Abstract
Algae are common inhabitants of surface waters and are encountered in every water system that is exposed to sunlight. They range from unicellular to filamentous types. Most of the algae, including diatoms, green algae, dinoflagellates and chrysophytes, are significant organisms in the aquatic environment, while the blue-green algae are important in soil and associated environments such as irrigation and drainage systems and lakes and ponds. Blue-green algae help to maintain soil fertility, through carbon fixation and synthesis of substances supporting plant growth. Probably the most noted activity is the ability of some species to fix atmospheric nitrogen which is particularly significant in the productivity of rice paddy. Algae are also unique in having photosynthetic ability which is absent in typical bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, yeast and protozoa.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbott DC, Harrison RB, Tatton JOG, Thompson J (1965) Organochlorine pesticides in the atmospheric environment. Nature (London) 208: 1317
Anderson BG (1960) The toxicity of organic insecticides to Daphnia. Trans 2nd Semin Biol Problems Water Pollut, US Public Health Serv, pp 94–95
Batterton JC, Boush GM, Matsumura F (1971) Growth response of blue green algae to aldrin, dieldrin and their metabolites. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 6: 589–594
Batterton JC, Boush GM, Matsumura F (1972) DDT: Inhibition of sodium chloride tolerance by the blue green alga Anacystis nidulans. Science 176: 1141–1143
Biggs DC, Rowland RG, O’Connors HB, Powers CD, Wurster CF (1978) A comparison of the effects of chlordane and PCB on growth, photosynthesis and cell size of estuarine phy- toplankton. Environ Pollut 15: 253–263
Boush GM, Matsumura F (1975) Pesticide degradation by marine algae. Natl Tech Inf Serv AD-A008, 75, 23
Bowes GW (1971) Molecular oceanography. PhD thesis, Univ Cal San Diego
Bowes GW (1972) Uptake and metabolism of DDT by marine phytoplankton and its effect on growth and chloroplast electron transport. Plant Physiol 49: 172–176
Bradbury FR (1963) The systematic action of benzene hexachloride seed dressings. Ann Appl Biol 52: 361–370
Briedenbach AW, Lichtenberg JJ (1963) DDT and dieldrin in rivers: A report of the national water quality network. Science 141: 899–901
Briedenbach AW, Gunnerson CG, Kawahara FK, Lichtenberg JJ, Green RS (1967) Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides in major river basins 1957–1965. Publ Health Rep 82: 139–156
Brown JR, Chow LY, Deng CB (1976) The effect of Dursban upon freshwater phytoplanktons. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 15: 437–441
Butler GL (1977) Algae and pesticides. Residue Reviews 66:19–62 Christie AE (1969) Effects of insecticides on algae. Water Sewage Works 116: 172–176
Christie AE (1969) Effects of insecticides on algae. Water Sewage Works 116:172-176
Clegg TJ, Koevenig JL (1974) The effect of four chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and one organophosphàte pesticide on ATP levels in three species of photosynthetic freshwater algae. Bot Gaz (Chicago) 135: 368–372
Cohn JM, Pinkerton C (1966) Widespread translocation of pesticides by air transport and rain out. In: Organic pesticides in the environment. Adv Chem Ser 60: 163–176
Cole DR, Plapp FW (1974) Inhibition of growth and photosynthesis by poly chlorinated biphenyls and several insecticides. Environ Entomol 3: 217–220
Cook SF, Conners JD (1963) The short term side effects of insecticidal treatment of clear lake, California in 1962. Ann Entomol Soc 99: 70–73
Cope OB (1961) Effects of DDT spraying for spruce budworm on fish in the Yellowstone River system. Trans Am Fish Soc 90: 239–251
Cox JL (1970) DDT residues in marine phytoplanktons: Increase from 1955 to 1969. Science 170: 71–73
Cox JL (1972) DDT residues in marine phytoplankton. Residue Rev 44: 23–28
Czeczuga B, Gierasimow M (1977) Wplyw DDT na zawartosc aminokwasow w hodowlack zie-lenic jednokomorkowych. Bromatol Chem Tosykol 10: 331–337
Das B, Singh PK (1978) Pesticide (hexachlorocyclohexane) inhibition of growth and nitrogen fixation in blue green algae Anabaenopsis raciborskii and Anabaenopsis aphanizomenoides. Z Allg Mikrobiol 18: 161–167
DaSilva EJ, Henrikisson LE, Henrikisson E (1975) Effect of pesticides on blue green algae and nitrogen fixation. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 3: 193–204
DeKoning HW, Mortimer DC (1971) DDT uptake and growth of Euglena gracilis. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 6: 244–248
Derby SB, Ruber E (1970) Primary production: Depression of oxygen evolution in algal cultures by organophosphorus insecticides. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 5: 553–558
Egloff DA, Partridge R (1972) Resistance of DDT of a fresh water alga. Ohio J Sei 72: 6–10
Ellis SW, Goulding KH (1973) The effects of pesticides on Chlorella. Abstr Br Phycol J 8: 208
Escoubet P (1978) Effect du lindane sur des cultures d’algues phytoplauctoniques marines et sur des coques: résultats préliminaires. Rev Int Oceanogr Med 49: 21–27
Fisher NS (1975) Chlorinated hydrocarbon pollutants and photosynthesis of marine phytoplankton. A reassessment. Science 189: 463–464
Gillott MA, Floyd GL, Ward DV (1975) The role of sediment as a modifying factor in pesticide-algae interactions. Environ Entomol 4: 621–624
Glooschenko V, Lott JNA (1977) The effects of chlordane on the green algae Scenedesmus qua-dricauda and Chlamydomonas sp. Can J Bot 55: 2866–2872
Goebel H, Gorbach S, Knauf W, Rimpan RH, Huttenback H (1982) Properties, effects of residues and analytics of the insecticides endosulfan. Residue Rev 83: 1–165
Goulding KH, Ellis S (1981) The interaction of DDT with two species of freshwater algae. Environ Pollut 25: 271–290
Gregory WW, John KR, Priester LE (1969) Accumulation of parathion and DDT by some algae and protozoa. J Protozool 16: 69–71
Grzenda AR, Nicholson HP (1965) The distribution and magnitude of insecticides residues among various components of stream system. Proc 14th South Water Resour Pollut Control Conf, pp 165–174
Grzenda AR, Nicholson HP, Teasley JI, Pétrie JH (1964) DDT residues in mountain stream water as influenced by treatment practices. J Econ Entomol 57: 615–618
Hamelink JL, Waybrant RC, Ball RC (1971) A proposal: exchange equilibria control the degree chlorinated hydrocarbons are magnified in lentic environments. Trans Am Fish Soc 100: 201–214
Hannan PJ, Patouillet C (1972) Effects of pollutants on growth of algae. Rep Natl Res Lab, Washington DC, No 7668, pp 1–8
Hansen PD (1979) Experiment on the accumulation of lindane (y-BHC) by the primary producer Chlorella spec, and Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 8: 721–731
Hindin E, May DS, Dunstan GH (1966) Distribution of insecticides sprayed by airplane on an irrigated corn plot. Symp 150th Meet Am Chem Soc, pp 132–145
Hollister TA, Walsh GE, Forester J (1975) Mirex and marine unicellular algae: Accumulation, population growth and oxygen evolution. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 14: 753–759
Hrbacek J, Dvorakova M, Korinck V, Prochazkova (1961) Demonstration of the effects of the fish stock on the species composition of zooplankton and the intensity of metabolism of the whole plankton association. Verh Int Ver Limnol 14: 192–195
Hurlbert SH (1975) Secondary effects of pesticides on aquatic ecosystems. Residue Rev 57: 81–148
Hurlbert SH, Mulla MS, Wilson HR (1972) The effects of organophosphorus insecticides on the phytoplankton, zooplankton and insect population of fresh water ponds. Ecol Monogr 42: 269–299
Ishizawa S, Matsuguchi T (1966) Effects of pesticides and herbicides upon microorganisms in soil and water under water logged conditions. Bull Environ Natl Inst Agric Sci Tokyo Ser B 167: 1–90
Jeanne-Levain N (1974) Etudes des effets du lindane sur la croissance et le développement de quelques organismes unicellulaires. Bull Soc Zool Fr 99: 105–109
Jeanne-Levain N (1979) Effects du lindane sur la division, le cycle cellulaire et les biosynthesis de deux algues unicellulaires. Can J Bot 57: 1464–1472
Jones BR, Moyle JB (1963) Populations of planktonic animals and residual chlorinated hydrocarbons in soil of six Minnesota ponds treated for control of mosquito larvae. Trans Am Fish Soc 92: 211–215
Kar S, Singh PK (1978) Toxicity of carbofuran to blue green algae Nostoc muscorum. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 20: 707–714
Kar S, Singh PK (1979) Detoxification of pesticides carbofuran and hexachlorocyclohexane by blue green algae Nostoc muscorum and Wollea bhardwajea. Microbios Lett 10: 111–114
Kiser RW, Donaldson JR, Olson PR (1963) The effect of rotenone on zooplankton populations in fresh water lakes. Trans Am Fish Soc 92: 17–24
Kopecek K, Fueller F, Ratzman W, Simonis W (1976) Lichtabhàngige Insektizidwirkungen und einzellige Algen. Ber Dtsch Bot Ges 88: 269–281
Kricher JC, Urey JC, Hawes ML (1975) The effects of mirex and methoxychlor on the growth and productivity on Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 14: 617–620
Lal R (1982) Accumulation, metabolism and effects of organophosphorus insecticides on microorganisms. Adv Appl Microbiol 28: 149–200
Lal R (1983) Factors influencing microbe/insecticide interactions. Crit Rev Microbiol 10: 261–295
Lal R, Dhanaraj PS (1984) Effects of pesticides on microbial nitrogen fixation. Adv Agron 37 (in press)
Lal R, Saxena DM (1980) Cytological and biochemical effects of insecticides on microorganisms. Residue Rev 73:49–86 Lai R,
Saxena DM (1982) Accumulation, metabolism and effects of organochlorine insecticides on microorganisms. Microbiol Rev 46: 95–127
Lal R, Mathur R, Saxena DM (1982) A comparative study of effects of organochlorine, or- ganophosphorus and carbamate insecticides on the growth and photosynthesis in the blue green alga Anabaena sp. VI All India Cell Biol Conf. Dep Zool, Univ Delhi, India, December 25–27
Lazaroff M, Moore RB (1966) Selective effects of chlorinated insecticide on algal population Abstr J Phycol (Suppl) 2:7.
Lichtenstein EP, Schulz KR, Skrentny RF, Tsukand Y (1966) Toxicity and fate of insecticide residues in water. Arch Environ Health 12: 199–212
Loosanoff VL, Hanks JE, Ganaros AE (1957) Control of certain forms of Zooplankton in mass algae cultures. Science 125: 1092
Luard EJ (1973) Sensitivity of Dunaliella and Scenedesmus (Chlorophyceae) to chlorinated hydrocarbons. Phycologia 12: 29–33
MacFarlane RB, Gloochenko WA, Harriss RC (1971). The interaction of light intensity and DDT concentration upon the marine diatom Nitzschia delicatissima Cleve. Hydrobiologia 39: 373–382
Magnani B, Powers CD, Wurster CF, O’Connors HB (1978) Effect of chlordane and hepta- chlor on the marine dinoflagellate Exuviella baltica Lohmann. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 20: 1–8
Maly MP (1980) A study of the effects of pesticides on single and mixed species of algae. Diss Abstr Int B 41, 1227
Maly M, Ruber E (1983) Effects of pesticides on pure and mixed species cultures of salt marsh pool algae. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 30: 464–472
Marth EH (1965) Residues and effects of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides in biological material. Residue Rev 9: 1–89
Mecks RL (1968) The accumulation of 36Cl-ring labelled DDT in fresh water marsh. J Wildl Manage 32: 376–398
Menzel DW, Anderson J, Randtke A (1970) Marine phytoplankton vary in their response to chlorinated hydrocarbons. Science 167: 1724–1728
Moore RB (1967) Algae as biological indicators of pesticides. J Phycol 3 (Suppl): 4 (Abstr) Moore RB (1970) Effects of pesticides on growth and survival of Euglena gracilis. Z Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 5: 226–230
Moore RB, Dorward DA (1968) Accumulation and metabolism of pesticides by algae. Abstr J Phycol (Suppl) 4: 7
Moore RB, Dorward DA (1968) Accumulation and metabolism of pesticides by algae. Abstr J Phycol (Suppl) 4: 7
Morgan JR (1972) Effects of Aroclor 1242 (a polychlorinated biphenyl) and DDT on cultures of alga, protozoan, dephnid, ostracod and guppy. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 8: 129–137
Mosser JL, Fisher NS, Wurster CF (1972 a) Polychlorinated biphenyls. Toxicity to certain phytoplankton. Science 175: 191–192
Mosser JL, Fisher NS, Wurster CF (1972 b) Polychlorinated biphenyls and DDT alter species composition in mixed cultures of algae. Science 176: 533–535
Mosser JL, Teng TC, Walther WG, Wurster CF (1974) Interaction of PCB’s, DDT and DDE in a marine diatom. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 12: 665–668
Nicholson HP, Webb HJ, Lauer GJ, O’Brien RE, Grzenda AR, Shanklin DW (1962) Insecticide contamination in farm pond. Trans Am Fish Soc 91: 213–217
Ordog V (1979) Szerves foszforsaveszter rovaroto szerek hatsa zoldalgatenyeszetekre. Hidrol Kozl 59: 36–42
Palmer CM, Maloney TE (1955) Preliminary screening for algicides. Ohio J Sei 55: 1–8
Poorman AE (1973) Effects of pesticides on Euglena gracilis. I. Growth studies. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 10: 25–28
Powers CD, Rowland RG, Michaels RR, Fisher NS, Wurster CF (1975) The toxicity of DDE to a marine dinoflagellate. Environ Pollut 9: 257–262
Powers CD, Rowland RG, Wurster CF (1977) Dieldrin induced distribution of marine algal cells with concomitant decrease in size of survivors and their progeney. Environ Pollut 12: 17–25
Powers CD, Wurster CF, Rowland RG (1979) DDE inhibition of marine algal cell division and photosynthesis per cell. Pestic Biochem Physiol 10: 306–312
Raghava Reddy HR (1976) Studies on the influence of pH, phosphate and pesticides on nitrogen fixation and radiocarbon assimilation by two blue green algae. M Sc thesis, Univ Agric Sei Bangalore, India
Raghu K, MacRae IC (1967) The effect of y-isomer of BHC upon the microflora of submerged rice soil. I. Effect upon algae. Can J Microbiol 13: 173–180
Ruber E, Ferrigno F (1964) Some effects of DDT, Baytex and endrin on salt marsh productivities, copepods and Aedes mosquito larvae. Proc NJ Mosq Extn Assoc 84–93
Sardeshpande JS (1981) Studies on nitrogen-fixing blue green algae from paddy soil of Konkan region of Maharashtra State. PhD thesis, PG School. IARI, New Delhi, India
Sardeshpande JS, Goyal SK (1982) Effects of insecticides on growth and nitrogen fixation by blue green algae. Proc Natl Symp Biol Nitrogen Fixation. IARI, New Delhi, India, Feb 25–27
Saroja G, Bose S (1982) Effect of methylparathion on the growth, cell size, pigment and protein content of Chlorella protothecoides. Environ Pollut 27: 297–308
Schauberger CW, Wildman RB (1977) Accumulation of dieldrin by blue green alga and related effects on photosnythetic pigment. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 17: 534–541
Shane MS (1948) Effect of DDT spray on reservoir biological balance. J Am Water Works Assoc 40: 333–336
Simmons SW (1959) DDT insecticide, vol II. Human and veterinary medicine. Hirkanser, Basel Stuttgart, 570 pp
Singh PK (1973) Effect of pesticides on blue green algae. Arch Microbiol 89: 317–320
Smith NR, Wenzel ME (1947) Soil microorganisms are affected by some of the new insecticides. Soil Sei Soc Am Proc 12: 227–233
Södergren A (1968) Uptake and accumulation of 14C-DDT by Chlorella (Chlorophyceae). Oikos 19: 126 - 138
Södergren (1971) Accumulation and distribution of chlorinated hydrocarbons in cultures of Chlorellapyrenoidosa (Chlorophyceae). Oikos 22: 215–220
Stadnyk L, Cambell RS, Johnson BT (1971) Pesticide effect on growth and 14C-assimilation in a fresh water alga. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 6: 1–8
Stratton GW, Corke CT (1982) Toxicity of the insecticides and some degradation products towards algae and cyanobacteria. Environ Pollut 29: 71–80
Subba Rao RV, Alexander M (1980) Effect of DDT metabolites on soil respiration and on an aquatic alga. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 25: 215–220
Subramanian BR (1982) The effects of pesticides on nitrogen fixation and ammonium excretion by AnabaenaAbstr J Phycol (Suppl) 2:7. Proc Natl Symp Biol Nitrogen Fixation, IARI, New Delhi, pp 567–586
Subramanian BR, Linger JA, Venugopalam VIC (1979) Effects of low concentration of DDT on the growth and production of marine diatom Skeletonema costatum. Curr Sei 48: 226–228
Sweeney RA (1968) Algae as indicator of pesticides. AIBS Meet, Columbus, Ohio, Sept 4, pp 1–13
Terriere LC, Kiigenagi U, Zwic RW, Westigard PH (1966) The persistence of pesticides in orchards and orchard soils, a twenty year study in organic pesticides in the Environment. Symp 150th Meet Am Chem Soc, pp 263–270
Torres AMR, O’Flaherty LM (1976) Influence of pesticide on Chlorella, Chlorococcum, Stigeo-clonium (Chlorophyceae). Phycologia 15: 25–36
Ukeles R (1962) Growth of pure cultures of marine phytoplankton in the presence of toxicants. Appl Microbiol 10: 532–537
Vance BD, Drummond W (1969) Biological concentration of pesticides by algae. J Am Water Works Assoc 62: 361–362
Venkataraman GS, Rajyalakshmi B (1971) Tolerance of blue green algae to pesticides. Curr Sei 40: 143–144
Venkataraman GS, Rajyalakshmi B (1972) Relative tolerance of blue green algae to pesticides. Indian J Agric Sei 42: 119–121
Von Witsch H, Munj A, Scherbe C (1975) Lichtabhängige DDT-Wirkung bei Mikroalgen. Ber Dtsch Bot Ges 88: 191–196
Walsh GE, Alexander SV (1980) A marine algal bioassay method. Results with pesticides and industrial wastes. Water Air Soil Pollut 13: 45–55
Ware CW, Roan CC (1970) Interaction of pesticide with aquatic microorganisms and plankton. Residue Rev 33: 15–45
West I (1964) Pesticides as contaminants. Arch Environ Health 9:626–633
Wheatley GA, Hardman JA (1965) Presence or organoshlorine pesticides in rainwater in Central England. Nature (London) 207:486–487
Wilson JK, Choudhri RS (1946) Effects of DDT on certain microbiological processes in the soil. J Econ Entomol 39: 537–538
Wurster CF (1968) DDT reduces photosynthesis of marine phytoplankton. Science 159: 1474–1475
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1984 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lal, S. (1984). Effects of Insecticides on Algae. In: Lal, R. (eds) Insecticide Microbiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69917-7_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69917-7_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-69919-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-69917-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive