Abstract
This argument shows that the idea of world literature emerged about 50 years earlier than hitherto believed in the work of Giambattista Vico and was perfected in the post-war era in the collaborative ventures of the British scholar A. T. Hatto which founded the science of ethnopoetics.
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Notes
- 1.
John Pizer, “Goethe’s ‘World Literature’ Paradigm and Contemporary Globalization,” Comparative Literature 52 (2000): 213–27; Eric Hayot, “World Literature and Globalization,” in The Routledge Companion to World Literature, eds. Theo D’haen, David Damorosch, and Djelal Kadir (London and New York: Routledge, 2012), 223–31; Ottmar Ette, TransArea. A Literary History of Globalization, trans. Mark W. Person (New York and Berlin: De Gruyter, 2016).
- 2.
- 3.
Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962).
- 4.
John Pizer, “Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Origins and relevance of Weltliteratur,” in Routledge Companion to World Literature, eds. D’haen, Damrosch, and Kadir, here pp. 3–5.
- 5.
On the history of French poetics see Warner Forrest Patterson, Three Centuries of French Poetic Theory. A Critical History of the Chief Arts of Poetry in France (1328–1620), 2 vols (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1935). On German poetics see Joachim Dyck, Ticht-Kunst. Deutsche Barockpoetik und Rhetorische Tradition, 3rd enlarged ed. (Berlin and New York: De Gruyter, 2012).
- 6.
P.J. Conradie, “Pierre Corneille and the ‘Poetics’ of Aristotle,” Acta Classica 18 (1975): 47–59.
- 7.
Wolfgang Schadewaldt, “Furcht und Mitleid? Zu Lessings Deutung des Aristotelischen Tragödien Satzes,” in Lessing, eds. Gerhard and Sybille Bauer. Wege der Forschung CCXI (Darmstadt: WBG, 1968), 336–42.
- 8.
T.V.F. Brogan, ed., The New Princeton Handbook of Poetic Terms (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1994), 233–45.
- 9.
Friedrich Schlegel, Kritische Schriften, ed. Wolfdietrich Rasch (Munich: Hanser, 1958), p. 30.
- 10.
I am using the term ‘anthropology’ in an elastic, but I hope not imprecise manner, with three main senses: 1) the general study of mankind that arose in the Enlightenment; 2) cultural anthropology as practised by Herder, Tylor, Boas, Mead, and others; and 3) social anthropology in the tradition of Malinowski, Radcliffe-Brown, and Mary Douglas (see, more recently, Edmund Leach, Social Anthropology (London: Fontana, 1982), pp. 13–14).
- 11.
Emile Durkheim and Marcel Mauss, Primitive Classification, trans. Rodney Needham (London: Cohen and West, 1963).
- 12.
Peter Wolff, Breakthroughs in Chemistry (New York and Toronto: New American Library, 1967), p. 244.
- 13.
Emile Durkheim, The Rules of Sociological Method and Selected Texts on Sociology and Its Method, ed. Stephen Lukes, trans. W. D. Halls (London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1982), pp. 238–39.
- 14.
Durkheim and Mauss, Primitive Classifications, pp. 81, 83, 84, 85.
- 15.
Robert K. Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure, rev. and enlarged ed. (Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press, 1957), p. 480.
- 16.
Claude Lévi-Strauss, The Savage Mind (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1966), pp. 10, 39–41.
- 17.
Mary Douglas, Purity and Danger. An Analysis of the Concepts of Purity and Taboo (London and New York: Routledge, 1989), p. 94.
- 18.
Robert Moore, “Capital,” in Pierre Bourdieu. Key Concepts, ed. Michael Grenfell (Durham: Acumen, 2008), pp. 110–11.
- 19.
Max Wundt, Die deutsche Schulphilosophie im Zeitalter der Aufklärung (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1945), p. 265.
- 20.
Marion Heinz, “Anthropology and the Critique of Metaphysics in Herder,” in Herder. Philosophy and Anthropology, eds. Anik Waldow and Nigel DeSouza (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), p. 30; Stefanie Buchenau, “Physiology and Philosophical Anthropology,” in Herder, eds. Waldow and DeSouza, pp. 72–73, n. 1.
- 21.
John Bender and David E. Wellbery, “Rhetoricality: On the Modernist Return of Rhetoric,” in The Ends of Rhetoric. History, Theory, Practice, eds. John Bender and David E. Welbery (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990), 3–39.
- 22.
Bender and Wellbery, Ends of Rhetoric, p. 21.
- 23.
George Puttenham, The Arte of English Poesy. Critical Edition, ed. Frank Whigham and Wayne A. Rebhorn (Ithaca and London: Cornell Up, 2007).
- 24.
Narcis Iglésias. “Rhetoric in Spain: An Overview,” Res rhetorica I (2016), p. 2, accessed 17 June 2019, https://dugi-doc.udg.edu/bitstream/handle/10256/12699/Rhetoric-in-Spain.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
- 25.
Donald Sellstrom, “Rhetoric and the Poetics of French Classicism,” The French Review 34 (1961): 425–31.
- 26.
Rosemary Lloyd, Baudelaire’s World (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2002), p. 52.
- 27.
Bender and Wellbery, Ends of Rhetoric, p. 21.
- 28.
Michel Foucault, Die Ordnung der Dinge (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1978), pp. 21–22.
- 29.
Giambattista Vico, The First New Science, ed. Leon Pompa (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002), p. 233.
- 30.
Giambattista Vico, The New Science, unabridged 3rd ed. (1744), trans. Thomas Goddard Bergin and Max Harold Fisch (Ithaca and London: Cornell Up, 1968), p. 65.
- 31.
Vico, New Science, p. 64.
- 32.
Vico, First New Science, p. 66.
- 33.
Douglas, Purity and Danger, p. 94.
- 34.
Vico, First New Science, p. 66.
- 35.
Wolf Lepenies, Das Ende der Naturgeschichte. Wandel kultureller Selbstverständlichkeiten in den Wissenschaften des 18. Und 19. Jahrhunderts (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1978), pp. 12–13.
- 36.
Frederick Beiser, The Fate of Reason. German Philosophy from Kant to Fichte (Harvard and London: Harvard UP, 1987), pp. 33–36.
- 37.
Johann Georg Hamann, “Aesthetica in nuce,” in Ausgewählte Schriften, ed. Hans Eichner (Berlin: Nicolai, 1994), p. 7.
- 38.
René Descartes, “Meditations on First Philosophy,” in The Essential Descartes, ed. Margaret D. Wilson (New York: Mentor Books, 1969), pp. 175–76.
- 39.
Descartes, “Discourse on Method,” in Essential Descartes, ed. Wilson, p. 121.
- 40.
Joseph Mali and Robert Wokler, “Berlin, Vico and the Principles of Humanity,” in Isiah Berlin’s Counter-Enlightenment, ed. Joseph Mali and Robert Wokler (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 2003), p. 63; Fabrizio Lomonaco, Tracing the Path of Giambattista Vico’s Universal Right (Milan: Mimesis International, 2017), pp. 44–45.
- 41.
Beiser, Fate of Reason, pp. 145–48.
- 42.
Carolyn Merchant, “The Vitalism of Francis Mercury van Helmont: Its Influence on Leibniz,” Ambix 26 (1976): 170–83.
- 43.
Richard P. Aulie, “Caspar Friedrich Wolff and his ‘Theoria Generationis’, 1759,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 16 (1961): 124–44.
- 44.
Émile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, trans. Karen E. Fields (New York: The Free Press, 1995), pp. 240–41.
- 45.
Let me put this into context: as regards the subject, this redefinition belongs to the chain of development from Descartes to Rousseau; and as regards world literature, it completes the evolving acceptance of alterity from Montaigne to Montesquieu. See, e.g. Derek Robbins, Cultural Relativism and International Politics (London: Sage, 2015), pp. 9–23.
- 46.
Christian Gellinek, Hugo Grotius (Boston: Twayne, 1983), pp. xxii; 120.
- 47.
Pompa, “Introduction,” in Vico, First New Science, pp. xxi–xxii.
- 48.
Isiah Berlin, Vico and Herder. Two Studies in the History of Ideas (New York: Vintage Books, 1976), p. 174.
- 49.
Joseph Mali, “Vico,” in A Companion to the Philosophy of History and Historiography, ed. Aviezer Tucker (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), p. 446.
- 50.
Vico, First New Science, pp. 104–105, 112, 297, 151.
- 51.
- 52.
Grotius had used the comparative method to consider the relatedness of the language of the American Indians and the Swedes; and to demonstrate the unity of the human race. In his argument, he linked linguistic, religious, and ethnographic evidence to make his case. See Joan-Pau Rubes, “Hugo Grotius’s Dissertation on the Origins of American Peoples,” Journal of the History of Ideas 52 (1991): 221–44.
- 53.
Vico’s belief in “the uniform course run by all nations” uses a system of historical comparisons based inter alia on philological similarities. See Vico, New Science, pp. 282, 289, 295, 312, 320.
- 54.
Donald R. Kelley, The Descent of Ideas: The History of Intellectual History (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002), p. 28.
- 55.
- 56.
Croce, Philosophy of Giambattista Vico, p. 151.
- 57.
Vico, New Science, pp. 153–59.
- 58.
Vico, New Science, p. 327.
- 59.
Donald Phillip Verene, Vico’s New Science. A Philosophical Commentary (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2015), pp. 116, 208.
- 60.
Vico, New Science, pp. 112, 116, 127.
- 61.
Lomonaco, Tracing the Path, p. 69.
- 62.
Robert Lowth, Lectures on the Sacred Poetry of the Hebrews, 2 vols, trans. G. Gregory (London, 1787), 1:113.
- 63.
Sir William Jones, “A Discourse on the Institutions of a Society,” in The Works of Sir William Jones, 13 vols, ed. Lord Teignmouth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 3:1–9, 6.
- 64.
Michael J. Franklin, Orientalist Jones. Sir William Jones, Poet, Lawyer, and Linguist, 1746–1794 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 18–19, 227–31.
- 65.
Barbara M. Benedict, Making the Modern Reader. Cultural Mediation in Early Modern Literary Anthologies (Princeton: Princeton Up, 1996).
- 66.
Oliver Goldsmith, “Preface,” Beauties of English Poetry, cited after Benedict, Making the Modern Reader, p. 208.
- 67.
Thomas Percy, “Reliques of Ancient English Poetry,” Ex-Classics Project, 2016, p. 8; accessed 29 June 2016, https://www.exclassics.com/percy/percy.pdf.
- 68.
Weigui Fang, ‘Introduction: What Is World Literature?’ in Tensions in World Literature. Between the Local and the Universal, ed. Weigui Fang (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018), p. 11.
- 69.
Galin Tihanov, “The Location of World Literature,” in Tensions in World Literature, ed. Fang, p. 87.
- 70.
Pascale Casanova, The World Republic of Letters, trans. M. B. DeBevoise (Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press, 2004), pp. 75–81.
- 71.
Timothy Brennan, ‘Cosmopolitanism and World Literature’, in The Cambridge Companion to World Literature, eds. Ben Etheringon and Jarad Zimbler (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018), p. 28.
- 72.
Another example, proposed by Ulrich Gaier, is provided by Lessing; yet this is not a strong similarity, as Lessing only compares two songs, ‘Lied eines Mohren’ (Song of a Moor) and ‘Lied eines Lappländers’ (Song of a Laplander). Gaier in Herder, “Über die neuere Deutsche Literatur. Zweite Sammlung von Fragmenten,” in Frühe Schriften. 1764–1772, ed. Ulrich Gaier (Frankfurt am Main: Deutscher Klassiker Verlag, 1985), p. 880.
- 73.
Herder, “Über die neuere Deutsche Literatur,” Werke. Bd. 1, Frühe Schriften. 1764–1772. Ed. Ulrich Gaier. Frankfurt am Main: Deutscher Klassiker Verlag, 1985, p. 285.
- 74.
Andrew Hurrell, “Vattel: Pluralism and Its Limits,” in Classical Theories of International Relations, eds. Ian Clark and Iver B. Newman (London: MacMillan, 1996), p. 248.
- 75.
Emer de Vattel, The Law of Nations, ed. Béla Kapossy and Richard Whatmore (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2008), p. 261.
- 76.
Antony Anghie, “Vattel and Colonialism,” in Vattel’s International Law in a XXIst Century Perspective, eds. Vincent Chetail and Peter Haggenmacher (Leiden and Boston: Nijhoff, 2011), pp. 247–50.
- 77.
The schema harks back to Christian Wolff inasmuch as Herder invokes a global polity connected by a coherent set of norms. See Martti Koskenniemi, “International Community from Dante to Vattel,” in Vattel’s International Law, eds. Chetail and Haggenmacher, pp. 66–67, 68–72.
- 78.
Arnd Bohm, “Herder and Politics,” in A Companion to the Works of Johann Gottfried Herder, eds. Hans Adler and Wulf Koepke (Rochester: Camden House, 2009), p. 298, n. 25.
- 79.
Eva Piirimäe, “Human Rights, Imperialism and Peace among Nations: Herder’s Debate with Kant,” Intellectual History Archive 2 (2018), p. 8.
- 80.
Michael N. Forster, Herder’s Philosophy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018), p. 278.
- 81.
Herder, “Briefe zur Beförderung der Humänitat. Fünfte Sammlung,” in Werke in Fünf Bänden, ed. Regine Otto (Berlin and Weimar: Aufbau Verlag, 1978), 5:126.
- 82.
Herder, “Briefe zur Beförderung der Humänitat,” p. 127.
- 83.
J. M. Van der Laan, “Johann Gottfried Herder on War and Peace,” Monatshefte 101 (2009), p. 339.
- 84.
Bernd Roland Eisner, Die Bedeutung des Volkes im Völkerrecht. Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der historischen Entwicklung und des Selbstbestimmungsrechts der Völker (Berlin: Duncker und Humblot, 1998), pp. 47–48.
- 85.
Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities. Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism, rev. ed. (London: Verso, 1991), p. 68.
- 86.
Eisner, Die Bedeutung des Volkes im Völkerrecht, p. 48.
- 87.
Sam Pryke, “Nationalism as Culturalism. A Critique,” Politics 15 (1995): 63–70.
- 88.
Alan Patten, “‘The Most Natural State’. Herder and Nationalism,” History of Political Thought 31 (2010): pp. 658–59, 679–85.
- 89.
Friedrich Scholz, “Herders Auffassung des Volkslieds und der Dichtung und die lettischen Volksliedersammlungen des 19. Jahrhunderts,” Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung 44 (1995), p. 564.
- 90.
Hayden White, Metahistory. The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe (Baltimore and London: John Hopkins UP, 1973), p. 70.
- 91.
John Searle, “The Storm over the University,” New York Review of Books, 6 December 1990.
- 92.
Federico Italiano and Jan Wagner, Grand Tour. Reisen durch die Junge Lyrik Europas (Munich: Hanser, 2019).
- 93.
Svend Erik Larsen, “Georg Brandes,” in Routledge Companion to World Literature, eds. D’haen, Damrosch, and Kadir, p. 26.
- 94.
Gaier in Herder, 1985, p. 880.
- 95.
Herder, Sämmtliche Werke, 33 vols, ed. Bernhard Suphan, Carl Redlich, and Reinhold Steig (Berlin: Weidmann’sche Buchhandlung, 1877–1913), 23:289.
- 96.
Piirimäe, “Human Rights,” pp. 4–7.
- 97.
Sharon Anderson-Gold, “Kant and Herder,” in Companion to the Philosophy of History and Historiography, ed. Tucker, p. 464.
- 98.
Walter Wiora, “Das Alter des Begriffes Volkslied,” Die Musikforschung 23 (1970), p. 420.
- 99.
Gerhard Sauder, “Herder’s Poetic Works, Translations, and Views on Poetry,” in Companion to the Works of Herder, eds. Adler and Koepke, pp. 324–25.
- 100.
Cited after Wiora, “Das Alter des Begriffes Volkslied,” p. 424.
- 101.
Richard Fardon, “Introduction: Counterworks,” in Counterworks. Managing the Diversity of Knowledge, ed. Fardon (London: Routledge, 1995), pp. 5–6.
- 102.
Marion Heinz and Heinrich Clairmont, “Herder’s Epistemology,” in Companion to the Works of Herder, eds. Adler and Koepke, p. 47.
- 103.
Anna Kenny, “A Certain Inheritance: Nineteenth Century German Anthropology,” in The Aranda’s Pepa. An Introduction to Carl Stehlow’s Masterpiece Die Aranda- und Loritja Stämme in Zentral-Australien (1907–1920) (Canberra: Australian National University, 2013), pp. 52–57.
- 104.
Klaus-Peter Koepping, “Enlightenment and Romanticism in the Work of Adolf Bastian: The Historical Roots of Anthropology in the Nineteenth Century,” in Fieldwork and Footnotes. Studies in the History of European Anthropology, eds. Han F. Vermeulen and Amro Alvarez Roldán (London and New York: Routledge, 1995), p. 79.
- 105.
Ruth Benedict and June Weltfish, The Races of Mankind (New York: Public Affairs Pamphlets, 1944).
- 106.
‘Resolution of the American Anthropological Association’, December 1938, cited in Ruth Benedict, Race and Racism (London: Routledge, 1942), pp. 166–67.
- 107.
Margaret Mead, Anthropology. A Human Science. Selected Essays (Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1964), 13.
- 108.
For a sceptical view, see Vassous Argyrou, “Sameness and the Ethnological Will to Meaning,” Current Anthropology 40 (1999): 29–41.
- 109.
Richard A. Lanham, A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968), p. 113.
- 110.
Lanham, Handlist of Rhetorical Terms, p. 114.
- 111.
Heinz Schlaffer, “Die antike Poetik als philosophische Begrenzung und Rechtfertigung der Poesie,” in Poesie und Wissen (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1990), 76–88.
- 112.
Scherpe argues that the turn occurred with Baumgarten, but does not recognise the new anthropological norm. See Klaus R. Scherpe, Gattungspoetik im 18. Jahrhundert. Historische Entwicklung von Gottsched bis Herder (Stuttgart: Metzler, 1968), 57–82, 234–59.
- 113.
Stefan Greif, “Herder’s Aesthetics and Poetics,” in Companion to the Works of Herder, eds. Adler and Koepke, pp. 160–63.
- 114.
John D. Lyons, “The Barbarous Ancients: French Classical Poetics and the Attack on Ancient Tragedy,” Modern Language Notes 110 (1995): 1135–47.
- 115.
Allen Speight, “Friedrich Schlegel,” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Edward N. Zalta, Winter 2016 edition, accessed 8 July 2019, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/schlegel/#RomTur.
- 116.
Cited after Greif, “Herder’s Aesthetics and Poetics,” in Companion to the Works of Herder, eds. Adler and Koepke, p. 157.
- 117.
David Frisby and Mike Featherstone, Simmel on Culture. Selected Writings (London: Sage, 1997), p. 43.
- 118.
Jean Paul, Vorschule der Ästhetik, in Sämtliche Werke, ed. Norbert Miller (Munich: Hanser, 1995), pp. 30, 89.
- 119.
Aristotle, On the Art of Poetry, trans. Ingram Bywater, Preface Gilbert Murray (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967), pp. 28–29.
- 120.
Jean Paul, Vorschule der Ästhetik, pp. 30, 32.
- 121.
Annemarie Gethmann-Seifert, Die Funktion der Kunst in der Geschichte. Untersuchungen zu Hegels Ästhetik (Bonn: Bouvier, 1984), p. 296.
- 122.
Alfred Gell, Art and Agency. An Anthropological Theory (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998), p. 197.
- 123.
Matthew Bell, Goethe and Naturalistic Anthropology. Man and Other Plants (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1994).
- 124.
Goethe, West-Östlicher Divan, in Werke, 14 vols, ed. Erich Trunz, Hamburger Ausgabe (Beck: Munich, 1982), 2:127.
- 125.
Georg Brandes, Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature, I. The Emigrant Literature (New York: Macmillan, 1906), p. vii.
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- 127.
James Boyd White, Heracles’ Bow. Essays on the Rhetoric and Poetics of the Law (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985), p. 41.
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John L. Flood, “Arthur Thomas Hatto,” Memoirs of Fellows, X. Proceedings of the British Academy 172 (2011): 173–98.
- 129.
Georg Simmel, Soziologie, 3rd ed. (Munich: Duncker und Humblot, 1923).
- 130.
Bronislaw Malinowski, Argonauts of the Western Pacific, 4th ed. (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1953).
- 131.
Angela Senis, “The Contribution of John Rupert Firth to the History of Linguistics and the Rejection of Phoneme Theory,” ConSOLE XXIII, SOLE, Paris (2014), p. 274, accessed 14 July 2019, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01515010/document.
- 132.
D. Terence Langendoen, The London School of Linguistics: A Study of the Linguistic Theories of B. Malinowski and J.R. Firth (Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press, 1968).
- 133.
R.H. Robins, “Malinowski, Firth, and the ‘Context of Situation’,” in Social Anthropology and Language, ed. Edwin Ardener (London: Routledge, 1971), 33–46.
- 134.
J.R. Firth, “The Technique of Semantics,” Transactions of the Philological Society 34 (1935): 36–72, 37, accessed 4 March 2020, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1467-968X.1935.tb01254.x.
- 135.
Milton B. Singer, Man’s Glassy Essence: Explorations in Semiotic Anthropology (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1984), pp. 32–73.
- 136.
Simmel, Soziologie, pp. 497–509.
- 137.
Malinowski, Argonauts of the Western Pacific, p. 17.
- 138.
A.T. Hatto, “The Swan Maiden: A Folk-Tale of North Eurasian Origin,” in Essays on Medieval German and Other Poetry (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), 267–97.
- 139.
René Sylvain, “Leo Frobenius. From Kulturkreis to Kulturmorphologie,” Anthropos 91 (1996): 483–94.
- 140.
A.T. Hatto, ed., Eos. An Enquiry into the Theme of Lovers’ Meetings and Partings at Dawn in Poetry (The Hague: Mouton, 1965).
- 141.
Hatto, Eos, pp. 6–7.
- 142.
See also Ilya Kliger and Boris Maslow, “Introducing Historical Poetics: History, Experience, Form,” in Persistent Forms. Explorations in Historical Poetics, eds. Ilya Kliger and Boris Maslow (New York: Fordham University Press, 2016), p. 15.
- 143.
Malinowski, Argonauts of the Western Pacific, p. 17.
- 144.
John Flood. “Arthur Thomas Hatto,” p. 188.
- 145.
Johannes Morsink, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Origins, Drafting and Intent (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), pp. 212, 217–22, 334.
- 146.
Morsink, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, p. 219.
- 147.
“UNESCO in Brief – Mission and Mandate,” accessed 1 March 2020, https://en.unesco.org/about-us/introducing-unesco.
- 148.
Raymond Aron, Peace and War: A Theory of International Relations, trans. Richard Howard and Annette Baker Fox (New York: Doubleday, 1966), p. 704.
- 149.
“UNESCO Constitution,” accessed 1 March 2020, http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=15244&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html.
- 150.
“UNESCO Constitution,” accessed 1 March 2020, http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=15244&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html.
- 151.
Jan Nederven Pietersee, Globalization and Culture. Global Mélange (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006), p. 10.
- 152.
Ian Baucom, “Globalit, Inc: Or, the Cultural Logic of Global Literary Studies,” PMLA 116 (2001), pp. 159–60, 169.
- 153.
Chris Thornhill, A Sociology of Transnational Constitutions. Social Foundations of the Post-National Legal Structure (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2016), p. 89.
- 154.
Chris Thornhill, The Sociology of Law and the Global Transformation of Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2018), p. 493.
- 155.
Thornhill, Sociology of Law, p. 502.
- 156.
Kenneth M. Waltz, “The Emerging Structure of International Relations,” International Security 18 (1993), p. 78.
- 157.
I borrow the phrase from Duncan Bell, “Making and Taking Worlds,” in Global Intellectual History, eds. Samuel Moyn and Andrew Sartori (New York: Columbia University Press, 2013), p. 272.
- 158.
Sarah Brouillette, UNESCO and the Fate of the Literary (Stanford: Stanford UP, 2019), pp. 1, 21–26.
- 159.
Elvin Hatch, “The Good Side of Relativism,” Journal of Anthropological Research 53 (1997): 371–81.
- 160.
Bronislaw Malinowksi, Crime and Custom in Primitive Society (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1926), p. 59.
- 161.
Arthur T. Hatto, “Ethnopoetik: Traum oder Möglichkeit?” Nordrhein-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften 95 (1995), p. 23.
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Adler, J. (2022). The Anthropological Turn in Poetics: International Law and the Rise of World Literature. In: Tihanov, G. (eds) Universal Localities. Schriften zur Weltliteratur/Studies on World Literature, vol 13. J.B. Metzler, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62332-9_11
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