yeliseev, World Patent WO 2002099095 (2002).
G. Raguenes, X. Moppert, L. Richert, J. Ratiskol, C. Payri, B. Costa and J. Guezennec, Curr. Microbiol., 49, 145 (2004).
D. Asker, T. Beppu and K. Ueda, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Micriobiol, 58, 601 (2008).
J. Lorquin, F. Molouba and B. L. Dreyfus, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 63, 1151 (1997).
L. Hannibal, J. Lorquin, N. A. D’Ortoli, N. Garcia, C. Chaintreuil, C. Masson-Boivin, B. Dreyfus and E. Giraud, J. Bacteriol, 182, 3850 (2000).
D. Asker and Y. Ohta, J. Biosci. Bioeng., 88, 617 (1999).
D. Asker and Y. Ohta, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 52, 729 (2002).
D. Asker and Y. Ohta, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 58, 743 (2002).
T. de Miguel, C. Sieiro, M. Poza and T. G. Villa, Int. Microbiol., 3, 107 (2000).
T. de Miguel, C. Sieiro, M. Poza and T. G. Villa, J. Agric. Food Chem., 49, 1200 (2001).
P. Veiga-Crespo, L. Blasco, F.R. dos Santos, M. Poza and T. G. Villa, Int. Microbiol, 8, 55 (2005).
S. L. Wang, D. J. Chen, B. W. Deng and X. Z. Wu, Yeast, 25, 251 (2008).
E. D. Simova, G. I. Frengova and D. M. Beshkova, J. Indust. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 31, 115 (2004).
P. Buzzini, A. Martini, M. Gaetani, B. Turchetti, U. M. Pagnoni and P. Davoli, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 36, 687 (2005).
H. Sakaki, T. Nakanishi, K.Y. Satonaka, W. Miki, T. Fujita and S. Komemushi, J. Biosci. Bioeng., 89, 203 (2000).
J. Tinoi, N. Rakariyatham and R. L. Deming, Process Biochem., 40, 2551 (2005).
N. Misawa and H. Shimada, J. Biotechnol., 59, 169 (1998).
M. J. Kang, Y. M. Lee, S. H. Yoon, J. H. Kim, S. W. Ock, K. H. Jung, Y. C. Shin, J. D. Keasling and S. W. Kim, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 91, 636 (2005).
A. Das, S. H. Yoon, S. H. Lee, J. Y. Kim, D. K. Oh and S. W. Kim, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 77, 505 (2007).
W. R. Farmer and J. C. Liao, Biotechnol. Prog., 17, 57 (2001).
G. Sandmann, M. Albrecht, G. Schnurr, O. Knörzer and P. Böger, TIBTECH, 17, 233 (1999).
Y. Miura, K. Kondo, T. Saito, H. Shimada, P. D. Fraser and N. Misawa, Appl. Env. Microbiol., 64, 1226, (1998).
S. Yamano, T. Ishii, M. Nakagawa, H. Ikenaga and N. Misawa, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 58, 1112 (1994).
C. Wang, M. K. Oh and J. C. Liao, Biotechnol. Prog., 16, 922 (2000).
D. Umeno and F. H. Arnold, J. Bacteriol., 186, 1531 (2004).
D. Umeno and F. H. Arnold, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69, 3573 (2003).
G. Sandmann, ChemBioChem, 3, 629 (2002).
C. Schmidt-Dannert, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 11, 255 (2000).
M. Albrecht, S. Takaichi, S. Steiger, Z. Y. Wang and G. Sandmann, Nature Biotechnol., 18, 843 (2000).
J. M. Jez and J. P. Noel, Nature Biotechnol., 18, 825 (2000).
H. Ernst, Pure Appl. Chem., 74, 1369 (2002).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Birkhäuser Verlag Basel
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dufossé, L. (2009). Microbial and Microalgal Carotenoids as Colourants and Supplements. In: Britton, G., Pfander, H., Liaaen-Jensen, S. (eds) Carotenoids. Carotenoids, vol 5. Birkhäuser Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-7501-0_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-7501-0_5
Publisher Name: Birkhäuser Basel
Print ISBN: 978-3-7643-7500-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-7643-7501-0
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)