Introduction
Today the access to space is done, only, by multi-stage rocket-powered vehicles, which have flown hypersonically, carrying their own propellant (solid and/or liquid, oxidizer along with fuel) to propel payloads and astronauts to Earth’s orbit.
The modern aerospace vehicles utilize multi-stage propulsion system on board, in general not reusable, of combustion chemistry (solid propulsion and / or liquid propulsion), extracting and converting chemical energy into kinetic energy with 97-98% efficiency. Approximately 89% of the weight of the spacecraft at time of launch, is due to the propulsion system be part of the vehicle , with only 1 to 2.5% due to the payload , usually satellites.
A new generation of scientific aerospace vehicles, using advanced hypersonic airbreathing propulsion based on supersonic combustion technology, is in development at several research centers [1]. This new propulsion system (scramjets) is economically and ecologically more attractive than the conventional rocket propulsion.
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Costa, F.J., Romanelli Pinto, D., Marcos, T.V.C., Minucci, M.A.S., Toro, P.G.P., Mergulhão Dias, E.P. (2012). External and Internal Configurations of the 14-X Hypersonic Aerospace Vehicle. In: Kontis, K. (eds) 28th International Symposium on Shock Waves. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25685-1_45
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