Abstract
Cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis was, perhaps, first described by the ancient Egyptians in 1534 B.C. The medical papyrus of Ebers (Ebers papyrus 1875) comprises 110 pages and contains the description of two cases of tuberculosis of the cervical lymph nodes. These medical papyri were purchased in Luxor by Edwin Smith in 1862 and are now in the university library of Leipzig (see Chap. 1). Cervical lymph node tuberculosis is commonly known as scrofula, a Latin term for “glandular swelling” or from the French “full necked sow”.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abba AA, Bamgboye AE, Afzal M et al (2002) Lymphadenopathy in adults. Saudi Med J 23:282–286
Afghani B, Lieberman JM (1994) Paradoxical enlargement or development of intracranial tuberculomas during therapy: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis 19:1092–1099
Aggarwal P, Wali JP, Singh S et al (2001) A clinico-bacteriological study of peripheral tuberculous lymphadenitis. J Assoc Physicians India 49:808–812
Ahuja A, Ying M, Yuen YH et al (2001a) Power Doppier sonography to differentiate tuberculous cervical lymphadenopathy from nasopharyngeal carcinoma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22:735–740
Ahuja A, Ying M, Yuen YH et al (2001b) Power Doppier sonography cervical lymphadenopathy. Clin Radiol 56:965–969
Al-Hadrani AM, Aulaqi SM, Al Salami SF et al (2000) Management strategies for peripheral tuberculous lymphadenopathy. Saudi Med J 21:266–269
American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America (2003) Treatment of tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167: 603–662
Appling D, Miller RH (1981) Mycobacterial cervical lymphadenopathy Update. Laryngoscope 91:1259–1266
Arora B, Arora DR (1990) Fine needle aspiration cytology in diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis. Ind J Med Res 91: 189–192
Arora VK, Kumar SV (1999) Pattern of opportunistic pulmonary infections in HIV seropositive subjects: observations from Pondicherry, India. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sei 41: 135–144
Ayed AK, Behbehani NA (2001) Diagnosis and treatment of isolated tuberculous mediastinal lymphadenopathy in adults. Eur J Surg 167:334–338
Bailey TM, Akhtar M, Ali MA (1985) Fine needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Acta Cytol 29: 732–736
Banerjee A, Dubnau E, Quemard A et al (1994) InhA, a gene encoding a target for isoniazid and ethionamide in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Science 363:227–230
Baran R, Tor M, Tahaoju K et al (1996) Intrathoracic tuberculous lymphadenopathy: dinical and bronchoscopic features in 17 adults without parenchymal lesions. Thorax 51:87–89
Barnes PF, Bloch AB, Davidson PT et al (1991) Tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N EnglJ Med 324:1644–1650
Bloch AB, Rieder HL, Kelley GD et al (1987) The epidemiology of tuberculosis in the United States. Clin Chest Med 10:297–313
British Medical Research Council (East African) (1973) Controlled clinical trial of four short-course (6 month) regimens of chemotherapy for treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Second report. Lancet 1:1331–1338
British Medical Research Council (East African) (1974) Controlled clinical trial of four short-course (6-month) regimens of chemotherapy for treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Third report. Lancet 2:237–240
British Medical Research Council (Hong Kong Chest Service) (1977) Controlled trial of a 6-month and 9-month regimens of daily intermittent streptomycin plus isoniazid plus pyrazinamide for pulmonary tuberculosis in Hong Kong. Am RevRespirDis 115:727–735
British Thoracic Society Research Committee (1985) Short course chemotherapy for lymph node tuberculosis: a controlled trial. Br J Dis 290:1106–1108
British Thoracic Society Research Committee (1988) Short course chemotherapy for lymph node tuberculosis: final report at 5 years. Br J Dis Chest 82:282–284
Brizi MG, Celi G et al (1998) Diagnostic imaging of abdominal tuberculosis: gastrointestinal tract, peritoneum, lymph nodes. Rays 23:115–125
Butt AA (1997) Nasal tuberculosis in the 20th Century. Am J Med Sei 313:332–335
Byrd RB, Griggs GA David G et al (1976) Surgical complications of cervical and mediastinal tuberculous adenitis in an infant. Chest 70:544–546
Campbell IA (1990) The treatment of superficial tuberculous lymphadenitis. Tuberde 71:1–3
Campbell IA, Dyson AJ (1977) Lymph node tuberculosis: a comparison of various methods of treatment. Tubercle 548:171–179
Campbell IA, Dyson AJ (1979) Lymph node tuberculosis: a comparison of treatments 18 months after completion of chemotherapy. Tubercle 60:95–98
Cantwell MF, Snider DE, Cauther GM et al (1994) Epidemiology of tuberculosis in the United States, 1985 through 1992. Am Med Assoc 272:535–539
Carter EJ, Mates S (1994) Sudden enlargement of a deep cervical lymph node during and after treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis. Chest 106:1896–1898
Chao SS, Loh KS, Tan KK et al (2002) Tuberculous and nontuberculous cervical lymphadenitis: a clinical review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 126:176–179
Chen YM, Lee PY, SU WJ et al (1992) Lymph node tuberculosis: 7 year experience in Veterans General Hospital Taipei, Taiwan. Tuber Lung Dis 73:368–371
Cheung WL, Siu KF, Ng A (1988) Tuberculous cervical abscess: comparing the results of total excision against simple incision and drainage. Br J Surg 75:563–564
Cowie RL, Sharpe JW (1997) Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis: a high frequency in the absence of HIV infection. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1:159–162
Dandapat MC, Mishra BM, Dash SP et al (1990) Peripheral lymph node tuberculosis: a review of 80 cases. Br J Surg 77:911–912
Das DK, Pant JN, Chachra KL (1990) Tuberculous lymphadenitis: Correlation of cellular components and necrosis in lymph node aspirate with AFB positivity and bacillary count. Ind J Pathol Microbiol 33:1–10
Das Gupta A, Ghosh TN, Podder AK et al (1994) Fine needle aspiration of cytology of cervical lymphadenopathy with Special reference to tuberculosis. J Ind Med Assoc 92:44–46
Davies PDO (1985) A possible link between vitamin D deficiency and impaired host defence to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tubercle 66:301–306
Deitel M, Bendago M, Krajeden S et al (1989) Modern management of cervical scrofula. Head Neck 1:60–66
Dhand S, Fisher M, Fewell JW (1979) Intrathoracic tuberculous lymphadenopathy in adults. JAMA 241:505–507
Dietel M, Bendago M, Kraijden S et al (1989) Modern manageent of cervical scrofula. Head Neck 11:60–66
Domingo P (1996) Isolated mediastinal tuberculous lymphadenitis. Arch Intern Med 156:1582
Dünn BL, Hodgson DJ (1982),Atyicar mycobacteria in milk. J Appl Bacteriol 52:373–376
Ellison E, Lapuerta P, Martra SE (1999) Fine aspiration diagnosis of mycobacterial lymphadenitis: sensitivity and predictive value in the United States. Acta Cytol 43:153–157
Fain O, Lortholary O, Djouab M, Amoura I et al (1999) Lymph node tuberculosis in the suburbs of Paris: 59 cases in adults not infected by the human immunodeficiency virus. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 3:162–165
Finfer M et al (1991) Fine needle aspiration biopsy diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis in patients with and without the acquired immune deficiency Syndrome. Acta Cytol 35: 325–332
Flint D et al (2000) Cervical lymphadenitis due to non-tuberculous mycobacteria: surgical treatment and review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 53:187–194
Freixinet J, Varela A, Rivero LL et al (1995) Surgical treatment of childhood mediastinal tuberculous lymphadenitis. Ann Thorac Surg 59:644–646
Froude JRL, Kingston M (1982) Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia: a review of 162 cases. King Faisal Specialist Hosp Med J 2:85–95
Geldmacher H, Taube C Kroeger C et al (2002) Assessment of lymph node tuberculosis in Northern Germany. Chest 121:1177–1182
Goel MM, Ranjan V, Dhole TN et al (2001) Polymerase chain reaction vs. conventional diagnosis in fine needle aspirates of tuberculous lymph nodes. Acta Cytol 45:333–340
Gong G, Lee H, Kang GH et al (2002) Nested PCR for diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis and PCR-SSCP for identification of rifampicin resistance in fine needle aspirates. Cytopathol 26:228–231
Grange JM, Collins C, Yates M (1982) Bacteriological survey of tuberculous lymphadenitis in South-east England: 1973-1980. J Epidemiol Community Health 36:157–161
Gupta SK, Chugh TD, Sheikh ZA et al (1993) Cytodiagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis: a correlative study with microbiologic examination. Acta Cytol 37:329–332
Harris BH, Webb HW, Wilkinson AH Jr et al (1982) Mycobacterial lymphadenitis. J Pediatr Surg 17:589–590
Harrison AC, Jayasundera J (1999) Mycobacterial cervical adenitis in Auckland: diagnosis by the fine needle aspirate. NZ Med J 112:7–9
Hooper AA (1972) Tuberculous peripheral lymphadenitis. Br J Surg 59:353–359
Ibekwe AO, Al Shareef Z, Al Kindy S (1997) Diagnostic problems of tuberculous cervical adenitis (scrofula). Am J Otolaryngol 18:202–205
Im JG, Song KS, Kang KS et al (1987) Mediastinal tuberculous lymphadneitis: CT manifestations. Radiology 164: 115–119
Jang YJ, Jung SW, Koo TW et al (2001) Sinonasal tuberculosis associated with osteomyelitis of the ethmoid bone and cervical lymphadenopathy. J Laryngol Otol 115:736–739
Jha BC, Dass A, Nagarkar NM et al (2001) Cervical tuberculous lymphadenopathy: changing clinical pattern and coneepts in management. Postgrad Med J 77:185–187
Johnson IJM, Soames JV, Marshall HF (1995) Nasal tuberculosis — an increasing problem? J Laryngol Otol 109:326–327
Jones PJ, Campbell PE (1962) Tuberculous lymphadenitis in childhood: the significance of anonymous mycobacteria. Br J Surg 50:302–314
Joshi W, Davidson PM, Jones PG et al (1989) Non-tuberculous mycobacterial lymphadenitis in children. Eur J Pediatr 148: 751–754
Julia G, Rodriguez de Castro F, Fernandez JM et al (1990) Transcarinal needle aspiration in the diagnosis of mediastinal adenitis in a patient infected with the immunodeficiency virus. Thorax 45:414–415
Kamboj SS, Goel MM, Tandon P (1994) Correlation study of histopathology and bacteriology in patients of tubercular lymphadenitis. Ind J Chest Dis Allied Sei 36:187–191
Kent DC (1967) Tuberculous lymphadenitis: not a localized disease process. Am J Med Sei 254:866–874
Khan J, Akhtar M, von Sinner WN, Bouchama A et al (1994) CT-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of mediastinal tuberculosis. Chest 106:1329–1332
Khan MQ, Al-Qahtani AQ, Al-Momen S et al (2000) Widespread tuberculous calcification. Saudi Med J 21:386–389
Kim SS, Chung SM, Kim JN et al (1996) Application of PCR from the fine needle aspirates for the diagnosis of cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis. J Kor Med Sei 11: 127–132
Krishnaswamy H, Koshi G, Kulkarni KG et al (1972) Tuberculous lymphadenitis in South India — a hospitalpathological and bacteriological study. Tubercle 53:215–220
Kumar N, Tiwari MC, Verma K (1998) AFB staining in cytodiagnosis of tuberculosis without classical features: a comparison of Ziehl Neelsen and fluoroscent methods. Cytopathology 9:208–214
Lau SK, Wei WI, Hsu C et al (1990) Efficacy of fine needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of tuberculous cervical lymphadenopathy. J Laryngol Otol 104:24–27
Lau SK, Wie WI, Kwan S et al (1991) Combines use of fine needle aspiration Cytologie examination and tuberculin skin test in the diagnosis of cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 117:87–90
Lee KC, Tami TA, Lalwani AK et al (1992) Contemporary management of cervical tuberculosis. Laryngoscope 102:60–64
Liu C, Fields WR, Shaw C (1978) Tuberculous mediastinal lymphadenopathy in adults. Radiology 126:369–371
MacKellar A (1976) Diagnosis and management of atypical mycobacterial lymphadenitis in children. J Pediatr Surg 11:85–89
Manolidis S, Frenkiel S, Yoskowitch A et al (1993) Mycobcterial infections of the head and neck. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 109:427–433
McMaster P, Ezeilo N, Vince JD (2000) A retrospective review of paediatric lymph node tuberculosis in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. Ann Trop Paediatr 20:223–226
Memish ZA, Mah MW, Mahmood SA et al (2000) Clinico-diagnostic experience with tuberculous lymphadenitis in Saudi Arabia. Clin Microbiol Infect 6:137–141
Mokhtar A, Salman K (1983) Extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Saudi Med J 4:317–322
Moon WK, Im JG, Yeon KM et al (1998) Mediastinal tuber culous lymphadenitis: CT findings of active and inactive disease. AJR 170:715–718
Mori T, Yamauchi Y, Shiozawa K (1996) Lymph node swelling due to bacilli Calmette-Guerin vaccination with multipuneture method. Tuberc Lung Dis 77:269–273
Morris S, Bai GH, Suffys P et al (1995) Molecular mechanism of multiple drug resistance in elinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 171:954–960
Obeid T, Mousali Y, Wali S et al (1999) Paradoxical enlargement of lymph nodes during therapy of central nervous System tuberculosis. Ann Saudi Med 19:530–532
Onorato IM, McCray E (1992) Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection among patients attending tuberculosis elinies in the United States. J Infect Dis 165:87–92
Pang SP (1992) Mycobacterial lymphadenitis in Western Australia. Tuberc Lung Dis 73:362–367
Pombo F, Rodriguez E, Mato J (1992) Patterns of contrast enhancement of tuberculous lymph nodes demonstrated by computed tomography. Clin Radiol 46:13–17
Prasoon D (2000) Acid-fast bacilli in fine needle aspiration smears from tuberculous lymph nodes. Where to look for them. Acta Cytol 44:297–300
Qadri SMH, Akhtar M, Ali MA (1991) Sensitivity of fine needle aspiration biopsy in the detection of mycobacterial infections. Diagn Cytopathol 7:142–146
Rieder HL, Snider DE Jr, Cauthen GM (1990) Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the United States. Am Rev Respir Dis 141: 347–351
Rosenblum LS, Castro KG, Dooley S et al (1994) Effect of HIV infection and tuberculosis on hospitalizations and cost of care for young adults in the United Sates, 1985 to 1990. Ann Intern Med 121:786–792
Shafer RW, Kim DS, Weiss JP et al (1991) Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Medicine 70:384–397
Shaha A, Webber C, Marti J (1986) Fine needle aspiration in the diagnosis of cervical lymphadenopathy. Am J Surg 152: 320–423
Shikhani AH, Hadi UM, Mufarrij AA et al (1989) Mycobacterial cervical lymphadenitis. Ear Nose Throat J 68:660–672
Shriner KA, Mathisen GE, Goetz MB (1992) Comparison of mycobacterial lymphadenitis among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus and seronegative controls. Clin Infect Dis 15:601–605
Spyridis P et al (2001) Mycobacterial cervical lymphadenitis in children: elinical and laboratory factors of importance for differential diagnosis. Scand J Infect Dis 33:362–366
Thabet JH, Ali Farzand, Ibrahim BB (1984) Incidence of tuberculous neck masses in the central zone of Saudi Arabia. J R Coll Surg Edinb 29:226–228
Thompson MM, Underwood MJ, Sayers RD et al (1992) Peripheral tuberculous lymphadenopathy. Br J Surg 79:763–764
Wadman SR, Levine HL, Sebek BA et al (1981) Nasal tuberculosis: a forgotten entity. Laryngoscope 91:11–16
Wong ML, Jafek BW (1974) Cervical mycobacterial disease. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 78:75–87
Zwischenberger JB, Savage C, Alpard SK et al (2002) Mediastinal transthoracic needle and core lymph node biosy. Chest 121:1165–1170
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Madkour, M.M., Al-Kuhaymi, R. (2004). Mycobacterial Lymphadenitis. In: Madkour, M.M. (eds) Tuberculosis. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18937-1_28
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18937-1_28
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-62365-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-18937-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive