Skip to main content

The Denitrifying Prokaryotes

  • Chapter
The Prokaryotes

Abstract

Denitrification is usually defined as the reduction of nitrate (NO3 -) to a gaseous product (Gayon and Dupetit, 1886; Payne, 1973a), the consequence of which, as the name implies, is a loss of fixed nitrogen from a terrestrial or aquatic environment. Only prokaryotes are known to mediate biological denitrification and even among these organisms the ability to denitrify is relatively rare. It is widely though thinly distributed among the various taxonomic and physiological groups of prokaryotes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Literature Cited

    Google Scholar 

  2. Attwood, M. M., Harder, W. 1972. A rapid and specific enrichment procedure for Hyphomicrobium spp. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Journal of Microbiology and Serology 38:369–378.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Ruling, G., Reh, M., Lee, C. M., Schlegel, H. G. 1978. Pseudomonas pseudoflava, a new species of hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria: Its differentiation from Pseudomonas flava and other yellow-pigmented, Gram-negative, hydrogen-oxidizing species. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 28:82–95.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Baldensperger, J., Garcia, J.-L. 1975. Reduction of oxidized inorganic nitrogen compounds by a new strain of Thiobacillus denitrificans. Archives of Microbiology 103:31–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Balderston, W. L., Sherr, B., Payne, W. J. 1976. Blockage by acetylene of nitrous oxide reduction in Pseudomonas perfectomarinus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 31:504–508.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Naumann, L., Baumann, P., Mandel, M., Allen, R. D. 1972. Taxonomy of aerobic marine eubacteria. Journal of Bacteriology 110:402–409.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Begg, Y. A., Whyte, J. N., Haddock, B. A. 1977. The identification of mutants of Escherichia coli deficient in formate dehydrogenase and nitrate reductase activities using dye indicator plates. FEMS Microbiology Letters 2:47–50.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Berger, U. 1961. Reduktion von Nitrat und Nitrit durch Neisseria. Zeitschrift für Hygiene and Infektionskrankheiten 148:45–50.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Berger, U. 1962. Über das Vorkommen von Neisserien bei einigen Tieren. Zeitschrift für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten 148:445–457.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Buchanan, R. E., Gibbons, N. E. (eds.). 1974. Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology, 8th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Caldwell, D. E., Caldwell, S. J., Laycock, J. P. 1976. Thermothrix thioparus gen. et sp. nov. a facultatively anaerobic facultative chemolithotroph living at neutral pH and high temperature. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 22: 1509–1517.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Châtelain, R. 1969. Réduction des nitrites par Alcaligenes odor ans var. viridans. Annales de l’Institut Pasteur 116:498–500.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Chen, R. L., Keeney, D. R., Graetz, D. A., Holding, A. J. 1972. Denitrification and nitrate reduction in Wisconsin lake sediments. Journal of Environmental Quality 1:158–162.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Coleman, K. J., Newman, B. M., Cornish-Bowden, A. J., Cole, J. A. 1978. Nitrite reduction by bacteria, pp. 334–338. In: Schlessinger, D. (ed.), Microbiology—1978. Washington, D. C: American Society for Microbiology.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Davies, T. R. 1973. Isolation of bacteria capable of utilizing methane as a hydrogen donor in the process of denitrification. Water Research 7:575–579.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Davis, D. H., Doudoroff, M., Stanier, R. Y. 1969. Proposal to reject the genus Hydrogenomonas: Taxonomic implications. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 19: 375–390.

    Google Scholar 

  17. de Barjac, H., Bonnefoi, A. 1972. Essai de classification biochimique de 64 Bacillus des groupes II et III représentant 11 espèces différentes. Annales de l’Institut Pasteur 122:463–473.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Delaporte, B. 1972. Trois nouvelles espèces de Bacillus: Bacillus similibadius n. sp., Bacillus longisporus n. sp. et Bacillus nitritollens n. sp. Annales de l’Institut Pasteur 123:821–834.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Delwiche, C. C., Bryan, B. A. 1976. Denitrification. Annual Review of Microbiology 30:241–262.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Doudoroff, M., Contopoulou, R., Kunisawa, R., Palleroni, N. J. 1974. Taxonomic validity of Pseudomonas denitrificans (Christensen) Bergey et al. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 24:294–300.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Eskew, D. L., Focht, D. D., Ting, I. P. 1977. Nitrogen fixation, denitrification, and pleomorphic growth in a highly pigmented Spirillum lipoferum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 34:582–585.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Evans, W. C. 1977. Biochemistry of the bacterial catabolism of aromatic compounds in anaerobic environments. Nature 270:17–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Fewson, C. A., Nicholas, D. J. D. 1961. Nitrate reductase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 49:335–349.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Focht, D. D., Joseph, H. 1974. Degradation of 1,1-diphenyl-ethylene by mixed cultures. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 20:631–635.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Focht, D. D., Verstraete, W. 1977. Biochemical ecology of nitrification and denitrification. Advances in Microbial Ecology 1:135–214.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Forget, P., DerVartanian, D. V. 1972. The bacterial nitrate reductases: EPR studies on nitrate reductase A from Micrococcus denitrificans. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 256:600–606.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Gamble, T. N., Betlach, M. R., Tiedje, J. M. 1977. Numerically dominant denitrifying bacteria from world soils. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 33:926–939.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Garcia, J.-L. 1977a. Analyse de différents groupes composant la microflore dénitrifiante des sols de rizière du Sénégal. Annales de Microbiologie (Institut Pasteur) 128A:433–446.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Garcia, J.-L. 1977b. Étude de la denitrification chez une bactérie thermophile sporulée. Annales de Microbiologie (Institut Pasteur) 128A:447–458.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Garcia, J.-L., Pichinoty, F., Mandel, M., Greenway, B. 1977. A new denitrifying saprophyte related to Pseudomonas pickettii. Annales de Microbiologie (Institut Pasteur) 128A:229–237.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Gayon, IL, Dupetit, G. 1886. Recherches sur la réduction des nitrates par les infiniment petits. Mémoires de la Société des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles de Bordeaux Série 3, 2:201–307.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Greenberg, E. P., Becker, G. E. 1977. Nitrous oxide as end product of denitrification by strains of fluorescent pseudomo-nads. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 23:903–907.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Grohmann, G. 1924. Zur Kenntnis Wasserstoff-oxydierender Bakterien. Centralblatt für Bakteriologie Parasitenkunde, und Infektionskrankheiten, Abt. 2 61:256–271.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Hackenthal, E. 1966. Die parallele Induktion von Nitratreduktase und Nitritreduktase bei Bacillus cereus durch verschiedene Anionen. Biochemical Pharmacology 15:1119–1126.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Hall, J. B. 1978. Nitrate-reducing bacteria, pp. 296–298. In: Schlessinger, D. (ed), Microbiology—1978. Washington, D. C: American Society for Microbiology.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Hart, L. T., Larson, A. D., McCleskey, C. S. 1965. Denitrification by Corynebacterium nephridii. Journal of Bacteriology 89:1104–1108.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Hasan, M., Hall, J. B. 1977. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction in Clostridium tertium. Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Mikrobiologie 17:501–506.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Heitzer, R. D., Ottow, J. C. G. 1976. New denitrifying bacteria isolated from Red Sea sediments. Marine Biology 37:1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Hendrie, M. S., Holding, A. J., Shewan, J. M. 1974. Emended descriptions of the genus Alcaligenes and of Alcaligenes faecalis and proposal that the generic name Achromobacter be rejected: Status of the named species of Alcaligenes and Achromobacter. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 24:534–550.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Hirsch, P. 1974. Budding bacteria. Annual Review of Microbiology 28:391–444.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Hollis, D. G., Wiggins, G. L., Weaver, R. E. 1972. An unclassified Gram-negative rod isolated from the pharynx on Thayer-Martin medium (selective agar). Applied Microbiology 24:772–777.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Hutchinson, M., Johnstone, K. I., White, D. 1967. Taxonomy of anaerobic thiobacilli. Journal of General Microbiology 47:17–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Jones, G. A. 1972. Dissimilatory metabolism of nitrate by the rumen microbiota. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 18:1783–1787.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Keeney, D. R. 1973. The nitrogen cycle in sediment-water systems. Journal of Environmental Quality 2:15–29.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Koike, I., Hattori, A. 1975. Energy yield of denitrification: An estimate from growth yield in continuous cultures of Pseudomonas denitrificans under nitrate-, nitrite- and nitrous oxide-limited conditions. Journal of General Microbiology 88:11–19.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Koike, I., Hattori, A. 1978. Denitrification and ammonia formation in anaerobic coastal sediments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 35:278–282.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Krieg, N. R. 1976. Biology of the chemoheterotrophic spirilla. Bacteriological Reviews 40:55–115.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Krieg, N. R., Hylemon, P. B. 1976. The taxonomy of the chemoheterotrophic spirilla. Annual Review of Microbiology 30:303–325.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Lemille, F., de Barjac, H., Bonnefoi, A. 1969. Essai sur la classification biochimique de 91 Bacillus du groupe I, appartenant a 9 espèces différentes. Annales de l’Institut Pasteur 116:808–819.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Loesche, W. J., Gibbons, R. J., Socransky, S. S. 1965. Biochemical characteristics of Vibrio sputorum and relationship to Vibrio bubulus and Vibrio fetus. Journal of Bacteriology 89:1109–1116.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. MacFaddin, J. F. 1976. Biochemical tests for identification of medical bacteria. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Matsubara, T. 1971. Studies on denitrification. XIII. Some properties of the N20-anaerobically grown cell. Journal of Biochemistry 69:991–1001.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Neyra, C. A., Döbereiner, J., Lalande, R., Knowles, R. 1977. Denitrification by N2-fixing Spirillum lipoferum. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 23:300–305.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Painter, H. A. 1970. A review of literature on inorganic nitrogen metabolism in microorganisms. Water Research 4:393–450.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Palleroni, N. J., Doudoroff, M. 1972. Some properties and taxonomic subdivisions of the genus Pseudomonas. Annual Review of Phytopathology 10:73–100.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Palleroni, N. J., Doudoroff, M., Stanier, R. Y. 1970. Taxonomy of the aerobic pseudomonads: The properties of the Pseudomonas stützen group. Journal of General Microbiology 60:215–231.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Payne, W. J. 1973a. Reduction of nitrogenous oxides by microorganisms. Bacteriological Reviews 37:409–452.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Payne, W. J. 1973b. The use of gas chromatography for studies of denitrification in ecosystems, pp. 263–268. In: Rosswall, T. (ed.), Modern methods in the study of microbial ecology. Bulletins from the Ecological Research Committee, No. 17. Stockholm: Swedish Natural Science Research Council.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Payne, W. J. 1976. Denitrification. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 1:220–222.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Pichinoty, F., Châtelain, R. 1973. Réduction du nitrate, du nitrite et de l’oxyde nitreux par Alcaligenes denitrificans et Alcaligenes odor ans. Annales de Microbiologie (Institut Pasteur) 124B:445–449.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Pichinoty, F., Mandel, M., Garcia, J.-L. 1977. Etude de six souches de Agrobacterium tumefaciens et A. radiobacter. Annales de Microbiologie (Institut Pasteur) 128A:303–310.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Pichinoty, F., Bigliardi-Rouvier, J., Mandel, M., Greenway, B., Méténier, G., Garcia, J.-L. 1976a. The isolation and properties of a denitrifying bacterium of the genus Flavobacterium. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Journal of Microbiology and Serology 42:349–354.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Pichinoty, F., de Barjac, H., Mandel, M., Greenway, B., Garcia, J.-L. 1976b. Une nouvelle bactérie sporulée, dénitrifiante, mésophile: Bacillus azotoformans n. sp. Annales de Microbiologie (Institut Pasteur) 127B:351–361.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Pichinoty, F., Mandel, M., Greenway, B., Garcia, J.-L. 1977a. Étude de 14 bactéries dénitrifiantes appartenant au groupe Pseudomonas stützen isolées du sol par culture d’enrichissement en présence d’oxyde nitreux. Annales de Microbiologie (Institut Pasteur) 128A:75–87.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Pichinoty, F., Mandel, M., Greenway, B., Garcia, J.-L. 1977b. Isolation and properties of a denitrifying bacterium related to Pseudomonas lemoignei. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 27:346–348.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Pichinoty, R, Garcia, J.-L., Job, C., Durand, M. 1978. La déni-trification chez Bacillus lieheniformis. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 24:45–49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Ralston, E., Palleroni, N. J., Doudoroff, M. 1913. Pseudomonas pickettii, a new species of clinical origin related to Pseudomonas solanacearum. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 23:15–19.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Rhodes, M., Best, A., Payne, W. J. 1963. Electron donors and cofactors for denitrification by Pseudomonas perfecto-marinus. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 9:799–807.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Ritchie, G. A. R, Nicholas, D. J. D. 1974. The partial characterization of purified nitrite reductase and hydroxylamine oxidase from Nitrosomonas europaea. Biochemical Journal 138:471–480.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Robinson, J., Gibbons, N. E. 1952. The effect of salts on the growth of Micrococcus halodenitrificans, n. sp. Canadian Journal of Botany 30:147–154.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Ryden, J. C. 1977. In-field measurement of denitrification losses from soils. In: Denitrification seminar (San Francisco, California). Summary statements. Washington, D. C: The Fertilizer Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  72. St. John, R. T., Hollocher, T. C. 1977. Nitrogen 15 tracer studies on the pathway of denitrification in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of Biological Chemistry 252:212–218.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Satoh, T. 1977. Light-activated, -inhibited and -independent denitrification by a denitrifying phototrophic bacterium. Archives of Microbiology 115:293–298.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Satoh, T., Hoshino, Y., Kitamura, H. 1976. Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides forma sp. denitrificans, a denitrifying strain as a subspecies of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Archives of Microbiology 108:265–269.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Sneath, P. H. A. 1956. Cultural and biochemical characteristics of the genus Chromobacterium. Journal of General Microbiology 15:70–98.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Snell, J. J. S., Lapage, S. P. 1976. Transfer of some saccharolytic Moraxella species to Kingella Hendriksen and B0vre 1976, with descriptions of Kingella indologenes sp. nov. and Kingella denitrificans sp. nov. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 26:451–458.

    Google Scholar 

  77. S0rensen, J. 1978. Capacity of denitrification and reduction of nitrate to ammonia in a coastal marine sediment. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 35:301–305.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Sperl, G. T., Hoare, D. S. 1971. Denitrification with methanol: A selective enrichment for Hyphomicrobium species. Journal of Bacteriology 108:733–736.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Stanier, R. Y. 1947. Studies on non-fruiting myxobacteria. Journal of Bacteriology 53:297–315.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Stanier, R. Y, Palleroni, N. J., Doudoroff, M. 1966. The aerobic pseudomonads: A taxonomic study. Journal of General Microbiology 43:159–271.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Taylor, B. R, Heeb, M. J. 1972. The anaerobic degradation of aromatic compounds by a denitrifying bacterium. Archiv für Mikrobiologie 83:165–171.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Thauer, R. K., Jungermann, K., Decker, K. 1977. Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria. Bacteriological Reviews 41:100–180.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Tiedje, J. M. 1978. Denitrification in soil, pp. 362–366. In: Schlessinger, D. (ed.), Microbiology—1978. Washington, D. C: American Society for Microbiology.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Timmer-Ten Hoor, A. 1975. A new type of thiosulphate oxidizing, nitrate reducing microorganism: Thiomicrospira denitrificans sp. nov. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 9:344–350.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. van Gent-Ruijters, M. L. W., de Vries, W., Stouthamer, A. H. 1975. Influence of nitrate on fermentation pattern, molar growth yields and synthesis of cytochrome b in Propionibacterium pentosaceum. Journal of General Microbiology 88:36–48.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Vangnai, S., Klein, D. A. 1974. A study of nitrite-dependent dissimilatory micro-organisms isolated from Oregon soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 6:335–339.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. van Hartingsveldt, J., Marinus, M. G., Stouthamer, A. H. 1971. Mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa blocked in nitrate or nitrite dissimilation. Genetics 67:469–482.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. van Hartingsveldt, J., Stouthamer, A. H. 1973. Mapping and characterization of mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa affected in nitrate respiration in aerobic or anaerobic growth. Journal of General Microbiology 74:97–106.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. van Iterson, G., Jr. 1902. Accumulation experiments with denitrifying bacteria. Koninklijke [Nederlandse] Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam. Proceedings of the Section of Sciences 5:148–162.

    Google Scholar 

  90. van Niel, C. B., Allen, M. B. 1952. A note on Pseudomonas stützen. Journal of Bacteriology 64:413–422.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Verhoeven, W. 1952. Aerobic sporeforming nitrate reducing bacteria. Ph.D. Thesis. Technische Hogeschool te Delft (Technological University of Delft, the Netherlands).

    Google Scholar 

  92. Verhoeven, W. 1956. Some remarks on nitrate metabolism in microorganisms, pp. 61–86. In: McElroy, W. D., Glass, B. (eds.), A symposium on inorganic nitrogen metabolism. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Verhoeven, W., Koster, A. L., van Nievelt, M. C. A. 1954. Studies on true dissimilatory nitrate reduction. HI. Micrococcus denitrificans Beijerinck, a bacterium capable of using molecular hydrogen in denitrification. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Journal of Microbiology and Serology 20: 273–284.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Véron, M., Thibault, P., Second, L. 1959. Neisseria mucosa (Diplococcus mucosus Lingelsheim). I. Description bactériologique et étude du pouvoir pathogène. Annales de l’Institut Pasteur 97:497–510.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. von Mechsner, K. L., Wuhrmann, K. 1963. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der mikrobiellen Denitrifikation. Pathologia et Microbiologia 26:579–591.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Walker, G. C., Nicholas, D. J. D. 1961a. Nitrite reductase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 49:350–360.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Walker, G. C., Nicholas, D. J. D. 1961b. Hydroxylamine reductase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 49:361–368.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Williams, R. J., Evans, WC. 1975. The metabolism of benzoate by Moraxella species through anaerobic nitrate respiration. Biochemical Journal 148:1–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Woldendorp, J. W. 1963. L’influence des plantes vivantes sur la denitrification. Annales de l’Institut Pasteur 105:426–433.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Wolf, J., Barker, A. N. 1968. The genus Bacillus: Aids to the identification of its species, pp. 93–109. In: Gibbs, B. M., Shapton, D. A. (eds.), Identification methods for microbiologists, part B. New York, London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Woods, D. D. 1938. The reduction of nitrate to ammonia by Clostridium welchii. Biochemical Journal 32:2000–2012.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Yoshida, T., Alexander, M. 1970. Nitrous oxide formation by Nitrosomonas europaea and heterotrophic microorganisms. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 34:880–882.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Yoshinari, T., Knowles, R. 1976. Acetylene inhibition of nitrous oxide reduction by denitrifying bacteria. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 69:705–710.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Youatt, J. B. 1954. Denitrification of nitrite by a species of Achromobacter. Nature 173:826–827.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Zablotowicz, R. M., Eskew, D. L., Focht, D. D. 1978. Denitrification in Rhizobium. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 24:757–760.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. The Denitrifying Prokaryotes 925

    Google Scholar 

  107. ZoBell, C.E., Upham, H. C. 1944. A list of marine bacteria including descriptions of sixty new species. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla. Technical Series 5:239–292.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1981 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jeter, R.M., Ingraham, J.L. (1981). The Denitrifying Prokaryotes. In: Starr, M.P., Stolp, H., Trüper, H.G., Balows, A., Schlegel, H.G. (eds) The Prokaryotes. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-13187-9_73

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-13187-9_73

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-13189-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-13187-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics