This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aagaard K (1984) The Beaufort Undercurrent. In: Barnes P W, Schell DM, Reimnitz E (eds). The Alaskan Beaufort Sea; Ecosystems and Environments. Academic Press, pp 47–71
Aagaard K (1989) A synthesis of the Arctic Ocean circulation. Rapp P-v Réun Cons Int Explor Mer 188:11–22
Aagaard K, Carmack EC (1989) The role of sea ice and other fresh water in the Arctic circulation. J Geophys Res 94:14485–14498
Aagaard K, Coachman LK, Carmack EC (1981) On the haloc-line of the Arctic Ocean. Deep Sea Res 28:529–545
Aagaard K, Swift JH, Carmack EC (1985) Thermohaline circulation in the Arctic Mediterranean Seas. J Geophys Res 90:4833–4846
Aas E, Højerslev NK (2001) Attenuation of ultraviolet irradiance in North European coastal waters. Oceanologia 43:139–168
Aas E, Høkedal J, Højerslev NK, Sandvik R, Sakshaug E (2002) Spectral properties and UV-attenuation in arctic marine waters. In: Hessen D (ed) Radiation and Arctic ecosystems. Ecological Studies 153, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 23–72
Abramova EN (1999) Composition, abundance and population structure of spring-time zooplankton in the shelf-zone of Laptev Sea. In: Kassens H et al. (eds) Land-ocean systems in the Siberian Arctic: Dynamics and history. Springer, Berlin, pp 161–168
ACIA (2002a) http://faldo.atmos.uiuc.edu/ACIA/timeseries. html
ACIA (2002b) http://zubov.atmos.uiuc.edu/FINGERPRINT/ FREQUENCY/GIF/ccc.gs
Ackman RG, Tocher CS, McLachlan J (1968) Marine phytoplankter fatty acid. J Fish Res Board Can 25:1603–1620
Agatova AI, Arzhanova NV, Torgunova, NI (1999) Organic matter in the Bering Sea. In: Loughlin TR, Ohtani K (eds) The physical oceanography of the Bering Sea. Univ Alaska Seagrant AK-SG-03, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, pp 216–283
Aibulatov NA, Matyushenko VA, Shevchenko VP, Politova NV, Potekhina EM (1999) New data about structure of lateral fluxes of suspended matter on the Barents Sea periphery. Environmental Geoscience, in press
Albert DB (1985) Sulfate reduction and iron sulfide formation in sediments of the Pamlico River Estuary, North Carolina. PH.D. Thesis Univ. N. Carolina at Chapel Hill, pp 1–181
Aldahan A, Possnert G, Scherer R, Shi N, Backman J, Bostroem K (2000) Trace-element and major-element stratigraphy in Quaternary sediments from the Arctic Ocean and implications for glacial termination. Journal of Sedimentary Research Section A: Sedimentary Petrology and Processes 70:1095–1106
Alekin OA, Brazhnikova LV (1964) Discharge of dissolved substances from the USSR territory. Moscow, Nauka, 143 pp. (in Russian)
Alexander V (1995) The influence of the structure and function of the marine food web on the dynamics of contaminants in Arctic Ocean ecosystems. Science of the Total Environment 161:593–603
Alexander V, Niebauer HJ (1981) Oceanography of the eastern Bering Sea ice-edge zone in spring. Limnol Oceanogr 26:1111–1125
Alexandrov VYu, Martin T, Kolatschek J, Eicken H, Kreyscher M, Makshtas A (2000) Sea-ice circulation in the Laptev Sea and ice export to the Arctic Ocean: Results from satellite remote sensing and numerical modelling. J Geophys Res 105:17143–17159
Alley RB, Marotzke J, Nordhaus W, Overpeck J, Peteet D, Pielke R, et al. (2002) Abrupt Climate Change; Inevitable surprises, National Academy Press, Washington DC
Alley RB, Mayewski PA, Sowers T, Stuiver M, Taylor KC, Clark PU (1997) Holocene climatic instability: A prominent, widespread event 8200 yr ago. Geology 25:483–486
Altabet MA, Francois R (1994) Sedimentary nitrogen isotopic ratio as a recorder for surface ocean nitrate utilization. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 8:103–116
AMAP (1998) AMAP Assessment Report: Arctic Pollution Issues. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, 859 pp.
Ambrose W, Ahrens M, Brandt A, Dimmler W, Graf G, Gutt J, Hermann R, Jensen P, Piepenburg D, Queisser W, Renard P, Ritzrau W, Scheltz A, Thomsen L (1994) Benthos. Reps Pol Res 142:106–112
Ambrose WG Jr, Clough LM, Tilney PR, Beer L (2001) Role of echinoderms in benthic remineralization in the Chukchi Sea. Mar Biol 139:937–949
Ambrose WG Jr, Renaud PE (1995) Benthic response to water column productivity patterns: Evidence for benthicpelagic coupling in the Northeast Water Polynya. J Geophys Res 100:4411–4421
Amiel D, Cochran JK, Hirschberg DJ (2002) 234Th/238U disequilibrium as an indicator of the seasonal export flux of particulate organic carbon in the North Water Polynya. Deep-Sea Res 49:5191–5209
Amon RMW, Benner R (1996) Bacterial utilization of different size classes of dissolved organic matter. Limnol Oceanogr 41:41–51
Amon RMW, Benner R (1996) Photochemical and microbial consumption of dissolved organic carbon and dissolved oxygen in the Amazon River system. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 60:1783–1792
Amon RMW, Benner R (2003) Combined neutral sugars as indicators of the diagenetic state of dissolved organic matter in the Arctic Ocean. Deep Sea Res 50/1:151–169
Amon RMW, Budeus G, Meon B (2003) Dissolved organic carbon distribution and origin in the Nordic Seas: Exchanges with the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic. J Geophys Res in press
Amon RMW, Fitznar H-P, Benner R (2001) Linkages among the bioreactivity, chemical composition, and diagenetic state of marine dissolved organic matter. Limnol Oceanogr 46:287–297
Amon RMW, Spitzy A (1999) Distribution of dissolved organic carbon during estuarine mixing in the southern Kara Sea. Reps Pol Res 300:102–109
Andersen ES, Dokken TM, Elverhøi A, Solheim A, Fossen I (1996) Late Quaternary sedimentation and glacial history of the western Svalbard margin. Mar Geol 133:123–156
Andersen OGN (1989) Primary production, chlorophyll, light, and nutrients beneath the Arctic sea ice. In: Herman Y (ed) The Arctic seas. Climatology, oceanography, and biology. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp 147–191
Andersen OGN (1998) Primary production, chlorophyll, light, and nutrients beneath the Arctic sea ice. In: Herman Y (ed). The Arctic Seas, Climatology, oceanography, Geology and Biology. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp 147–191
Andersen PF, Hartmann M (1992) Makrobenthos i blødbunden fra Vestgrønland. In: Andersen PF, Düwel L, Hansen OS (eds): Feltkurs i Arktisk Biologi, Godhavn 1990 Institut for Sporeplanter & Zoologisk Museum, Københavns Universitet, Denmark, pp 211–233
Anderson LG (2002) DOC in the Arctic Ocean. In: Hansell DA, Carlson CA (eds) Biogeochemistry of marine dissolved organic matter. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 665–685
Anderson LG, Björk G, Holby, O, Kattner G, Koltermann PK, Jones EP, Liljeblad B, Lindegren R, Rudels B and Swift JH (1994) Water Masses and Circulation in the Eurasian Basin: Results from the Oden 91 North Pole Expedition. J Geophys Res 99:3273–3283
Anderson LG, Chierici M, Fogelquist E (2000) Flux of anthropogenic carbon into the deep Greenland Sea. J Geophys Res 105:14339–14345
Anderson LG, Dyrssen D (1981) Chemical constituents of the Arctic Ocean in the Svalbard area. Oceanol Acta 4:305–311
Anderson LG, Dyrssen D, Jones EP (1990) An assessment of the transport of atmospheric CO2 into the Arctic Ocean. J Geophys Res C 95:1703–1711
Anderson LG, Jones EP, Rudels B (1999) Ventilation of the Arctic Ocean estimated by a plume entrainment model constrained by CFCs. J Geophys Res 104:13423–13429
Anderson LG, Jones EP, Swift JH (2003) Export production in the central Arctic Ocean evaluated from phosphate deficits. J Geophys Res, in press
Anderson LG, Kaltin S (2001) Carbon fluxes in the Arctic Ocean-potential impact on climate change. Pol Res 20:225–232
Anderson LG, Olsson K, Chierici M (1998) A carbon budget for the Arctic Ocean. Glob Biochem Cycles 12:455–465
Anderson LG, Olsson K, Skoog A (1994) Distribution of dissolved inorganic and organic carbon in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean. In: Johannessen O, Muench R, Overland J (eds) The polar oceans and their role in shaping the global environment. AGU, Washington DC, pp 255–262
Andreassen I, Nöthig E-M, Wassmann P (1996) Vertical particle flux on the shelf off northern Spitsbergen, Norway. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 137:215–228
Andreeva IA, Volkova JV, Vanshtein BG, Dzinoridze RN, Polyak LV, Cherkashev GA (2000) Variability of depositional processes in Kola Bay during Late Holocene. IMAGES Workshop “Correlation of post-glacial climatic events in the Arctic and Far East seas” IO RAS, Moscow, 1:12–13
Andrew JA, Kravitz JH (1974) Sediment distribution in deep areas of the northern Kara Sea. In: Herman Y (ed) Marine Geology and Oceanography of the Arctic Seas. Springer, Berlin, pp 231–256
Anisimova NA (1989) Distribution Patterns of Echinoderms in the Eurasian Sector of the Arctic Ocean. In: Herman Y (eds), The Arctic Seas-Climatology, Oceanography, Geology, and Biology, pp 281–302
Anning T, Nimer N, Merrett MJ, Brownlee C (1996) Costs and benefits of calcification in coccolithophorids. J Mar Syst 9:45–56
Anning, JL (1989) The development and decline of the epontic algal community in Barrow Strait, N.W.T., M Sc Thesis, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada, 85 p
Anon, 1978. Polar Regions Atlas. Produced by the Foreign Assessment Center, Central Intelligence Agency
Anonymous (1980) Atlas of the Oceans The Arctic Ocean, MO USSR VMF
Antia AN, Bauerfeind E, Bodungen Bv, Zeller U (1993) Abundance, encystment and sedimentation of Acantharia during autumn 1990 in the East Greenland Sea. J Plankton Res 24:99–114
Antia NJ (1976) Effects of temperature on the darkness survival of marine microplanktonic algae. Microbial Ecol 3:41–54
Antoine D, André JM, Morel A (1996) Oceanic primary production. 1. Estimation at global scale from satellite (Coastal Zone Colour Scanner) chlorophyll. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 10:57–69
Apollonio S (1959) Hydrobiological measurements on IGY Drifting Station Bravo. Trans Am Geophys Union 40:316–319
Apollonio S (1980) Primary production in Dumbell Bay in the Arctic Ocean. Mar Biol 61:41–51
Are FE (1980) Thermal Abrasion of Sea Coasts. Nauka Publ, Moscow, 160 pp (in Russian)
Are FE (1985) Principles of shore thermoabrasion forecast. Novosibirsk Nauka Publ, 172 pp (in Russian)
Are FE (1987) Cryogenic processes of Arctic coastal zone dynamics. In: Fundamental investigations of the Earth Cryosphere. Nauka Press, Novosibirsk: 123–129 (in Russian)
Are FE (1994) Dynamics of the littoral zone of Arctic seas (State of the Art and Goals). Polarforschung 64:123–131
Are FE (1999) The role of coastal retreat for sedimentation in the Laptev Sea. In: Kassens H, Bauch H, Dmitrenko I, Eicken H, Hubberten HW, Melles M, Thiede J and Timokhov L (eds) Land-Ocean systems in the Siberian Arctic: dynamics and history. Springer, Berlin 287–299
Arhus N (1991) The transition from deposition of condensed carbonates to dark claystones in the Lower Cretaceous succession of the southwestern Barents Sea. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 71:259–263
Arhus N, Kelly SRA, Collins JSH, Sandy MR (1990) Systematic palaeontology and biostratigraphy of two Early Cretaceous condensed sections from the Barents Sea. Pol Res 8:165–194
Arkhikov EI, Brovko PF, Rybakov VF, Shuiskiy YuD (1982) Abrasive factors of sediment input into the Okhotsk Sea. In: Modern sedimentation and Quaternary morphogenesis of the Far East. Vladivostok: 165–176 (in Russian)
Arkhipov SA, Bespaly VG, Faustova MA, Glushkova O, Isaeva LL, Velichko AA (1986) Ice-sheet reconstructions. Quat Sci Rev 5:475–483
Arkhipov SA, Isayeva LL, Bespaly VG and Glushkova OY (1986) Glaciation of Siberia and northeast USSR. Quat Sci Rev 5:463–474
Arnborg L, Walker HJ, Peippo J (1967) Suspended load in the Colville River, Alaska, 1962. Geografiska Annaler 49A:131–144
Aronson RB (1989) The ecology of Octopus briareus Robson in a Bahamian saltwater lake. Am Malacol Bull 7:47–56
Artemiev VE (1997) Geochemistry of organic matter in river-sea system. Kluwer, Dordrecht, 190 pp
Arthur MA, Dean WE Stow DAV (1984) Models for the deposition of Mesozoic-Cenozoic fine-grained organic-carbon-rich sediments in the deep sea. In: Stow DAV, Piper DJW (eds), Fine-Grained Sediments: Deep-Water Processes and Facies. Geol Soc London, Spec Publ 15:527–560
Ashijan C, Smith S, Bignami F, Hopkins T, Lane P (1997) Distribution of zooplankton in the Northeast Water Polynya during summer 1992. J Mar Syst 10:279–298
Bakke T, Hameedi J, Kimstach V, Macdonald R, Melnikov S, Robertson A, et al (1998) Chapter 10: Petroleum hydrocarbons. In: Robertson A (ed). AMAP Assessment Report: Arctic Pollution Issues. AMAP, Oslo, pp 662–716
Balch WM, Fritz J, Fernandez E (1996) Decoupling of calcification and photosynthesis in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi under steady-state light-limited growth. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 142:87–97
Balch WM, Holligan PM, Kilpatrick KA (1992) Calcification, photosynthesis and growth of the bloom-forming cocco-lithophore, Emiliania huxleyi. Cont Shelf Res 12:1353–1374
Baliño BM, Fasham MJR, Bowles MC (2000) Ocean biogeochemistry and global change. International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme IGBP Science No 2, ICSU, Stockholm, 32 pp
Balkanski Y, Monfray P, Battle M, Heimann M (1999) Ocean primary production derived from satellite data: An evaluation with atmospheric oxygen measurements. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 13:257–271
Båmstedt U, Eilertsen H-C, Tande KS, Slagstad D and Skjoldal HR (1991) Copepod grazing and its potential impact on the phytoplankton development in the Barents Sea. Pol Res 10:339–353
Båmstedt U, Karlson K (1998) Euphausiid predation on copepods in coastal waters of the Northeast Atlantic. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 172:149–168
Ban S et al (1997) The paradox of diatom-copepod interactions. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 157:287–293
Banse K (1979) On weight dependence of net growth efficiency and specific respiration rates among field populations of invertebrates. Oecologia 38:111–126
Banse K, English DC (1999) Comparing phytoplankton sea-sonality in the eastern and western subarctic Pacific and the western Bering Sea. Prog Oceanogr 43:235–288
Banse K, Mosher S (1980) Adult body mass and annual production/biomass relationships of field populations. Ecol Monographs 50:355–379
Barber D, Hanesiak JM, Chan W, Piwowar J (2001) Sea-ice and meteorological conditions in Northern Baffin Bay and the North Water Polynya between 1979 and 1996. Atmosphere-Ocean 39:343–359
Bard E (1998) Geochemical and geophysical implications of the radiocarbon calibration. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 6:2025–2038
Barnard WR, Andreae MO, Iverson RI (1984) Dimethylsulfide and Phaeocystis pouchetii in the southeastern Bering Sea. Cont Shelf Res 3:103–113
Barnes PW, Asbury JL, Rearic DM, Ross CR (1987) Ice erosion of a sea-floor knickpoint at the inner edge of the stamukhi zone, Beaufort Sea, Alaska. Mar Geol 76:207–222
Barnes PW, Graves S, Reimnitz E (1987) Beaufort Sea coastal currents: a divergence near Barter Island, Alaska? In: Hamilton TD, Galloway JP (eds). Geologic Studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey During 1986: USGS Circular 998, pp 139–142
Barnes PW, Ravlinson SE, Reimnitz E (1988) Coastal geomorphology of Arctic Alaska, Arctic coastal processes and slope protection. ASCE
Barnes PW, Schell DM, Reimnitz E (1984) The Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Ecosystems and environments. Academic Press, New York, 466 pp
Barrie LA (1996) Occurrence and trends of pollution in the Arctic troposphere. In Wolff EW, Bales RC (eds) Chemical Exchange between the Atmosphere and Polar Snow. Springer, Berlin 93–129
Baskaran M, Naidu AS (1995) 210Pb-derived chronology and the fluxes of 210Pb and 137CS isotopes into continental shelf sediments, East Chukchi Sea, Alaskan Arctic. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59:4435–4448
Bauch D, Carstens J, Wefer G, Thiede J (2000) The imprint of anthropogenic CO2 in the Arctic Ocean: evidence from planktic δ13C data from water column and sediment surfaces. Deep Sea Res 47:1791–1808
Bauch HA, Cremer H, Kunz-Pirrung M (2000) Siberian shelf sediments contain clues to paleoclimatic forcing. EOS Transactions 81:233 and 238
Bauch HA, Kassens H, Erlenkeuser H, Grootes PM, Thiede J (1999) Depositional environment of the Laptev Sea (Arctic Siberia) during the Holocene. Boreas 28:194–204
Bauch HA, Kassens H, Naidina OD, Kunz-Pirring M, Thiede, J (2001a) Composition and Flux of Holocene Sediments on the Eastern Laptev Sea Shelf, Arctic Siberia. Quart Res 55:344–351
Bauch HA, Mueller-Lupp T, Taldenkova E, Spielhagen RF, Kassens H, Grootes PM, Thiede J, Heinemeier J, Petryashov VV (2001b) Chronology of the Holocene transgression at the North Siberian margin. Glob Planet Change 31:125–141
Bauerfeind E, Bodungen Bv, Arndt K, Koeve W (1994) Particle flux, and composition of sedimenting matter, in the Greenland Sea. J Mar Syst 5:411–423
Bauerfeind E, Garrity C, Krumbholz M, Ramseier RO, Voß M (1997) Seasonal variability of sediment trap collections in the Northeast Water Polynya. Part 2. Biochemical and microscopic composition of sedimenting matter. J Mar Syst 10:371–389
Baumann M (1990) Coccoliths in sediments of the eastern Arctic Basin. In: Bleil U, Thiede J (eds), Geological History of the Polar Oceans: Arctic versus Antarctic. NATO ASI Series C, 308, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 437–445
Baumann MEM, Lancelot C, Brandini FP, Sakshaug E, John DM (1994) The taxonomic identity of the cosmopolitan prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis: a morphological and ecophysiological approach. J Mar Syst 5:5–22
Behrends M, Hoops E, Peregovich B (1999) Distribution patterns of heavy minerals in Siberian rivers, the Laptev Sea and the eastern Arctic Ocean: an approach to identify sources, transport and pathways of terrigenous matter. In: Kassens H et al. (eds), Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic: Dynamics and History, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 265–286
Behrenfeld MJ, Falkowski PG (1997) Photosynthetic rates derived from satellite-based chlorophyll concentration. Limnol Oceanogr 42:1–20
Bélanger S, Larouche O, Klein B, Roy S, Mei Z-P, Tremblay J-E, Vidussi F, Leblanc B (2002) Phytoplankton dynamics in the North Water polynya during 1998-2000 summers using SeaWiFS imagery. J Geophys Res, in press
Belicka LL, Macdonald RW, Harvey HR (2002) Sources and transport of organic carbon to shelf, slope, and basin surface sediments of the Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Research Part I 49:1463–1483
Belov NA (1976) The estimate of river drainage influence upon the formation of bottom sediments in the Arctic seas. Proceedings of AANII 323:178–187
Bender M, Jahnke R, Weiss R, Martin W, Heggie DT, Orchardo J, Sowers T (1989) Organic carbon oxidation and benthic nitrogen and silica dynamics in San Clemente Basin, a continental borderland site. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 53:685–697
Bender M, Sowers T, Labeyrie L (1994) The Dole effect and its variations during the last 130, 000 years as measured in the VOSTOK ice core. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 8:363–376
Benner R (2002a) Chemical composition and reactivity. In: Hansell D, Carlson C (eds) Biogeochemistry of marine dissolved organic matter. Academic Press, New York, pp 59–90
Benner R (2002b) Molecular indicators for the bioavailability of dissolved organic matter. In: Findlay SEG, Sinsabaugh (eds) Aquatic ecosystems: Interactivity of Dissolved Organic Matter. Academic Press, pp 121–137
Benner R, Benitez-Nelson B, Kaiser K, Amon RMW (in prep.) Export of young terrigenous dissolved organic matter from rivers to the Arctic Ocean. Nature, subm
Berelson WM (2001) The flux of particulate carbon into the ocean interior: a comparison between four US JGOFS regional studies. Oceanography 14:59–67
Berge G (1962) Discolouration of the sea due to Coccolithus huxleyi “bloom”. Sarsia 6:27–40
Berger WH, Fischer K, Lai C, Wu G (1988) Ocean carbon flux: Global maps of primary productivity and export production. In: Aregian CR (ed): Biogeochemical Cycling and Fluxes between the Deep Euphotic Zone and Other Oceanic Realms. National Undersea Research Program Research Report 88-1, NOAA, Washington DC, pp 131–176
Berger WH, Smetacek V and Wefer G (1989) Productivity of the Ocean: Past and Present. Life Sciences Research Report 44, Wiley & Sons, New York, 471 pp
Berner H, Wefer G (1990) Physiographic and biological factors controlling surface sediment distribution in the Fram Strait. In: Bleil U, Thiede J (eds). Geological History of the Polar oceans: Arctic versus Antarctic, Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 317–335
Berner RA (1980) Early diagenesis: a theoretical approach. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, pp 1–241
Berner RA (1982) Burial of organic carbon and pyrite in the modern ocean: its geochemical and environmental significance. Am J Sci 282:451–475
Berner RA (1989) Biogeochemical cycles of carbon and sulfur and their effect on atmospheric oxygen over Phanerozoic time. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclim Palaeoecol 73:97–122
Betzer PR, Showers WJ, Laws EA, Winn CD, Ditullo GR, Kroopnick PM (1984) Primary productivity and particle fluxes on a transect of the equator at 153°W in the Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Res 31:1–11
Bhat SG, Krishnaswamy S, Rama Lal D, Moore WS (1969) 234Th/238U ratios in the ocean. Earth Planet Sci Lett 5:483–491
Bignami F, Hopkins TS (1993) The water mass characteristics of the Northeast Water Polynya: Polar Sea data 1992-1993, J Mar Syst 10:139–156
Billett DSM, Lampitt RS, Rice AL, Mantoura RFC (1983) Seasonal sedimentation of phytoplankton to the deep-sea benthos. Nature 302:520–522
Bilyard GR, Carey AG Jr (1979) Distribution of western Beauford Sea polychaetous annelids. Mar Bio 54:329–339
Bird RE (1984) A simple, solar spectral model for direct-normal and diffuse horizontal irradiance. Solar Energy 32:461–471
Birgel D (1999) Paläoumweltbedingungen und organischer Kohlenstoffeintrag im Spätquartär: Ergebnisse von organisch-geochemischen und sedimentologischen Untersucheungen an Sedimenten vom Yermak-Plateau und der nördlichen Fram-Strasse. Unpublished Diploma Thesis. Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen/Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research Bremerhaven, pp 1–69
Birkenes I, Braarud T (1952) Phytoplankton in the Oslo fjord during a “Coccolithus huxleyi” summer. Avh Norske Vidensk Akad Oslo 1952(2):1–23
Biscaye PE, Anderson RF (1994) Fluxes of particulate matter on the slope of the southern Middle Atlantic Bight: SEEP-II. Deep-Sea Res II 41:459–509
Biscaye PE, Flagg, CN Falkowski, PG (1994) The shelf edge exchange processes experiment, SEEP-II: An introduction to hypotheses, results and conclusions. Deep-Sea Res II 41:231–252
Bischof JF, Darby DA (1997) Mid-to Late Pleistocene Ice Drift in the Western Arctic Ocean: Evidence for a Different Circulation in the Past. Science 277:74–84
Bischof K, Hanelt D, Tüg H, Karsten U, Brouwer PEM and Wiencke C (1998) Acclimation of brown algal photosynthesis to ultraviolet radiation in Arctic coastal waters. Pol Biol 20:388–395
Bjelvin TA, Holm JP (1993) GEOGruppen as, Tromsø, Norway, Report No. 93024.02
Björk G, Gustafsson BG, Stigebrandt A (2001) Upper layer circulation of the Nordic seas as inferred from the spatial distribution of heat and freshwater content and potential energy. Pol Res 20:161–168
Björk G, Söderkvist S, Winsor P, Nikolopoulos A, Steele M (2002) Partial return of the cold halocline layer to the Amundsen Basin of the Arctic Ocean: Implications for sea ice mass balance. Geophys Res Lett, 29:10.1029/2001GL0 14157, 8-1-8-4
Bjørlykke K, Bue B, Elverhøi A (1978) Quaternary sediments in the north-western part of the Barents Sea and their relation to the underlying Mesozoic bedrock. Sedimentology 25:227–246
Bjornsson H, Mysak LA, Brown RD (1995) On the interannual variability of precipitation and runoff in the Mackenzie drainage basin. Climate Dynamics 12:67–76
Blackburn TH (1987) Microbial food webs in sediments. In: Sleigh MA (ed) Microbes in The Sea. Chapter 2. Ellis Horwood/John Wiley New York, NY, pp 39–58
Blake JA, Diaz RJ (1994) Input, accumulation and cycling of materials on the continental slope off Cape Hatteras: An introduction. DEEP-SEA Res II 41:707–710
Blasco SM, Fortin G, Hill PR, O’Connor MJ, Brigham-Grette J (1990) The late Neogene and Quaternary stratigraphy of the Canadian Beaufort continental shelf. In: Grantz A, Johnson L, Sweeney JF (eds). The Geology of North America Volume L: The Arctic Ocean Region. Geol Soc Amer, pp 491–502
Blasco SM, Shearer JM, Myers R (1998) Seabed scouring by sea-ice: Scouring process and impact rates: Canadian Beaufort Shelf. In: 13th International Symposium on Okhotsk Sea & Sea Ice. Proceedings of ice scour and arctic marine pipelines workshop: Mombetsu, Hokkaido, Japan; 1998. pp 53–58
Blindheim J, Ådlandsvik B (1995) Episodic formation of intermediate water along the Greenland Sea Arctic Front. ICES CM 1995, Mini 6:1–11
Blinova EI (1969) Distribution, reserves and annual production dominating species of algae on littoral of Murman coast of the Barents Sea. Vegetal resources 5(2):163–173 (in Russian)
Bluhm BA, Piepenburg D, Juterzenka K von (1998) Distribution, standing stock, growth, mortality and production of Strongylocentrotus pallidus (Echinodermata Echinoidea) in the northern Barents Sea. Polar Biol 20:325–334
Blumer M Guillard RRL, Chase T (1971) Hydrocarbons of marine phytoplankton. Mar Biol 8:183–189
Bobrov YuA (1985) Production cycle of phytoplankton in the coastal zone of the Barents Sea. In: Life and conditions of its existence in the pelagic zone of the Barents Sea. Apatity, pp 166–182 (in Russian)
Bockstoce JR (1986) Whales, Ice and Men: The History of Whaling in the Western Arctic. University of Washington Press, Seattle and London, pp 1–400
Bodungen Bv, Wunsch M, Füderer H (1991) Sampling and analysis of suspended particles in the North Atlantic. In: Hurt DC, Spencer DW (eds). Marine Particles: Analysis and Characterization. Geophys Monogr Ser Am Geophys Union 63:47–53
Bodungen, Bv, Antia A, Bauerfeind E, Haupt O, Koeve W, Machado E, Peeken I, Peinert R, Reitmeier S, Thomsen C, Voß M, Wunsch M, Zeller U, Zeitzschel B (1995) Pelagic processes and vertical flux of particles: an overview of a long-term comparative study in the Norwegian Sea and Greenland Sea. Geol Rdsch 84:11–27
Boetius A, Damm E (1998) Benthic oxygen uptake, hydrolytical potentials and microbial biomass at the Arctic continental slope. Deep-Sea Res I 45:239–275
Boetius A, Nöthig E-M, Liebezeit G, Kröncke I (1996) Distribution of chlorophyll pigments as indicator for marine organic matter input in the Eurasian shelf seas and the central Arctic Ocean. Reps Pol Res 212:212–218
Böggild OB (1906) On the bottom deposits of the north polar seas. Scientific results of the Norwegian North Polar Expedition 1893-1896, 5:1–62
Böhm E, Hopkins TS, Minnet PJ (1997) Passive microwave observations of the Northeast Water Polynya interannual variability: 1978-1994, J Mar Syst 10:87–98
Bönisch G, Schlosser P (1995) Deep water formation and exchange rates in the Greenland/Norwegian Seas and the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean derived from tracer balances. Progress in Oceanography 35:29–52
Booth BC, Horner RA (1997) Microalgae on the Arctic Ocean Section, 1994: species abundance and biomass. Deep-Sea Res II 44:1607–1622
Booth BC, Smith WO jr (1997) Autotrophic flagellates and diatoms in the Northeast Water Polynya, Greenland: summer 1993. J Mar Syst 10:241–261
Booth CL, Lewin J, Postel JR (1993) Temporal variation in the structure of autotrophic and heterotrophic communities in the subarctic Pacific. Prog Oceanogr 32:57–99
Bordowskiy OK (1965) Sources of organic matter in marine basins. Mar. Geol 3:5–31
Børsheim KY (2000) Bacterial production rates and concentrations of organic carbon at the end of the growing season in the Greenland Sea. Aq Microb Ecol 21:115–123
Børsheim KY, Myklestad SM (1997) Dynamics of DOC in the Norwegian Sea inferred from monthly profiles collected during 3 years at 66 °N, 2 °E. Deep-Sea Res I 44:593–601
Børsheim KY, Myklestad SM, Sneli J-A (1999) Monthly profiles of DOC, mono-and polysaccharides in the Trondheimsfjord (Norway) during two years. Mar Chem 63:255–272
Boucsein B and Stein R (2000) Particulate organic matter in surface sediments of the Laptev Sea (Arctic Ocean): Application of maceral analysis as organic-carbon-source indicator. Mar Geol 162:573–586
Boucsein B, Fahl K, Siebold M, Stein R (1999) Quantity and quality of organic carbon in suspended matter and surface sediments of the Ob and Yenisei estuaries and adjacent coastal areas. Reps Pol Res 300:116–126
Boucsein B, Fahl K, Stein R (2000) Late Quaternary organic matter records from the Laptev Sea continental margin: Evidence for the variability of river discharge during the last 15000 years BP. Int J Earth Sci 89:578–591
Boucsein B, Knies J, Stein R (2002) Organic matter deposition along the Kara and Laptev Sea continental margin (eastern Arctic Ocean) during last deglaciation and Holocene: Evidence from organic-geochemical and petrographical data. Mar Geol 183:67–88
Bourke RH, Garrett RP (1987) Sea ice thickness distribution in the Arctic Ocean. Cold Regions Science and Technology 13:259–280
Boyd TJ, Steele M, Muench RD, Gunn JT (2002) Partial recovery of the Arctic Ocean halocline. Geophys Res Lett 29:10.1029/2001GL014047, 2-1-2-4
Braarud T (1935) The Øst Expedition to the Denmark Strait in 1929. II. The phytoplankton and its conditions of growth. Hvalråd Skr 10:1–173
Braarud T, Gaarder KR, Grøntved J (1953) The phytoplankton of the North Sea and adjacent waters in May 1948. Rapp P-v Réun Cons Int Explor Mer 133:1–189
Bradley RS, Jones PD (1993) ‘Little Ice Age’ summer temperature variations: their nature and relevance to recent global warming trends. The Holocene 3:367–376
Brand LE (1991) Minimum iron requirements of marine phytoplankton and the implication for the biogeochemical control of new production. Limnol Oceanogr 36:1756–1771
Brandt A, Schnack K (1999) Macrofaunal abundance at 79°N off East Greenland: opposing data from epibenthic-sledge and box-corer samples. Polar Biol 22:75–81
Brassell SC, Eglinton G, Marlowe IT, Pflaumann U, Sarntheim M (1986) Molecular stratigraphy: a new tool for climate assessment. Nature 320:129–133
Brassell SC, Eglinton G, Maxwell JR, Philip RP (1978) Natural background of alkanes in the aquatic environment.-In: Aquatic Pollutants: Transformation and Biological Effects (Edited by Hutzinger O, Lelyveld IH and Zoetman BCJ). Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp 69–86
Bratbak G, Levasseur M, Michaud S, Cantin G, Fernández E, Heimdal BR, Heldal M (1995) Viral activity in relation to Emiliania huxleyi blooms: a mechanism of DMSP release? Mar Ecol Prog Ser 128:133–142
Brey T (1995) Empirische Untersuchungen zur Populationsdynamik makrobenthischer Evertebraten. Habilitationsschrift, Universität Bremen, 169 pp
Brey T, Klages M, Dahm C, Gorny M, Gutt J, Hain S, Stiller M, Arntz WE, Wägele JW, Zimmermann A (1994) Antarctic benthic diversity. Nature 368:297
Brey T, Rumohr H, Ankar S (1988) Energy content of macro-benthic invertebrates: general conversion factor from weight to energy. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 117:271–278
Brinkhurst RO (1991) Benthic biology of the western Canadian continental shelf. Cont Shelf Res 8-10:737–754
Brodeur RD, Mills CE, Overland JE, Walters GE, Schumacher JD (1999) Evidence for a substantial increase in gelatinous zooplankton in the Bering Sea, with possible links to climate change. Fisheries Oceanography 8:296–306
Brodeur RD, Ware MD (1992) Interannual and interdecadal changes in zooplankton biomass in the subarctic Pacific Ocean. Fish Oceanogr 1:2–38
Bruland KW, Bienfang PK, Bishop JKB, Eglinton G, Ittekkot VAW, Lampitt R, Sarnthein M, Thiede J, Walsh JJ, Wefer G (1989) Flux to the Seafloor. In: Berger WH et al. (eds), Productivity of the Ocean: Past and Present, Life Sci Res Rep 44, Wiley & Sons, pp 193–216
Buck KR, Nielsen TG, Hansen BW, Gastrup-Hansen D, Thomsen HA (1998) Infiltration phyto-and protozooplankton assemblages in the annual sea ice of Disko Island, West Greenland, Spring 1996. Pol Biol 20:377–381
Budéus G, Schneider W (1995) On the hydrography of the Northeast Water Polynya. J Geophys Res 100:4287–4299
Budeus G, Schneider W, Kattner G (1997) Distribution and exchange of water masses in the Northeast Water Polynya (Greenland Sea). J Mar Syst 10:123–137
Budéus G, Schneider W, Kattner G (1997) Distribution and exchange of water masses in the Northeast Water Polynya (Greenland Sea). J Mar Sys 10:123–138
Budeus G, Schneider W, Krause G (1998) Winter convective events and bottom water warming in the Greenland Sea. J Geophys Res 103:18515–18527
Budyko MI, Izrael YuA (eds) (1987) Anthropogenic changes of climate. Gidrometizdat Press, Leningrad, 406 pp (in Russian)
Buesseler KO, Bacon MP, Cochran JK, Livingston HD (1992) Carbon and nitrogen export during the JGOFS North Atlantic Bloom Experiment estimated from 234Th:238U disequilibria. Deep-Sea Res II 39:1115–1137
Bukry D (1984) Paleogene paleoceanography of the Arctic Ocean is constrained by the middle or late Eocene age of U.S.G.S. Core FL-422, Evidence from silicoflagellates. Geology 12:199–201
Bunch JN, Harland RC (1990) Bacterial production in the bottom surface of sea ice in the Canadian Subarctic. Can J Fish Aq Sci 47:1986–1995
Burd AB, Moran SB, Jackson GA (2000) A coupled adsorption-aggregation model of the POC/234Th ratio of marine particles. Deep-Sea Res I 47:103–120
Burenkov VI, Gol’din YA, Gureev BA, Sud’bin AI (1995) The basic notions of distribution of optical water properties in the Kara Sea. Oceanology 35:346–357
Burkhanov V (1956) New Soviet Discoveries in the Arctic. Moscow, Foreign Languages Publishing House, pp 1–60
Buscail R, Pocklington R, Daumas R, Guidi L (1990) Fluxes and budget of organic matter in the benthic boundary layer over the northwestern Mediterranean margin. Cont Shelf Res 10:1089–1122
Bussmann I (1999) Bacterial utilisation of humic substances from the Arctic Ocean. Aquatic Microb Ecol 19:37–45
Bussmann I, Kattner G (2000) Distribution of dissolved organic carbon in the central Arctic Ocean: the influence of physical and biological properties. J Mar Syst 27:209–219
Campbell RG, Runge JA, Durbin EG (2001) Evidence of food limitation of Calanus finmarchicus production rates on the southern flank of Georges Bank during April 1997. Deep-Sea Res II 48:531–549
Campeau S, Héquette A, Pienitz R (2000) Late Holocene diatom biostratigraphy and sea-level changes in the southeastern Beaufort Sea. Can J Earth Sci 37:63–80
Canadian Hydrographic Service (1979) General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) Sheet 5.17. Canadian Hydrographic Service, Ottawa, scale 1:6, 000, 000. 1 sheet
Canfield DE (1994) Factors influencing organic matter preservation in marine sediments. Chem Geol 114:315–329
Carey AG (1991) Ecology of the North American Arctic continental shelf benthos: a review. Cont Shelf Res 11:865–883
Carlotti F, Hirche HJ (1997) Growth and egg production of female Calanus finmarchicus: an individual-based physiological model and experimental validation. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 149:91–104
Carmack E (1990) Large-Scale Physical Oceanography of Polar Oceans. In: Smith WO (ed), Polar Oceanography, Part A, Physical Science, Academic Press Inc, San Diego, pp 171–222
Carmack EC Aagaard K, Swift JH, Macdonald RW, McLaughlin FA, Jones EP, Perkin RG, Smith JN, Ellis KM, Killius LR (1997) Changes in temperature and tracer distributions within the Arctic Ocean: results from the 1994 Arctic Ocean section. Deep-Sea Res II 44:1487–1502
Carmack EC, Macdonald RW (2002) Oceanography of the Canadian shelf of the Beaufort Sea: A setting for marine life. Arctic 55:29–45
Carson MA, Jasper JN, Conly FM (1998) Magnitude and sources of sediment input to the Mackenzie delta, Northwest Territories, 1974-94. Arctic 51:116–124
Carstens J, Wefer G (1992) Recent distribution od planktonic foraminifera in the Nansen Basin, Arctic ocean. Deep-Sea Res 39(Suppl 2):507–524
Cauwet G, Sidorov IS (1996) The biogeochemistry of Lena River: organic carbon and nutrients distribution. Mar Chem 53:211–227
Cavalieri DJ, Gloersen P, Parkinson CL, Comiso JC, Zwally HJ (1997) Observed hemispheric asymmetry in global sea ice changes. Science 278:1104–1106
Charlson J, Lovelock JE, Andreae MO, Warren SG (1987) Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate. Nature 326:655–661
Chautón M (1997) Winter stocks of phytoplankton in the Trondheimsfjord and the subsequent spring bloom. Thesis, Norw Univ Sci Technol Trondheim, 78 p (in Norwegian)
Chen JH, Edwards RL, Wasserburg GJ (1986) 238U, 234U, 232Th in seawater. Earth Planet Sci Lett 80:241–251
Christensen JP (1989) Sulfate reduction and carbon oxidation rates in continental shelf sediments, an examination of off-shelf carbon transport. Cont Shelf Res 9:223–246
Christensen JP (2000) A Relationship between deep-sea benthic oxygen demand and oceanic primary productivity. Oceanologica Acta 23:65–82
Christensen JP (2003) Oxygen and nutrients in deep-sea sediment pore waters of the Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res, in press
Christensen JP, Devol AH, Smethie WM Jr (1984) Biological enhancement of solute exchange between sediments and bottom water on the Washington continental shelf. Cont Shelf Res 3:9–23
Churun V, Ivanov B (1998) Investigations of the hydro-physical structure in the mixing zone between fresh and saline waters in the Ob and Yenisei estuaries. Reps Pol Res 266:11–18
Clark DL (1969) Paleoecology and sedimentation in part of the Arctic Basin. Arctic 22:233–245
Clark DL (1977) Paleontologic response to post-Jurassic crustal plate movements in the Arctic Ocean. Biol Geol 2:55–76
Clark DL (1988) Early history of the Arctic Ocean. Pale-oceanography 3:539–550
Clark DL, Byers CW, Pratt LM (1986) Cretaceous black mud from the Central Arctic Ocean. Paleoceanography 1(3):265–271
Clark DL, Whitman RR, Morgan KA, Mackay SD (1980) Stratigraphy and glacio-marine sediments of the Amerasian Basin, central Arctic Ocean. Geol Soc Amer Spec Pap 181, 57 pp
Clough LM, Ambrose WG, Cochran JK, Barnes C, Renaud PE, Aller RC (1997) Infaunal density, biomass, and bioturbation in the sediments of the Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res II 44:1683–1704
Coachman LK, Aagaard K (1974) Physical oceanography of Arctic and subarctic seas. In: Herman Y (ed) Marine geology and oceanography of the Arctic Seas. Springer, New York, pp 1–72
Coachman LK, Aagaard K, Tripp RB (1975) Bering Straight: the regional physical oceanography. University of Washington Press, Seattle, pp 1–172
Coachman LK, Hansell DA (1993) ISHTAR: Inner shelf transfer and recycling in the Bering and Chukchi Seas. Cont Shelf Res 13:473–704
Coachman LK, Walsh JJ (1981) A diffusion model of cross-shelf exchange of nutrients in the Bering Sea. Deep-Sea Res 28A:819–837
Coachman LK, Whitledge TE, Goering JJ (1999) Silica in Bering Sea deep and bottom water. In: Loughlin TR, Ohtani K (eds) The physical oceanography of the Bering Sea. Univ Alaska Seagrant AK-SG-03, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, pp 285–310
Coale KH, Bruland KW (1985) 234Th:238U disequilibria within the California Current. Limnol Oceanogr 30:22–33
Coble P (1996) Characterization of marine and terrestrial DOM in seawater using excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy. Mar Chem 51:325–346
Cochran JK, Barnes C, Achman D, Hirschberg, DJ (1995) Thorium-234/Uranium-238 disequilibrium as an indicator of scavenging rates and particulate organic carbon fluxes in the Northeast Water Polynya, Greenland. J Geophys Res (C) 100:4399–4410
Codispoti LA (1979) Arctic Ocean processes in relation to the dissolved silicon content of the Atlantic. Mar Sci Comm 5:361–381
Coles RL, Taylor PT (1990) Magnetic anomalies. In: Grantz A, Johnson L, Sweeney JF (eds) The Arctic Ocean region (L), Boulder, Colorado, Geol Soc Amer, pp 119–132
Conover RJ, Gustavson KR (1999) Sources of urea in arcticseas: zooplankton metabolism. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 179:41–54
Conover RJ, Herman AW, Prinsenberg SJ, Harris LR (1986) Distribution of and feeding by the copepod Pseudocalanus under fast ice during the Arctic spring. Science 232:1245–1247
Cooper LW, Grebmeier JM, Larsen IL, Egorov VG, Theodorakis C, Kelly HP, Lovvorn JR (2002) Seasonal variation in sedimentation of organic materials in the St. Lawrence Island polynya region, Bering Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 226:13–26
Cooper LW, Larsen IL, Beasley TM, Dolvin SS, Grebmeier JM, Kelley JM, et al (1998) The distribution of radiocesium and plutonium in sea ice-entrained arctic sediments in relation to potential sources and sinks. J Envir Radioactivity 39:279–303
Cooper LW, Whitledge TE, Grebmeier JM, Weingartner T (1997) The nutrient, salinity, and stable oxygen isotope composition of Bering and Chukchi Sea waters in and near the Bering Strait. J Geophys Res (C) 102:12563–12573
Coppola L, Roy-Barman M, Wassmann P, Mulsow S, Jeandel C (2002) Calibration of sediment traps and particulate organic carbon export using 234Th in the Barents Sea. Mar Chem 80:11–26
Cota GF, Legendre L, Gosselin M, Ingram RG (1991) Ecology of bottom ice algae: I. Environmental controls and variability. J Mar Syst 2:257–277
Cota GF, Pomeroy LR, Harrison WG, Jones EP, Peters F, Sheldon WM Jr, Weingartner TR (1996) Nutrients, primary production and microbial heterotrophy in the southeastern Chukchi Sea: Arctic summer nutrient depletion and heterotrophy. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 135:247–258
Cowie GL, Hedges JI (1984) Carbohydrate sources in a coastal marine environment. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 48:2075–2087
Cranston RE (1997) Organic carbon burial rates across the Arctic Ocean from the 1994 Arctic Ocean Section expedition. Deep-Sea Res II 44:1705–1724
Cronin TM, Holtz TR, Stein R, Spielhagen R, Fütterer DK, Wollenburg J (1995) Late Quaternary Deep Water and Mid-Depth History of the Eurasian Basin, Arctic Ocean. Paleoceanography 10:259–281
Crowley TJ, Lowery TS (2000) How warm was the Medieval Warm Period? Ambio 29:51–54
Curtis MA (1975) The marine benthos of Arctic and subArctic continental shelves. A review of regional studies and their general results. Polar Res 17:595–626
Dahl E, Laubier L, Sibuet M, Stromberg JO (1976) Some quantitative results on benthic communities of the deep Norwegian Sea. Astarte 9:61–79
Dahle S, Denisenko SG, Denisenko NV, Cochrane S (1998) Benthic fauna in the Pechora Sea. Sarsia 83:183–210
Dallimore SR, Wolfe SA, Solomon SM (1996) Influence of ground ice and permafrost on coastal evolution, Richards Island, Beaufort Sea coast, N.W.T. Can J Earth Sci 33:664–675
Dalløkken R, Sandvik R, Sakshaug E (1994) Variations in biooptical properties in the Greenland/Iceland/Norwegian Seas. SPIE 2258:266–276
Dalpadado P, Skjoldal HR (1991) Distribution and life history of krill from the Barents Sea. Pol Res 10:443–460
Dalpadado P, Skjoldal HR (1996) Abundance, maturity and growth of the krill species Thysanoessa inermis and T. longicaudata in the Barents Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 144:175–183
Daly KL (1997) Flux of particulate matter through copepods in the Northeast Water Polynya. J Mar Syst 10:319–342
Danilov AI, Ivanov VV, Pryamikov SM, Timokhov LA (1994) The environment of the Laptev and East-Siberian seas. In: Scientific results of LAPEKS-93 expedition, Gidrometeoizdat, St. Petersburg, pp 32–45
Dansgaard W, Johnsen SJ, Clausen HB, Dahl-Jensen D, Gundesturp NS, Hammer CU, Hvidberg CS, Steffensen J P, Sveinibjournsdottir AE, Jouzel J, Bond G (1993) Evidence for general instability of past climate from a 250-kyr ice-core record. Nature 364:218–220
Danyushevskaya AI, Dibner VD, Shkatov EP et al.(1978) Complex geological-geochemical researches at the arctic shelf. Oceanology 18(1):70–78 (in Russian)
Danyushevskaya AI, Petrova VI, Yashin DS, Batova GI, Artemyev VE (1990) Organic matter in the bottom sediments of polar zones of the World Ocean. Nedra, Leningrad, pp 1–280 (in Russian)
Danyushevskaya AI, Yashin DS, Kirillov OV (1980) Geochemical peculiarity in distribution of organic carbon in bottom sediments of the Arctic Seas. Oceanology, 21(2):281–289
Danyushevskaya AI, Yashin DS, Kirillov OV (1980) Geochemical regularities of the organic carbon distribution in bottom sediments from the Arctic seas. Oceanology 2:281–289
Danyushevskaya AI, Yashin DS, Lapina NN (1985) Distribution and diagenetic evolution of organic matter in the bottom deposits of the polar sedimentogenesis zone. In: Organic matter of the recent and old sediments. Nauka Press, Moscow, pp 54–62 (in Russian)
Darby D, Bischof J, Cutter G, de Vernal A, Hillaire-Marcel C, Dwyer G et al. (2001) New record shows pronounced changes in Arctic Ocean circulation and climate. EOS Transactions 82:601, 607
Darby DA, Bischof JF, Jones GA (1997) Radiocarbon chronology of depositional regimes in the western Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res II 44:1745–1757
Darby DA, Burckle LH, Clark DL (1974) Airborne dust on the Arctic pack ice: its composition and fallout rate. Earth Planet Sci Lett 24:166–172
Darby DA, Naidu AS, Mowatt TC, Jones G (1989) Sediment composition and sedimentary processes in the Arctic Ocean. In: Herman Y (ed), The Arctic Seas-Climatology, Oceanography, Geology, and Biology, New York, pp 657–720
Dayton PK (1990) Polar benthos In: Smith WO Jr (ed) Polar Oceanography, Part B: Chemistry, Biology and Geology, pp 631–685
Dayton, PK, Mordida BJ, Bacon (1994) Polar marine community. Amer Zool 34:90–99
de Hass H, van Weering TCE, de Stigter H (2002) Organic carbon in shelf seas: sinks or sources, processes and products. Cont Shelf Res 22:691–717
de Leeuw JW, Rijpstra WIC, Schenck PA, Volkman JK (1983) Free, esterified, and residual bound sterols in Black Sea Unit I sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 47:455–465
de Vernal A, Rochon A, Hillaire-Marcel C, Turon J-L, Guiot J (1993) Quantitative reconstruction of sea-surface conditions, seasonal extent of sea-ice cover and meltwater discharges in high latitude marine environments from dinoflagellate cycs assemblages. In: Peltier WR (ed). Ice in the Climate System. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, pp 611–621
Dean KG, McRoy CP, Ahlnas K, Springer A (1989) The plume of the Yukon river in relation to the oceanography of the Bering Sea. Remote Sensing of Environment 28:75–84
Dean KG, Stringer WJ, Ahlnäs K, Searcy C, Weingartner T (1994) The influence of river discharge on the thawing of sea ice, Mackenzie River Delta: albedo and temperature analyses. Pol Res 13:83–94
Degens ET, Kempe S, Richey JE (1991) Summary: Biogeochemistry of major world rivers. In: Degens ET, Kempe S, Richey JE (eds) Biogeochemistry of Major World Rivers. SCOPE 42, Wiley, Chichester, pp 323–347
Dell’Agnese DJ, Clark DL (1994) Siliceous microfossils from the warm Late Cretaceous and Early Cenozoic Arctic Ocean. J Paleont 68:31–47
Demaison GJ, Moore GT (1980) Anoxic environments and oil source bed genesis. Org Geochem. 2:9–31
Deming J, Rowe G, Cochran K, Walsh I, Bauerfeind E, Smith W, Daly K, Ashjian C, Yager P, Wallace D, Ritzrau W, Graf G (1995) Carbonflow in the NEW polynya: An interdisciplinary view. North East Water Polynya Symposium, Helsingør, Denmark 1-5 May 1995 [Abstracts]: 28
Deming JW, Baross JA (1993) Deep-sea smokers: Windows to a subsurface biosphere? Geochim Cosmochim Acta 57:3219–3230
Denisenko NV, Rachor E, Denisenko SG (2003) Benthic Fauna in the southern part of the Kara Sea. In: Stein R, Fahl K, Fütterer DK, Galimov EM, Stepanets OV (eds), Siberian River Run-off in the Kara Sea: Characterisation, Quantification, Variability, and Environmental Significance, Proceedings in Marine Sciences Vol 6, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 213–236
Deser C (2000) On the teleconnectivity of the “Arctic Oscillation”. Geophys Res Lett 27:779–782
Dethleff D, Loewe P, Weiel D, Nies H, Kuhlmann G, Bahe C, Tarasov G (1998) Winter expedition to the Southwestern Kara Sea-investigations on formation and transport of turbid sea-ice. Reps Pol Res 271, 40 pp
Dethleff D, Nürnberg D, Reimnitz E, Saarso M, Savchenko YP (1993) East Siberian Arctic Region Expedition’ 92: The Laptev Sea-its significance for Arctic sea ice formation and Transpolar sediment flux. Reps Pol Res 120:3–37
Dethleff D, Rachold V, Tintelnot T, Antonow M (2000) Sea-ice transport of riverine particles from the Laptev Sea to Fram Strait based on clay mineral studies. Int J Earth Sci 89:496–502
Deubel H (2000) Struktureigenschaften und Nahrungsbdarf der Zoobenthos-gemeinschaften im Bereich des Lomonossowrückens im Arktischen Ozean. Reps Pol Res 370, 147 pp
Deubel H, Engel M, Fetzer I, Gagaev S, Hirche HJ, Klages M, Larionov V, Lubin P, Lubina O, Nöthig EM, Okolodkov Y, Rachor E (2003) The southern Kara Sea ecosystem: phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthos communities influenced by river run-off. In: Stein R, Fahl K, Fütterer DK, Galimov EM, Stepanets OV (eds), Siberian River Run-off in the Kara Sea: Characterisation, Quantification, Variability, and Environmental Significance, Proceedings in Marine Sciences Vol 6, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 237–266
Deuser WG (1986) Seasonal and interannual variations in deep-water particle fluxes in the Sargasso Sea and their relationship to surface hydrography. Deep-Sea Res 33:225–246
Deuser WG, Ross EH, Anderson RF (1981) Seasonality in the supply of sediment to the deep Sargasso Sea and implications for the rapid transfer of matter to the deep ocean. Deep-Sea Res 28A:495–505
Devol AH, Christensen JP (1993) Benthic fluxes and nitrogen cycling in sediments of the continental margin of the eastern North Pacific. J Mar Res 51:345–372
Devol AH, Codispoti LA, Christensen JP (1996) Summer and winter denitrification rates in Arctic shelf sediments. Cont Shelf Res 17:1029–1050
Dibb JE (1996) Overview of field data on the deposition of aerosol-associated species to the surface snow of polar glaciers, particularly recent work in Greenland. In: Wolff EW, Bales RC (eds) Chemical Exchange Between the Atmosphere and Polar Snow. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 249–274
Dickson R, Yashayev I, Meincke J, Turrell B, Dye S, Holfort J (2002) Rapid freshening of the deep North Atlantic Ocean over the past four decades. Nature 416:832–837
Dickson RR (1999) All change in the Arctic. Nature 397:389–391
Dickson RR, Osborn TJ, Hurrell JW, Meincke J, Blindheim J, Adlandsvik B et al. (2000) The Arctic Ocean response to the North Atlantic Oscillation. J Clim 13:2671–2696
Diel S, Tande KS (1992) Does the spawning of Calanus finmarchicus in high latitudes follow a reproducible pattern? Mar Biol 113:21–31
Dittmers K, Niessen F, Stein R (2003) Holocene sediment budget and sedimentary history of the Ob and Yenisei estuaries. In: Stein R, Fahl K, Fütterer DK, Galimov EM, Stepanets OV (eds), Siberian River Run-off in the Kara Sea: Characterisation, Quantification, Variability, and Environmental Significance, Proceedings in Marine Sciences Vol 6, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 457–484
Dixon RK, Brown S, Houghton A, Solomon AM, Trexler MC, Wisniewski J (1994) Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems. Science 263:185–190
Dokken T, Hald M (1996) Rapid climatic shifts during isotope stages 2-4 in the polar North Atlantic. Geology 24:599–602
Doucette GJ, Fryxell GA (1983) Thalassiosira antarctica: Vegetative and resting stage chemical composition of an ice-related marine diatom. Mar Biol 78:1–6
Droop MR (1974) The nutrient status of algal cells in continuous culture. J Mar Biol Ass UK 54:825–855
Druffel ER, Williams PM, Bauer JE, Ertel JR (1992) Cycling of dissolved and particulate organic matter in the open ocean. J Geophys Res 97(C10):15639–15659
Druzhkov NV, Druzhkova EI, Larionov VV, Tyuryakov AB (2001) Composition and vertical distribution of ice microbiota in northern part of the Barents Sea in beginning of winter. 1. Structure of microalgae community by means of light microscopical study. In: Lisitsin AP et al. (eds). An experience of complex oceanological researches in the Arctic. Nauchny Mir, Moscow, pp 325–343 (in Russian)
Duce RA, Duursma EK (1977) Input of organic matter to the ocean. Mar Chem 5:319–339
Duce RA, Liss PS, Merrill JT (1991) The atmospheric input of trace species to the World ocean. Glob Biogeoch Cycles 5/3:193–259
Ducklow HW (1999) The bacterial content of the oceanic euphotic zone FEMS. Microbiol Ecol 30:1–10
Ducklow HW, Steinberg DK, Buesseler KO (2001) Upperocean export and the biological pump. Oceanography 14:50–58
Dunayev NN and Pavlidis JA (1988) A model of the Late Pleistocene glaciation of Eurasiatic Arctic Shelf. In: Kotlyakov VM and Sokolov VE (eds), Arctic Research-Advances and Prospects (2), Proceedings of the Conference of Arctic and Nordic Countries on Coordination of Research in the Arctic. Leningrad, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, December 1988, pp 70–72
Dunbar M (1969) The geographical position of the North Water. Arctic 22:438–441
Dunbar MJ (1968) Ecological development in polar regions. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, pp 1–681
Dunton K (1992) Arctic biogeography: The paradox of the marine benthic fauna and flora. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 7:183–189.
Duplessy JC, Ivanova E, Murdmaa I, Paterne M, Labeyrie L (2001) Holocene paleoceanography of the northern Barents Sea and variations of the northward heat transport by the Atlantic Ocean. Boreas 30:2–16
Dyke AS, Dale JE, McNeeley RN (1996) Marine molluscs as indicators of environmental change in glaciated North American and Greenland during the last 18, 000 years. Geographie physique et Quarternaire 50:125–184
Dyke AS, Hooper J, Savelle JM (1996) A history of sea ice in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago based on postglacial remains of the Bowhead Whale (Balaena mysticetus). Arctic 49:235–255
Eglinton G, Hamilton RJ (1967) Leaf epicuticular waxes. Science 156:1322–1323
Eglinton G and Hamilton RJ (1963) The distribution of alkanes. In: Swan T (ed), Chemical Plant Taxonomy. London, Academic Press, 187–208
Eicken H, Kolatschek J, Freitag J, Lindemann F, Kassens H, Dmitrenko I (2000) Identifying a major source area and constraints on entrainment for basin-scale sediment transport by Arctic sea ice. Geophys Res Lett 27:1919–1922
Eicken H, Krouse HR, Kadko D, Perovich DK (2002) Tracer studies of pathways and rates of meltwater transport through Arctic summer sea ice. J Geophys Res 107(C10):10.1029/2000JC000583
Eicken H, Lensu M, Leppäranta M, Tucker WBI, Gow AJ, Salmela O (1995) Thickness, structure and properties of level summer multiyear ice in the Eurasian sector of the Arctic Ocean. J Geophys Res 100:22697–22710
Eicken H, Reimnitz E, Alexandrov V, Martin T, Kassens H, Viehoff T (1997) Sea-ice processes in the Laptev Sea and their importance for sediment export. Cont Shelf Res 17:205–233
Eilertsen H-C, Hansen GA, Svendsen H, Hegseth EN (1993) The onset of spring phytoplankton bloom in the Barents Sea: Influence of changing light regime and other environmental factors. SPIE 2048:20–32
Eilertsen H-C, Taasen JP, Weslawski JM (1989) Phytoplankton studies in the fjords of West Spitzbergen: physical environment and production in spring and summer. J Plank Res 11:1245–1260
Eilertsen H-C, Taasen JP (1984) Investigations on the plankton community of Balsfjorden, Northern Norway. The phytoplankton 1976-1978. Environmental factors, dynamics of growth, and primary production. Sarsia 69:1–15
Ekwurzel B, Schlosser P, Mortlock RA, Fairbanks RG, Swift JH (2001) River runoff, sea ice meltwater, and Pacific water distribution and mean residence times in the Arctic Ocean. J Geophys Res 106:9075–9092
Elverhøi A, Andersen ES, Dokken T, Hebbeln D, Spielhagen RF, Svendsen JI, Sørflaten M, Rørnes A, Hald M, Forsberg CF (1995) The growth and decay of the Late Weichselian Ice Sheet in western Svalbard and adjacent areas based on provenance studies of marine sediments. Quat Res 44:303–316
Elverhøi A, Hooke RLB and Solheim A (1998) Late Cenozoic Erosion and Sediment Yield from the Svalbard-Barents Sea Region: Implications for Understanding Erosion of Glacierized Basins. Quat Sci Rev 17:209–241
Elverhoi A, Pfirman SL, Solheim A, Larsen BB (1989) Glaciomarine sedimentation in epicontinental seas exemplified by the Northern Barents Sea. Mar Geol 85:225–250
Elverhoi A, Solheim A (1983) The Barents Sea ice sheet-a sedimentological discussion. Pol Res 1(1):23–42
Elverhoi A, Andersen ES, Dokken T, Hebbeln D, Spielhagen RF, Svendsen JI, Sørflaten M, Rørnes A, Hald M and Forsberg CF (1995) The growth and decay of the Late Weichselian Ice Sheet in western Svalbard and adjacent areas based on provenance studies of marine sediments. Quat Res 44:303–316
Emerson S (1985) Organic carbon preservation in marine sediments. In: Sundquist ET, Broecker WS (eds) The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO2: Natural Variations Archean to Present. Geophysical Monograph Series, Vol 32, AGS, Washington DC, pp 78–87
Emerson S, Hedges JI (1988) Processes controlling the organic carbon content of open ocean sediments. Paleoanography 3:621–634
Emerson S, Stump C, Grootes PM, Stuiver M, Farwell GW, Schmidt FG (1987) Estimates of degradable organic carbon in deep-sea surface sediments from 14C concentrations. Nature 329:51–53
English TS (1961) Some biological observations in the central North Polar Sea. Drift Station Alpha 1957-1958. Arctic Inst N Am Res Pap 13:8–80
Eppley RW (1972) Temperature and phytoplankton growth in the sea. Fish Bull NOAA 70:1063–1085
Escoubas J-M, Lomas M, LaRoche J, Falkowski, PG (1995) Light intensity regulation of cab gene transcription is signaled by the redox state of the plastoquinone pool. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:10237–10241
Espitalié J, Laporte JL, Madec M, Marquis F, Leplat P, Paulet J, Boutefeu A (1977) Méthode rapide de caractérisation des roches mères, de leur potentiel pétrolier et de leur degre d’évolution. Rev Inst Franc Pétrol 32:23–42
Espitalié J, Makadi KS, Trichet J (1984) Role of mineral matrix during kerogen pyrolysis. Org Geochem 6:365–382
Fahl K, Cremer H, Erlenkeuser H, Hanssen H, Hölemann J, Kassens H, Knickmeier K, Kosobokova K, Kunz-Pirrung M, Lindemann F, Markhaseva E, Lischka S, Petryashov V, Piepenburg D, Schmid M, Spindler M, Stein R, Tuschling K (2001) Sources and pathways of organic carbon in the modern Laptev Sea (Arctic Ocean): Implications from biological, geochemical and geological data. Polarforschung 69(1999):193–205
Fahl K, Kattner G (1993) Lipid content and fatty acid composition of algal communities in sea-ice and water from Weddell Sea (Antarctica). Pol Biol 13:405–409
Fahl K, Nöthig E, Stein R (1997) Organischer Kohlenstoff in der Laptewsee und auf dem Lomonossowrücken. Zweijahresbericht 1996/97, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Bremerhaven, pp 45–46
Fahl K, Stein R (1997) Modern organic carbon deposition in the Laptev Sea and the adjacent continental slope: Surface-water productivity vs terrigenous input. Org Geochem 26:379–390
Fahl K, Stein R (1999) Biomarkers as organic-carbon-source and environmental indicators in the Late Quaternary Arctic Ocean: Problems and perspectives. Mar Chem 63:293–309
Fahl K, Stein R, Gaye-Haake B, Gebhardt C, Kodina LA, Unger D, Ittekkot V (2003) Biomarkers in surface sediments from the Ob and Yenisei estuaries and southern Kara Sea: Evidence for particulate organic carbon sources, pathways, and degradation. In: Stein R, Fahl K, Fütterer DK, Galimov EM, Stepanets OV (eds), Siberian River Run-off in the Kara Sea: Characterisation, Quantification, Variability, and Environmental Significance, Proceedings in Marine Sciences Vol 6, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 329–348
Fahrbach E, Meincke J, Østerhus S, Rohardt G, Schauer U, Tverberg V, Verduin J (2001) Direct measurements of volume transport though the Fram Straight. Pol Res 20:217–224
Fairbanks RG (1989) A 17, 000-year glacio-eustatic sea level record: influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas event and deep ocean-circulation. Nature 342:637–642
Fairbanks RG (1990) The age and origin of the “Younger Dryas Climate Event” in Greenland ice cores. Paleoceanography 5:937–948
Falkowski PG, Barber RT, Smetacek V (1998) Biogeochemical controls and feedbacks on ocean primary production. Science 281:200–206
Falk-Petersen S, Pedersen G, Kwasniewski S, Hegseth EN, Hop H (1999) Spatial distribution and life-cycle timing of zooplankton in the marginal ice zone of the Barents Sea during the summer melt season in 1995. J Plankton Res 21:1249–1264
Falk-Petersen S, Sargent JR, Henderson J, Hegseth EN, Hop H, Okolodkov YB (1998) Lipids and fatty acids in ice algae and phytoplankton from the Marginal Ice zone in the Barents Sea. Pol Biol 20:41–47
Farrell JW, Pedersen TF, Calvert SE, Nielsen B (1995) Glacialinterglacial changes in nutrient utilization in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature 377:514–517
Feder HM, Naidu AS (1991) The Chukchi Sea continental shelf: benthos-environmental interactions. Inst Mar Sci Univ Alaska Rep 92-1:1–250
Feder HM, Naidu AS, Baskaran M, Frost, K, Hammedi JM, Jewett SC, Johnson WR, Raymond J, Schell D (1991) Bering Strait-Hope Basin: habitat utilization and ecological characterization. Inst Mar Sci Univ Alaska Rep 92-2:1–457
Feder HM, Naidu AS, Jewett SC, Hameedi JM, Johnson WR, Whitledge TE (1994) The northeastern Chukchi Sea: benthos-environmental interactions. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 111:171–190
Feinberg LR, Dam HG (1998) Effects of diet on dimensions, density and sinking rates of fecal pellets of the copepod Acartia tonsa. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 175:87–96
Fennel W, Johannessen OM (1998) Wind forced oceanic responses near ice edges revisited. J Mar Syst 4:57–79
Fernandes MB, Sicre MA (2000) The importance of terrestrial organic carbon inputs on Kara Sea shelves as revealed by n-alkanes, OC and d 13C values. Org Geochem 31:363–374
Field CB, Behrenfeld MJ, Randerson JT, Falkowski P (1998) Primary production of the biosphere: Integrating terrestrial and oceanic components. Science 281:237–240
Firth JV, Clark DL (1998) An early Maastrichtian organic-walled phytoplankton cyst assemblage from an organic-rich black mud in Core FL-533, Alpha Ridge: evidence for upwelling conditions in the Cretaceous Arctic Ocean. Mar. Micropal 34:1–27
Flato GM, Boer GJ (2001) Warming assymetry in climate change simulations. Geophys Res Lett 28:195–198
Forsyth D, Asudeh I, Green AG, Jackson HR (1986) Crustal structure of the northern Alpha Ridge beneath the Arctic Ocean. Nature 322:349–352
Fortier M (1999) Climatic and biological forcing of the vertical flux of biogenic carbon under the first-year ice in the Canadian Arctic in spring. PhD Thesis, Université Laval, Québec, Canada, 149 pp
Fortier M, Fortier L, Michel C, Legendre L (2002) Climatic and biological forcing of the vertical flux of biogenic particles under first-year sea ice in the Canadian Arctic. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 225:1–16
Francis JE (1988) A 50-million-year-old fossil forest from Strathcona Fiord, Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada: evidence for a warm polar climate. Arct J Arct Inst North Am 41(4):314
Francis RC, Hare SR, Hollowed AB, Wooster WS (1998) Effects of interdecadal climate variability on the oceanic ecosystems of the NE Pacfic. Fisheries Oceanography 7:1–21
Francois R, Altabet MA (1992) Glacial to interglacial changes in surface nitrate utilization in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean as recorded by sediment d 15N. Paleoceanography 7:589–603
Fransen A et al. (2001) The importance of shelf processes for the modification of chemical constituents in waters of the Eurasian Arctic Ocean: implications for carbon fluxes. Cont Shelf Res 21:225–242
Freitag J (1999) The hydraulic properties of Arctic sea ice-Implications for the small-scale particle transport (in German). Reps Pol Res 325, 150 pp
Friedrich MH (1997) Report about the characteristics of the NIOO-CEMO flume system-pilot study. NIOO Rapporten 6:1–62
Frost BW, Kishi MJ (1999) Ecosystem dynamics in the eastern and western gyres of the subarctic Pacific-a review of lower trophic level modelling. Prog Oceanogr 43:317–333
Fry B, Sherr EB (1984) d 13C measurements as indicators of carbon flow in marine and freshwater ecosystems. Contr Mar Sci 27:13–47
Fujishima Y, Ueda K, Maruo M, Nakayama E, Tokutome C, Hasegawa H, Matsui M, Sohrin Y (2001) Distribution of tracer bioelements in the Subarctic North Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea (the R/V Hakuho Maru cruise KH-97-2) Distribution of tracer bioelements in the Subarctic North Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea (the R/V Hakuho Maru cruise KH-97-2). J Oceanogr 57:261–273
Fukuchi F, Hattori H, Sasaki H, Hoshiai T (1988) A phytoplankton bloom and associated processes observed with a long-term moored system in Antarctic waters. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 45:279–288
Fukuchi M, Legendre L, Hoshiai T (1997) The Canada-Japan SARES project on first-year ice of Saroma-ko Lagoon (northern Hokkaido, Japan) and Resolute Passage (Canadian High Arctic). J Mar Syst 11:1–8
Fukuchi M, Sasaki H, Hattori H, Matsuda O, Tanimura A, Handa N, McRoy CP (1993) Temporal variability of particulate flux in the northern Bering Sea. Cont Shelf Res 13:693–704
Fulton RJ (1989) Foreword to Quaternary geology of Canada and Greenland. In: Fulton RJ (ed), Quaternary Geology of Canada and Greenland, Geol Soc Amer, The Geology of North America, K-1, pp 1–11
Fütterer DK (1992) ARCTIC’91: The Expedition ARK-VIII/3 of RV “Polarstern” in 1991. Reps Pol Res 107, 267 pp
Fütterer DK (1994) The Expedition ARCTIC’93 Leg ARK IX/4 of RV “Polarstern” 1993. Reps Pol Res 149, 244 pp
Gagosian RB, Peltzer ET, Zafiori OS (1981) Atmospheric transport of continentally derived lipids to the tropical North Pacific. Nature 291:321–324
Gagosian RB, Peltzer ET (1987) The importance of atmospheric input of terrestrial organic material to deep sea sediments. Org Geochem 10:661–669
Gakkel YY (1957) The science and developing of the Arctic. Sea Transport Press, Leningrad, 132 pp (in Russian)
Gakkel YY (1958) Destruction of Semenovsky Island. In: Problems of the Arctic. Sea Transport Press, Leningrad: 95–97 (in Russian)
Gakkel YY (1962) The exploration and development of polar lands. In: Harris CD (ed), Soviet geography; Accomplishments and tasks. New York, American Geographical Society Occasional Publication 1, pp 265–274.
Gard G (1986) Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy of late Quaternary Arctic sediments. Boreas 15:217–229
Gard G (1993) Late Quaternary coccoliths at the North Pole: Evidence of ice-free conditions and rapid sedimentation in the central Arctic Ocean. Geology 21:227–230
Gard G, Backman J (1990) Synthesis of Arctic and Sub-Arctic Coccolith Biochronology and History of North Atlantic Drift Water Influx during the last 500.000 Years. In: Bleil U, Thiede J (eds), Geological History of the Polar Oceans: Arctic versus Antarctic. NATO ASI Series C 308, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 417–436
Gardner WD (2000) Sediment trap sampling in surface waters. In: Hanson RB, Ducklow HW, Field JG (eds). The changing ocean carbon cycle: A midterm synthesis of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study. Cambridge University Press, pp 240–281
Gardner WD, Southard JB, Hollister CD (1985) Sedimentation, resuspension and chemistry of particles in the northwest Atlantic. Mar Geol 65:199–242
Gascard J-C, Watson A, Messias M-J, Olsson K, Johannessen T, Sumonsen K (2002) Long-lived vortices as a mode of deep-water ventilation in the Greenland Sea. Nature 416:525–527
Gataullin VN, Polyak LV, Epstein OG, Romanyuk BF (1993) Glacigenic deposits of the Central Deep: a key to the Late Quaternary evolution of the Barents Sea. Boreas 22:47–58
Gattuso JP, Frankignoulle M, Wollast R (1998) Carbon and carbonate metabolism in coastal aquatic ecosystems. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 29:405–434
Gauwet G, Sidorov I (1996) The biogeochemistry of Lena River: organic carbon and nutrients distribution Mar Chem 53:211–227
Gawarkiewicz G, Weingartner T, Chapman DC (1998) Sea-ice processes and water mass modification and transport over Arctic shelves. In: Brink KH, Robinson AR (eds) The Sea. Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp 171–190
Gebhardt AC, Lahajnar N, Gaye-Haake B, Fertzer I, Deubel H (2002) Sediment trap investigations in the Kara Sea. In: Stein R, Stepanets O (eds), Scientific Cruise report of the Kara Sea Expedition 2001 of RV “Akademik Boris Petrov”: The German-Russian Project on Siberian River Run-off (SIRRO) and the EU Project “ESTABLISH”, Reps Pol Mar Res 419:33–40
Geider RJ, MacIntyre HL, Kana TM (1996) A dynamic model of photoadaptation in phytoplankton. Limnol Oceanogr 41:1–15
Geology of the USSR (1970) The USSR Arctic islands (Vol 26) Nedra Moscow, 121 pp
Gianelli V, Thomas DN, Haas C, Kattner G, Kennedy H, Dieckmann GS (2001) Behavior of dissolved organic matter and inorganic nutrients during experimental sea-ice formation. Ann Glaciol 33:317–321
Gibson JAE, Trull T, Nichols PD, Summons RE, McMinn A (1999) Sedimentation of 13C-rich organic matter from Antarctic sea-ice algae: A potential indicator of past sea-ice extent. Geology 27(4):331–334
Gibson JAE, Vincent WF, Nieke B, Pienitz R (2000) Control of biological exposure to UV radiation in the Arctic Ocean: Comparison of the roles of ozone and riverine dissolved organic matter. Arctic 53:372–382
Gilstad M, Sakshaug E (1990) Growth rates of ten diatom species from the Barents Sea at different irradiances and day lengths. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 64:169–173
Giovando LF, Herlinveaux RH (1981) A discussion of factors influencing dispersion of pollutants in the Beaufort Sea. 81-4, Sidney, BC: Institute of Ocean Sciences, 198 pp
Gislason A, Astthorson OS (1998) Seasonal variations in biomass, abundance and composition of zooplankton in the subarctic waters north of Iceland. Pol Biol 20:85–94
Gloersen P, Campbell WJ (1991) Recent variations in Arctic and Antarctic sea-ice cover. Nature 352:33–36
Glud RN, Holby O, Hoffmann F, Canfield DE (1998) Benthic mineralization and exchange in Arctic sediment (Svalbard, Norway). Mar Ecol Progr Ser 173:237–251
Glud RN, Kühl M, Wenzhöfer F, Rysgaard S (2002) Benthic diatoms of a high Arctic fjord (Young Sound, NE Greenland): importance for ecosystem primary production. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 238:15–29
Gobeil C, Macdonald RW, Smith JN, Beaudin L (2001) Lead contamination in Arctic basin sediments tracks Atlantic water flow pathways. Science 293:1301–1304.
Gobeil C, Macdonald RW, Sundby B (1997) Diagenetic separation of cadmium and manganese in suboxic continental margin sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61:4647–4654
Gobeil C, Paton D, McLaughlin FA, Macdonald RW, Paquette G, Clermont Y et al. (1991) Donnés géochimiques sur les eaux interstitielles et les sédiments de la mer de Beaufort, Mont Joli: Institut Maurice-Lamontagne, 101, 92 pp
Gobeil C, Sundby B, Macdonald RW, Smith JN (2001) Recent change in organic carbon flux to Arctic Ocean deep basins: Evidence from acid volatile sulfide, manganese and rhenium discord in sediments. Geophys Res Lett 28:1743–1746
Goericke R., Fry B (1994) Variations of marine plankton d13C with latitude, temperature, and dissolved CO2 in the world ocean. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 8:85–90
Goffart A, Catalano G, Hecq JH (2001) Factors controlling the distribution of diatoms and Phaeocystis in the Ross Sea. Deep-Sea Res II 48:161–175
Goldblatt RH, Mackas DL, Lewis AG (2001) Mesozooplankton community characteristics in the NE subarctic Pacific. Deep-Sea Res II 46:2619–2644
Goldman J (1999) Inorganic carbon availability and the growth of large marine diatoms. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 180:81–91
Golikov AN (1990) Ecosystems of the New Siberian shoals and the fauna of the Laptev Sea and adjacent waters of the Arctic Ocean. Explorations of the fauna of the seas 37(45): Moscow: Nauka, (in Russian)
Goñi MA, Hedges JI (1992) Lignin dimers: structures, distribution, and potential geochemical applications. Geochim Cosmoschim Acta 56:4025–4043
Goñi MA, Ruttenberg KC, Eglinton TI (1997) Sources and contribution of terrigenous organic carbon to surface sediments in the Gulf of Mexico. Nature 389:275–278
Goñi MA, Ruttenberg KC, Eglinton TI (1998) A reassessment of the sources and importance of land-derived organic matter in surface sediments from the Gulf of Mexico. Org Geochem 62:3055–3075
Goñi MA, Yunker MB, Macdonald RW, Eglinton TI (2000) Distribution and sources of organic biomarkers in arctic sediments from the Mackenzie River and Beaufort Shelf. Mar Chem 71:23–51
Gordeev VV (2000) River input of water, sediment, major ions, nutrients and trace metals from Russian territory to the Arctic Ocean. In: Lewis EL (ed) Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 297–322
Gordeev VV, Dzhamalov RG, Zektser IS, Zhulidov AV, Brysgalo VN (1999) An assessment of groundwater input of nutrients into the coastal seas the Russian Arctic. Water Resources 38:1–6 (in Russian)
Gordeev VV, Martin JM, Sidorov IS, Sidorova MV (1996) A reassessment of the Eurasian river input of water, sediment, major elements, and nutrients to the Arctic Ocean. Am J Sci 296:664–691
Gordeev VV, Sidorov IS (1993) Concentrations of major elements and their outflow into the Laptev Sea (Russia). Mar Chem 43:33–46
Gordeev VV, Tsirkunov VV (1998) River fluxes of dissolved and suspended substances. In: Kimstach V Meybeck M, Baroudy E (eds) A water quality assessment of the former Soviet Union. E and EN Spon, London and New York, pp 311–350
Gordon ES, Goñi MA, Roberts QN, Kineke GC, Allison MA (2001) Organic matter distribution and accumulation on the inner Louisiana shelf west of the Atchafalaya River. Cont. Shelf Res 21:1691–1721
Gorshkov SG (1983) World Ocean Atlas, Vol. 3, Arctic Ocean. Pergamon Press, 184 pp
Gorshkova TI (1970) Biogeochemistry of recent sediments in the seas of USSR. Abstr of Diss. VNIRO, Moscow pp 1–50 (in Russian)
Gorshkova TI (1974) Biogeochemistry of recent marine sediments and their biological significance. In: Bonitet of the World Ocean. Proc VNIRO. Pischevaya Promislennoste, Moscow, 1, pp 135–144 (in Russian)
Gosselin M, Levasseur M, Wheeler PA, Horner RA, Booth BC (1997) New measurements of phytoplankton and ice algal production in the Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res II 44(8):1623–1644
Gough MA, Mantoura RFC, Preston M (1993) Terrestrial plant polymers in marine sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 57:945–964
Gradinger R (1996) Occurrence of an algal bloom under Arctic pack ice. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 131:301–305
Gradinger R (1999) Vertical fine structure of the biomass and composition of algal communities in Arctic pack ice. Mar Biol 133:745–754
Graf G (1989) Benthic-pelagic coupling in a deep-sea benthic community. Nature 341:437–439
Graf G, Gerlach SA, Linke P, Queisser W, Ritzrau W, Schelz A, Thomsen L, Witte U (1995) Benthic-pelagic coupling in the Greenland-Norwegian Sea and its effect on the geological record. Geol Rundsch 84:9–58
Grahl C, Boetius A, Nöthig E-M (1999) Pelagic-benthic coupling in the Laptev Sea affected by sea ice. In: Kassens H, Bauch HA, Dmitrenko I, Eicken H, Hubberten H-W, Melles M, Thiede J, Timokhov L (eds) Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic: Dynamics and History. Springer, Berlin, pp 143–152
Gran HH (1902) Das Plankton des norwegischen Nordmeeres. Rep Norw Fish-Mar Invest 2(5):1–222
Gran HH (1904) Diatomaceae from ice-floes and plankton of the Arctic Ocean. Sci Res Norw North Polar Exp 4:3–74
Gran HH (1929) Investigation of the production of plankton outside the Romsdalsfjord 1926-1927. Rapp. P-v Réun Cons Int Explor Mer 56:1–112
Gran HH (1931) On the conditions for the production of the plankton in the sea. Rapp. P-v Réun Cons Int Explor Mer 75:37–46
Grantz A, Clark DL, Phillips RL, Srivastava SP, Blome CD. Gray LB, Haga H, Mamet BL, McIntyre DJ, McNeil DH, Mickey MB, Mullen MW, Murchey BL, Ross CA, Stevens CH, Silberling NJ, Wall JH, Willard DA (1998) Phanerozoic stratigraphy of Northwind Ridge, magnetic anomalies in the Canada Basin, and the geometry and timing of rifting in the Amerasia Basin, Arctic Ocean. Geol Soc Amer Bull 110(6):801–820
Grantz A, May SD, Taylor PT, and Lawner LA (1990) Canada Basin. In: Grantz, A, Johnson GL, and Sweeney JF (eds). The Arctic Ocean Region: The Geology of North America DNAG L, pp 379–402
Grantz A, Phillips RL, Jones GA (1999) Holocene pelagic and turbidite sedimentation rates in the Amerasian Basin, Arctic Ocean, from radiocarbon age-depth profiles in cores. In: Bruns P, Hass HC (eds) On the determination of sediment accumulation rates, GeoResearch Forum 5:209–222
Grantz A, Phillips RL, Mullen MW, Starratt SW, Jones GA, Naidu AS, Finney BP (1996) Character, paleoenvironment, rate of accumulation, and evidence for seismic triggering of Holocene turbidites, Canada Abyssal Plain, Arctic Ocean. Mar Geol 133:51–73
Grebmeier JM (1987) The ecology of benthic carbon cycling in the northern Bering and Chukchi Sea. PhD dissertation, Inst Marine Sci, Univ Alaska Fairbanks Alaska, pp 1–189
Grebmeier JM (1993) Studies on pelagic-benthic coupling extended onto the Soviet continental shelf in the Bering and Chukchi Seas. Cont Shelf Res 13:653–668
Grebmeier JM, Barry JP (1991) The influence of oceanographic processes on pelagic-benthic coupling in polar regions: A benthic perspective. J Mar Syst 2:495–518
Grebmeier JM, Cooper LW (1995) Influence of the St Lawrence Island Polynya upon the Bering Sea benthos. J Geophys Res 100:4439–4460
Grebmeier JM, Feder HM, McRoy CP (1989) Pelagicbenthic coupling on the shelf of the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas. II. Benthic community structure. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 51:253–268
Grebmeier JM, McRoy CP (1989) Pelagic-benthic coupling on the shelf of the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas. III. Benthic food supply and carbon cycling. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 53:79–91
Grebmeier JM, McRoy CP, Feder HM (1988) Pelagic-benthic coupling on the shelf of the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas. I. Food supply source and benthic biomass. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 48:57–67
Grebmeier JM, Smith WO Jr, Conover RJ (1995) Biological processes on Arctic continental shelves: ice-ocean biotic interactions. In: Smith OS Jr, Grebmeier JM (eds) Arctic oceanography: marginal ice zones and continental shelves. Am Geophys Union, Washington, DC, pp 231–261
Grigoriev MN (1993) Cryomorphogenesis of the Lena River mouth area. Permafrost Institute Press SB RAS, Yakutsk, 176 pp. (in Russian)
Grigoriev MN (1996) Rules of thermal abrasion and thermal denudation processes of the Arctic Sea shores (on an example of the Laptev Sea key sites). In: Materials of the first conference of Russian geocryologists Vol 1-3. Dynamic geocryology. Moscow Univ. Publ. House, Moscow: 504–511 (in Russian)
Grigoriev MN, Kunitsky VV (2000) The Ice Complex of the Yakutian Arctic coasts as a source of sediments on the shelf. In: Hydrometeorological and biogeochemical research in the Arctic. Proceedings of Arctic Regional Center (Vladivostok) Vol 2/1:109–116 (in Russian)
Grigoriev NF (1966) Permafrost in the Yakutian Coastal Zone. Nauka Press, Moscow, 180 pp (in Russian)
Groene T (1995) Biogenic production and consumption of dimethylsulphide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in the marine epipelagic zone: a review. J Mar Syst 6:191–209
Grønås S, Skeie P (1999) A case study of strong winds at an arctic front. Tellus 51A:865–879
Grootes PM, Stuiver M, White JWC, Johnson C, Jouzel J (1993) Comparison of oxygen isotope records from the GISP2 and GRIP Greenland ice cores. Nature 366:552–554
Grosswald MG, Hughes TJ (1999) The case for an ice shelf in the Pleistocene Arctic Ocean. Pol Geography 23:23–54
Guay CK, Klinkhammer GP, Falkner KK, Benner R, Coble PG, Whitledge TE, Black B, Bussell J, Wagner TA (1999) Highresolution measurements of dissolved organic carbon in the Arctic Ocean by in situ fiber-optic spectrometry. Geophys Res Lett 26:1007–1010
Guay CKH, Falkner KK, Muench RD, Mensch M, Frank M, Bayer R (2001) Wind-driven transport pathways for Eurasian Arctic river discharge. J Geophys Res 106:11469–11480
Gudkovich ZM (1961) Relation of the ice drift in the Arctic Basin to ice conditions in the Soviet Arctic seas (in Russian). Tr Okeanogr Kom Akad Nauk SSSR 11:14–21
Guest PS, Glendening JW, Davidson KL (1995) An observational and numerical study of wind stress variations within the marginal ice zone. J Geophys Res 100:10887–10904
Gukov AY, Antonov M, Taldenkova EE, Schmid MK (2001) Peculiarities of the microscale (facial) benthos distribution at the fast ice edge in the Laptev Sea. Oceanology 41:395–402
Gulliksen B, Holte B (1992) List of the marine invertebrates and fish known from Norwegian territorial waters in Svalbard (in Norwegian). NPI Rapportserie, Oslo
Gurevich VI (1995) Recent sedimentogenesis and environment on the Arctic shelf of Western Eurasia. Meddelelser NR 131, Oslo, pp 1–92
Hald M, Dokken T, Hagen S (1996) Palaeoceanography on the European Arctic margin during the last deglaciation. In: Andrews JT, Austin WEN, Bergsten H, Jennings AE (eds). Late Quaternary palaeoceanography of the North Atlantic margins. Geol Soc Spec Pub III, The Geological Society, London, pp 275–289
Hald M, Dokken T, Mikalsen G (2001) Abrupt climatic change during the last interglacial-glacial cycle in the polar North Atlantic. Mar Geol 176:121–137
Hald M, Kolstad V, Polyak L, Forman SL, Herlihy FA, Ivanov G, Nescheretov A (1999) Late glacial and Holocene paleoceanography and sedimentary environments in the Saint Anna Trough, Eurasian Arctic Ocean margin. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclim Palaeoecol 146:229–249
Halldal P (1953) Phytoplankton investigations from weather ship M in the Norwegian Sea, 1948-49. Hvalråd Skr 38:1–91
Halldal P, Halldal K (1973) Phytoplankton, chlorophyll, and submarine light conditions in Kings Bay, Spitsbergen, July 1971. Norw J Bot 20:99–108
Hamm C, Reigstad M, Riser CW, Mühlebach A, Wassmann P (2001) On the trophic fate of Phaeocystis pouchetii. VII. Sterols and fatty acids reveal sedimentation of P. pouchetii-derived organic matter via krill fecal strings. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 209:55–69
Hamm CE, Simson DA, Merkel R, Smetacek V (1999) Colonies of Phaeocystis globosa are protected by a thin but tough skin. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 187:101–111
Hansell DA, Carlson CA (1998) Deep-ocean gradients in the concentration of dissolved organic carbon. Nature 395:263–266
Hansell DA, Whitledge TA, Goering JJ (1993) Patterns of nitrate utilization and new production over the Bering-Chukchi shelf. Cont Shelf Res 13:601–627
Hansell DA, Carlson CA (2001). Marine dissolved organic matter and the carbon cycle. Oceanography 14(4):41–49
Hansen B, Christiansen S, Pedersen G (1996) Plankton dynamics in the marginal ice zone of the central Barents Sea during spring: carbon flow and structure of the grazer food chain. Pol Biol 16:115–218
Hansen B, Turrell WR, Oesterhus S (2001) Decreasing overflow from the Nordic seas into the Atlantic Ocean through the Faroe Bank channel since 1950. Nature 411:927–930
Hansen-Bauer I (2002) Temperature and precipitation in Svalbard 1912-2050: Measurements and scenarios. Pol Res 38:225–232
Hare SR, Mantua NJ (2000) Empirical evidence for North Pacific regime shifts in 1977 and 1989. Prog Oceanog 47:103–145
Hargrave BT, Bodungen Bv, Conover RJ, Fraser AJ, Phillips G, Vass WP (1989) Seasonal changes in sedimentation of particulate matter and lipid content of zooplankton collected by sediment trap in the Arctic Ocean off Axel Heiberg Island. Pol Biol 9:467–475
Hargrave BT, von Bodungen B, Stoffyn-Egli P, Mudi PJ (1993) Seasonal variability in particle sedimentation under permanent ice cover in the Arctic Ocean. Cont Shelf Res 14:279–293
Hargrave BT, Walsh ID, Murray DW (2002) Seasonal and spatial patterns in mass and organic matter sedimentation in the North Water Polynya. Deep-Sea Res II 49:5227–5244
Harms IH, Karcher MJ, Dethleff D (2000) Modelling Siberian river runoff-implications for contaminant transport in the Arctic Ocean. J Mar Syst 27:95–115
Harper JR (1990) Morphology of the Canadian Beaufort Sea coast. Mar Geol 91:75–91
Harper JR, Reimer PD, Collins AD (1985) Beaufort Sea physical shore-zone analysis. Geological Survey of Canada Open File 1689, 105 pp
Harrison WG, Cota GF (1991) Primary production in polar waters: relation to nutrient availability. Pol Res 10:87–104
Hasle GR, Heimdal BR (1998) The net phytoplankton in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, July 1988, with general remarks on species composition of arctic phytoplankton. Pol Res 17:31–52
Hattori H, Saito H (1997) Diel changes in vertical distribution and feeding activity of copepods in ice-covered Resolute Passage, Canadian Arctic, in spring 1992. J Mar Syst 11:205–219
Hayes JM, Freeman KH, Popp BN, Hoham CH (1989) Compound-specific isotopic analyses: a novel tool for reconstruction of ancient biogeochmical processes. Adv Org Geochem 16:1115–1128
Head EJH, Harris LR, Campbell RW (2000) Investigations on the ecology of Calanus spp. in the Labrador Sea. I. Relationship between the phytoplankton bloom and reproduction and development of Calanus finmarchicus in spring. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 193:53–73
Hebbeln D (1991) Spätquartäre Stratigraphie und Paläozeanographie in der Fram-Straße. Berichte, Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Universität Bremen (22), pp 1–174
Hebbeln D (1992) Weichselian glacial history of the Svalbard area: correlating the marine and terrestrial records. Boreas 21:295–304
Hebbeln D, Berner H (1993) Surface sediment distribution in the Fram Strait. Deep Sea Res I 40(9):1731–1745
Hebbeln D, Dokken T, Andersen ES, Hald M, Elverhøi A (1994) Moisture supply for northern ice-sheet growth during the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature 370:357–359
Hebbeln D, Henrich R, Baumann KH (1998) Paleoceanography of the last interglacial/glacial cycle in the Polar North Atlantic. Quat Sci Rev 17(1-3):125–153
Hebbeln D, Wefer G (1991) Effects of ice coverage and ice-rafted material on sedimentation in the Fram Strait. Nature 350:409–411
Hebbeln D, Wefer G (1997) Late Quaternary palaeoceanography in the Fram Strait. Palaeoceanography 12(1):65–78
Hedges JI (1992) Global biogeochemical cycles: progress and problems. Mar Chem 39:67–93
Hedges JI (2002) Why dissolved organics matter: A marine retrospective. In: Hansell D, Carlson C (eds) Biogeochemistry of marine dissolved organic matter. Academic Press, pp 1–33
Hedges JI, Clark WA, Cowie Gl (1988) Organic matter sources to the water column and surficial sediments of a marine bay. Limnol. Oceanogr 33:1116–1136
Hedges JI, Clark WA, Quay PD, Richey JE, Devol AH, Santos UDM (1986) Composition and fluxes of particulate organic material in the Amazon River. Limnol Oceanogr 31:717–738
Hedges JI, Keil R, Benner R (1997) What happens to terrestrial organic matter in the ocean? Org Geochem 27:195–212
Hedges JI, Keil RG (1995) Sedimentary organic matter preservation: an assessment and speculative synthesis. Mar Chem 49:81–115
Hedges JI, Mann DC (1979) The lignin geochemistry of marine sediments from the southern Washington coast. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 43:1809–1818
Hedges JI, Oades JM (1997) Comparative organic geochemistries of soils and marine sediments. Org Geochem 27:319–361
Hedges JI, Stern JH (1984) Carbon and nitrogen determinations of carbonate-containing solids. Limnol Oceanogr 29:657–663
Heding SG (1942) Holothurioidea. Part II. Aspidochirota-Elasipoda-Dendrochirota. Danish INGOLF-Expedition 4:43–78
Heezen BC, Ewing M (1961) The Mid-Oceanic Ridge and its extension through the Arctic Basin. In: Raasch GO (ed). Geology of the Arctic. University of Toronto Press, pp 622–642
Hegseth EN (1989) Photoadaptation in marine diatoms. Pol Biol 9:479–486
Hegseth EN (1993) Sub-ice algal assemblages of the Barents Sea: Species composition, chemical composition, and growth rates. Pol Biol 12:485–496
Hegseth EN (1997) Phytoplankton of the Barents Sea-the end of a growth season. Pol Biol 17:235–241
Heimdahl BR (1983) Phytoplankton and nutrients in the waters northwest of Spitsbergen in the autumn 1979. J Plankton Res 5(6):901–918
Heiskanen AS, Keck A (1996) Distribution and sinking rates of phytoplankton, detritus, and particulate biogenic silicia in the Laptev Sea and Lena River (Arctic Siberia). Mar Chem 53:229–245
Hempel G (1985) On the biology of polar seas, particularly the Southern Ocean In: Gray JS, Christiansen MS (eds) Marine biology of polar regions and the effect of stress on marine organisms. Chichester, Wiley & Sons, pp 3–34
Henderson RJ, Hegseth EN, Park MT (1998) Seasonal variation in lipid and fatty acid composition of ice algae from the Barents Sea. Pol Biol 20:48–55
Henrichs SH, Reeburgh, WS (1987) Anaerobic mineralization of marine sediment organic matter: rates and the role of anaerobic processes in the oceanic carbon economy. Geomicrobiol J 5:191–237
Héquette A, Ruz M-H, Hill PR (1995) The effects of the Holocene sea level rise on the evolution of the southeastern coast of the Canadian Beaufort Sea. J Coast Res 11:494–507
Herlihy FA, 1996. A marine sedimentary record of the last glacial cycle in the Franz Victoria and St. Anna Troughs, Northern Barents and Kara Seas, Russia. Unpublished MS Thesis, Columbus, Ohio State University, 196 pp
Herman Y (ed 1989) The Arctic Seas. Climatology, oceanography, geology, and biology. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 888 pp
Herndl GJ, Obernosterer I (2001) UV-radiation and pelagic bacteria. In: Hessen DO (ed) Ecological studies. UV-radiation and Arctic ecosystems. Springer, Heidelberg
Hewes CD, Sakshaug E, Reid FMH, Holm-Hansen O (1990) Microbial autotrophic and heterotrophic eucaryotes in Antarctic waters: relationships between biomass and chlorophyll, adenosine triphosphate and particulate organic carbon. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 63:27–35
Hill P, Mudie PJ, Moran K, Blasco SM (1985) A sea-level curve for the Canadian Beaufort Shelf. Can J Earth Sci 22:1383–1393
Hill PR, Blasco SM, Harper JR, Fissel DB (1991) Sedimentation on the Canadian Beaufort Shelf. Cont Shelf Res 11:821–842
Hill PR, Forbes DL, Dallimore SR, Morgan P (1986) Shoreface development in the Canadian Beaufort Sea. ACROSES Symposium on Cohesive Shores, Ottawa, NRC of Canada: 428–448
Hill PR, Héquette A, Ruz M-H (1993) Holocene sea-level history of the Canadian Beaufort shelf. Can J Earth Sci 30:103–108
Hill PR, Lewis PC, Desmarais S, Kauppaymuthoo V, Rais H (2001) The Mackenzie Delta: sedimentary processes and facies of a high-latitude, fine-grained delta. Sedimentology 48:1047–1078
Hill PR, Nadeau OC (1989) Storm-dominated sedimentation on the inner shelf of the Canadian Beaufort Sea. J Sed Petrol 59:455–468
Hirche H-J (1989) Egg production in the Arctic copepod Calanus glacialis: laboratory experiments. Mar Biol 103:311–318
Hirche H-J (1997) Life cycle of the copepod Calanus hyperboreus in the Greenland Sea. Mar Biol 128:607–618
Hirche HJ, Baumann MEM, Kattner G, Gradinger R (1991) Plankton distribution and the impact of copepod grazing on primary production in Fram Strait, Greenland Sea. J Mar Sys 2:477–494
Hirche HJ, Kwasniewski S (1997) Production and development of Calanus species in the Northeast Water Polynya in relation to environmental conditions, J Mar Syst 10:299–318
Hirche H-J, Niehoff B (1996) Reproduction of the Arctic copepod Calanus hyperboreus in the Greenland Sea-field and laboratory observations. Pol Biol 16:209–219
Hollerbach A, 1985. Grundlagen der organischen Geochemie. Springer, Berlin, 190 pp.
Holligan PM, Groom SB, Harbour DS (1993) What controls the distribution of the coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi, in the North Sea? Fish Oceanogr 2:175–183
Holloway G, Sou T (2001) Has arctic sea ice rapidly thinned? J Clim 15:1691–1701
Holmes MR, McClelland JW, Peterson BJ, Shiklomanov IA, Shiklomanov AI, Zhulidov AV, Gordeev VV, Bobrovitskaya NN (2002) A circumpolar perspective on fluvial sediment flux to the Arctic Ocean. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 16/4: 10.1029/2002GB001920
Holmes RM, Peterson BJ, Zhulidov AV, Gordeev VV, Makkaveev PN, Stunzhas PA, Kosmenko LS, Köhler GH, Shiklomanov AI (2001) Nutrient chemistry of the Ob and Yenisei Rivers, Siberia: results from June 2000 expedition and evaluation of long-term data sets. Mar Chem 75:219–227
Holmes ML and Creager JS, 1974. Holocene history of the Laptev Sea continental shelf. In: Herman Y (ed), Marine Geology and Oceanography of the Arctic Seas. SpringerVerlag, New York, 211–230
Holte B, Dahle S, Gulliksen B, Naes K (1996) Some macro-faunal effects of local pollution and glacier induced sedimentation, with indicative chemical analyses, in the sediments of two Arctic fjords. Polar Biol 16:549–557
Hong, GH (1986) Fluxes, dynamics and chemistry of particulate matter and nutrient regeneration in the central basin of Boca de Quadra, southeast Alaska. PhD Thesis Univ Alaska Fairbanks. pp 1–225
Honjo S (1990) Particle fluxes and modern sedimentation in the polar ocean. In: Smith WO Jr (ed) Polar oceanography, part B: chemistry, biology, and geology. Academic Press, New York, pp 687–739
Hood DW, Calder JA (1981) The eastern Bering Sea Shelf: Oceanography and resources. Office of Marine Pollution Assessment, NOAA, Seattle, 1339 p (2 vols)
Hop H, Pearson T, Hegseth EN, Kovacs KM, Wiencke C, Kwasniewski S, Eiane K, Mehlum F, Gulliksen B, Wlodarska-Kowalczuk M, Lydersen C, Weslawski JM, Cochrane S, Gabrielsen GW, Leakey RJG, Lønne OJ, Zajaczkowksi M, Falk-Petersen D, Kendall M, Wängberg S-Å, Bischof K, Voronkov AY, Kovaltchouk NA, Wiktor J, Poltermann M, di Prisco G, Papucci C, Gerland S (2002) The marine ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Pol Res 21:167–208.
Hop H, Poltermann M, Lønne O-J, Falk-Petersen S, Korsnes R, Budgell W (2000) Ice amphipod distribution relative to ice density and under-ice topography in the northern Barents Sea. Pol Biol 23:357–367
Hopkins DM (1979) Landscape and climate of Beringia during the late Pleistocene and Holocene time. In: Laughlin WS, Harper AB (eds) The First Americans: Origins, Affinities and Adaptations. Gustav Fisher, New York, pp 15–41
Hopkins TS (1991) The GIN Sea-A synthesis of its physical oceanography and literature review 1972-1985. Earth-Science Rev 30:175–318
Hoppe HG, Ducklow H, Karrasch B (1993) Evidence for dependency of bacterial growth on enzymatic hydrolysis of particulate organic matter in the mesopelagic ocean. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 93:277–283
Horner R (1984) Phytoplankton abundance, chorophyll a, and primary productivity in the western Beaufort Sea. In: Barnes PW, Schell DM, Reimnitz E (eds) The Alaskan Beufort Sea. Academic Press, New York, pp 295–310
Horner R, Alexander V (1972) Algal populations in Arctic sea ice: An investigation of heterotrophy. Limnol Oceanogr 17:454–458
Horner RA, Schrader GC (1982) Relative contributions of ice algae, phytoplankton and benthic microalgae to primary production in nearshore regions of the Beaufort Sea. Arctic 35:485–503
Horner, RA (1989) Arctic sea-ice biota. In: Herman Y (ed) The Arctic seas. Climatology, oceanography, geology, and biology. van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp 123–146
Houston AL, Deming JW (2002) Relationships between microbial extracellular enzymatic activity and suspended and sinking particulate organic matter: Seasonal transformations in the North Water. Deep-Sea Res II 49:5211–5225
Hovland M (ed) (2001) The High-Arctic Drilling Challenge. Final Report of the Arctic’s Role in Global Change Program Planning Group (APPG), Ocean Drilling Program, 38 pp
Huang WY, Meinschein (1976) Sterols as source indicators of organic material in sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 40:323–330
Hufford GL (1974) On apparent upwelling in the southern Beaufort Sea. J Geophys Res 79:1305–1306
Huisman J, Weissing FJ (2001) Fundamental unpredictability in multispecies competition. Am Naturalist 157:488–494
Hulth S, Blackburn TH, Hall POJ (1994) Arctic sediments (Svalbard): consumption and microdistribution of oxygen. Mar Chem 46:293–316
Hulth S, Hall POJ, Blackburn TH, Landen A (1996) Arctic sediments (Svalbard): Pore water and solid phase distributions of C, N, P and Si. Pol Biol 16:447–462
Hulthe G, Hulth S, Hall POJ (1998) Effect of oxygen on degradation rate of refractory and labile organic matter in continental margin sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 62:1319–1328
Hume JD, Schalk M, Hume PW (1972) Short-term climate changes and coastal erosion, Barrow, Alaska. Arctic 25:271–278
Humphreys WF (1979) Production and respiration in animal populations. J Anim Ecol 48:427–453
Hunkins K (1968) Geomorphic provinces if the Arctic Ocean. In: Sater JE (ed) Arctic Drifting Stations. Arctic Institute of North America, pp 365–376
Hunkins KL (1961) Seismic Studies of the Arctic Ocean Floor, Geology of the Arctic 1:645–665
Hunt GL, Baduini CL, Brodeur RD, Coyle KO, Kachel NB, Napp JM et al. (1999) The Bering Sea in 1998: The second consecutive year of extreme weather-forced anomalies. EOS Transactions, AGU 80:561, 565-566
Hurrell JW (1995) Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: regional temperatures and precipitation. Science 269:676–679
Hurrell JW (2002) North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Indices Information. http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/~jhurrell/nao.html
Hygum BH, Rey C, Hansen BW (2000) Growth and development rates of Calanus finmarchicus nauplii during a diatom spring bloom. Mar Biol 136:1075–1085
IHO (International Hydrographic Office) (2001) S-23 “Limits of Ocean and Seas”. Draft 4th Edition, October 2001
Ikävalko J, Gradinger R (1997) Flagellates and heliozoans in the Greenland Sea ice studied alive using light microscopy. Pol Biol 17:473–481
Ingvaldsen R, Loeng H, Asplin L (2002) Variability in the Atlantic inflow to the Barents Sea based on a one-year time series from moored current meters. Cont Shelf Res 22:505–519.
IPCC (2001) Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. In: Houghton JT, Ding Y, Griggs DJ, Noguer M, van der Linden PJ and Xiaosu D (eds) Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 944 pp
Irigoyen X, Head R, Klenke U, Meyer-Harms B, Harbour D, Niehoff B, Hirche H-J, Harris R (1998) A high frequency time series at Weathership M, Norwegian Sea, during the 1997 spring bloom: feeding of adult female Calanus finmarchicus. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 172:127–137
Iseki K, Macdonald RW, Carmack EC (1987) Distribution of particulate matter in the southeastern Beaufort Sea in late summer. In: NIPR Symposium on Polar Biology, vol 1. National Institute of Polar Research: Tokyo, pp 35–46
ISHTAR (1988) ISHTAR cruise report, Institute of Marine Science. University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Ittekkot V (1988) Global trends in the nature of organic matter in river suspensions. Nature 332:436–438
Ittekkot V, Haake B, Bartsch M, Nair RR, Ramaswamy V (1992) Organic carbon removal in the sea: the continental connection. In: Summerhayes CP, Prell WL, Emeis KC (eds) Upwelling systems: Evolution since the early Miocene. Geol Soc Spec Pub, The Geological Society, London, pp 167–176
Ivanov GI, Nechsheretov AV, Ivanov VV (1999) Oceanographic Investigations in the St. Anna Trough, Kara Sea. Reps Pol Res 342:27–45
Ivanov GI, Shevchenko VP, Musatov EE, Ponomarenko TV, Svertilov AA, Neshcheretov AV (1997) Multidisciplinary research on the Svyataya Anna Trough (the Kara Sea). Oceanology 37:570–572
Ivanov YA, Aibulatov NA (1998) Multidisciplinary oceanological research in the Barents Sea in Cruise 11 of R/V Akademik Sergei Vavilov (August 27-October 15, 1997). Oceanology 38:575–579
Jackson HR, Mudie PJ, Blasco SM (1985) Initial geological report on CESAR. The Canadian expedition to study the Alpha Ridge. Geol Surv Canada, paper 84-22, 177 pp
Jackson HR, Oakey GN (1990) Sedimentary thickness map of the Arctic Ocean, Plate 5. In: Grantz A, Johnson GL and Sweeney JF (eds) The Arctic Ocean Region: The Geology of North America DNAG L
Jahnke RA (1989) Flux and recycling of bioactive substances in the surface sediments of the deep basins off southern California: Progress report, November 1987-July 1988. Rep US Dep Energy, pp 1–4
Jahnke RA (1996) The global ocean flux of particulate organic carbon: Areal distribution and magnitude. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 10:71–88
Jakobsson M (1999) First high-resolution chirp sonar profiles from the central Arctic Ocean reveal erosion of Lomonosov Ridge sediments. Mar Geol 158:111–123
Jakobsson M (2002) Hypsometry of the Arctic Ocean and its constituent seas. Geochem Geophys Geosys 3(5)
Jakobsson M, and IBCAO Editorial Board Members (2001) Improvement to the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO): Updating the Data Base and the Grid Model. EOS (Transactions, American Geophysical Union) 84(47) (Abstract)
Jakobsson M, Cherkis N, Woodward J, Coakley B, and Macnab R (2000) A new grid of Arctic bathymetry: A significant resource for scientists and mapmakers. EOS (Transactions, American Geophysical Union) 81(9):89, 93, 96
Jakobsson M, Løvlie R, Arnold EM, Backman J, Polyak L, Knutsen JO and Musatov E (2001) Pleistocene stratigraphy and paleoenvironmental variation from Lomonosov Ridge sediments, central Arctic Ocean. Glob Planet Change 31(1-4):1–21
Jasper JP, Gagosian RB (1989) Alkenone molecular stratigraphy in an oceanic environment affected by glacial freshwater events. Paleoceanography 4:603–614
Jasper JP, Gagosian RB (1993) The relation between sedimentary organic carbon isotopic composition and organic biomarker compound concentrations. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 57:167–186
Jeffrey SW, Mantoura RFC, Wright SW (eds 1997) Phytoplankton pigments in oceanography: guidelines to modern methods. UNESCO, Paris, 661 pp
Jensen HM, Pedersen L, Burmeister A, Hansen BW (1999) Pelagic primary production during summer along 65 to 72∞N off West Greenland. Pol Biol 21:269–278
Johannessen OM, Bengtsson L, Miles MW, Kuzmina SI, Semenov VA, Alekseev GV, Nagurny AP, Zakharov VF, Bobylev LP, Pettersson LH, Hasselmann K, Cattle HP (2002) Arctic climate change-Observed and Modeled Temperature and Sea Ice. NERSC Technical report No 218
Johannessen OM, Miles M, Bjorgo E (1995) The Arctic’s shrinking sea ice. Nature 376:126–127
Johannessen OM, Shalina EV, Miles MW (1999) Satellite evidence for an Arctic sea ice cover in transformation. Science 286:1937–1939
Johannessen SC, Macdonald RW, Paton DW (2003) A sediment and organic carbon budget for the greater Strait of Georgia. Est Coast Shelf Sci 56:845–860
Johnsen G, Hegseth EN (1991) Photoadaptation of sea-ice microalgae in the Barents Sea. Pol Biol 11:179–184
Johnsen G, Sakshaug E (2000) Monitoring of harmful algal blooms along the Norwegian coast using bio-optical methods. S Afr J Mar Sci 22:309–321
Johnsen G, Sakshaug E, Vernet M (1992) Pigment composition, spectral characterization and photosynthetic parameters in Chrysochromulina polylepis. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 83:241–249
Johnsen G, Volent Z, Tangen K, Sakshaug E (1997) Time series of harmful and benign phytoplankton blooms in northwest European waters using the Seawatch buoy system. In: Kahru M, Brown C (eds). Monitoring algal blooms: New techniques for detecting large-scale environmental change. Landes Bioscience, New York, pp 115–143
Johnsen G. Eikrem W, Dalløkken R. Legrand C, Aure J, Skjoldal HR (1999) Eco-physiology, bio-optics and toxicity of the ichthyotoxic prymnesiophyte Chrysochromulina leadbeateri. J Phycol 35:1465–1476
Johnson GL (1969) Morphology of the Eurasian Arctic Basin. Pol Rec 14:619–628
Johnson GL, Grantz A, and Weber JR (1990) Bathymetry and Physiography. In: Grantz A, Johnson GL and Sweeney JF (eds) The Arctic Ocean Region: The Geology of North America DNAG L, pp 63–78
Johnson GL, Milligan DB (1967) Some geomorphological observations in the Kara Sea. Deep Sea Res 14:19–28
Johnson MA, Polyakov IV (2001) The Laptev Sea as a source for recent Arctic Ocean salinity changes. Geophys Res Lett 28:2017–2020
Johnson MA, Proshutinsky AY, Polyakov IV (1999) Atmospheric patterns forcing two regimes of Arctic circulation: A return to anticyclonic conditions? Geophys Res Lett 26:1621–1624
Jokat W (ed) (1999) The Expedition ARKTIS-XV/2 of “Polarstern” in 1999. Reps Pol Res 368, 128 pp
Jokat W, Stein R, Rachor E, Schewe I (1999) Expedition gives Fresh view of Central Arctic Geology, EOS Transactions 80:465, 472-473
Jokat W, Uenzelmann-Neben G, Kristoffersen Y, Rasmussen TM (1992) Lomonosov Ridge: A double-sided continental margin. Geology 20:887–890
Jokat W, Weigelt E, Kristoffersen Y, Rasmussen TM (1995) New insights into the evolution of Lomonosov Ridge and the Eurasia Basin. Geophys J Int 122:378–392
Jones EP (2001) Circulation in the Arctic Ocean. Pol Res 20:139–146
Jones GA, Darby DA, Bischof JF (1995) Holocene vs last glacial maximum sedimentation in the cental Arctic Ocean. In: Programs and Abstracts, 5th International Conference on Paleoceanography, Halifax Canada, pp 162–163
Jones GA, Keigwin LD (1988) Evidence from Fram Strait (78°N) for early deglaciation. Nature 336:56–59
Jones HLJ, Leadbeater BSC, Green JC (1994) Mixotrophy in haptophytes. In: Green JC, Leadbeater BSC (eds) The haptophytes. Systematics Association special vol. Clarendon Press, Oxford
Jorgensen BB (1978) A comparison of methods for the quantification of bacterial sulfate reduction in coastal marine sediments. Geomicrobiology 1:11–27
Jørgensen LL, Pearson TH, Anisimova NA, Gullikson B, Dahle S, Denisenko SG, Matishov GG (1999) Environmental influences on benthic fauna associations of the Kara Sea (Arctic Russia). Polar Biol 22:395–416
Jumars PA, Penry, DL, Baross, AJ, Perry MJ, Frost BW (1989) Closing the microbial loop: Dissolved carbon pathway to heterotrophic bacteria from incomplete ingestion, degestion and absorption in animals. Deep-Sea Res 36:483–495
Junge K, Krembs C, Deming J, Stierle A, Eicken H (2001) A microscopic approach to investigate bacteria under in-situ conditions in sea-ice samples. Ann Glaciol 33:304–310
Juterzenka KV, Knickmeier K (1999) Chlorophyll a in water column and sea ice during the Laptev Sea freeze-up study in autumn 1995. In: Kassens H et al (eds) Land-ocean systems in the Siberian Arctic: Dynamics and history. Springer, Berlin, pp 153–160
Kähler P, Bauerfeind E (2001) Organic particles in a shallow sediment trap: substantial loss to the dissolved phase, Limnol Oceanogr 46:719–723
Kaplin PA, Leont’ev OK, Luk’yanova SA, Nikiforov LG (1971) Coasts. Mysl’ Press, Moscow, 479 pp (in Russian)
Kaplin PA, Selivanov AO (1999) Sea-level changes and Coasts of Russia: Past, Present, Future. GEOS Press, Moscow, 299 pp (in Russian)
Karasik, AM (1968) Magnetic anomalies of Gakkel Ridge and origin of the Eurasia subbasin of the Arctic Ocean. Geophysical methods of prospecting in the Arctic 5, Leningrad, pp 8–19
Karasik, AM (1974) The Euro-Asian Basin of the North Polar Ocean from the standpoint of plate tectonics. In: NIDRA, Problems of the Geology of the polar regions of the Earth, Leningrad, pp 24–31 (in Russian)
Kashkin NI (1964) On the winter deposits of phytoplankton in the littoral. Trudy Okeanol Inst Akad Nauk USSR 65:49–57
Kassens H, Bauch H, Dmitrenko I, Eicken H, Hubberten HW, Melles M, Thiede J and Timokhov L (eds) (1999) Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian: Dynamics and History. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 711 pp
Kates K, Volcani BE (1966) Lipid components of diatoms. Biochem Biophys Acta 116:264–278
Kattner G (1999) Storage of dissolved inorganic nutrients in seawater: poisoning with mercuric chloride. Mar Chem 67:61–66
Kattner G, Budeus G (1997) Nutrient status of the North East Water Polynya. J Mar Syst 10:185–197
Kattner G, Gercken G, Eberlein K (1983) Development of lipids during a spring plankton bloom in the northern North Sea. Mar Chem 65:149–162
Kattner G, Lobbes JM, Fitznar HP, Engbrodt R, Lara RJ (1999) Tracing dissolved organic substances and nutrients of Lena River through the Laptev Sea (Arctic). Mar Chem 65:25–39
Kawamura A (1967) Observations of phytoplankton in the Arctic Ocean in 1964. Inf Bull Plank Japan comm issue Dr Y Matsue 1967:71–89
Keil RG, Tsamakis E, Fuh CB, Giddings C, Hedges JI (1994) Mineralogical and textural controls on organic composition of coastal marine sediments: hydrographic separation using SPLITT fractionation. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 57:879–893
Kemp PF (1994) Microbial carbon utilization on the continental shelf and slope during the SEEP-II experiment. Deep-Sea Res II 41(2/3):563–581
Kempema EW, Reimnitz E, Barnes PW (1989) Sea ice sediment entrainment and rafting in the Arctic. J Sed Pet 59:308–317
Kendall MA (1996) Are Arctic soft-sediment macrobenthic communities impoverished? Polar Biol 16:393–399
Kiene RP (1992) Dynamics of methylsulfide and dimethylsul-foniopropionate in oceanic water samples. Mar Chem 37:29–52
Kierdorf C (2001) Organischer Kohlenstoff und Biomarker in Oberflächensedimenten vom Ostgrönländischen Kontinentalhang Unpublished Diploma Thesis. Geologisches Institut der Universität Köln/Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, pp 1–76
Kiørboe T (1993) Turbulence, phytoplankton cell size, and the structure of pelagic food webs. Adv Mar Biol 29:2–72
Kirk JTO (1994) Light and photosynthesis in aquatic ecosystems. Cambridge Univ Press, 509 pp
Kirkegaard JB (1982) New records of abyssal benthic polychaetes from the Polar Sea. Steenstrupia 8:253–260
Kirst GO, Wiencke C (1995) Ecophysiology of polar algae. J Phycol 31:181–199
Kiselev VI, Ignat’ev AV, Kiyashko SI, Semiletov IP (2000) Terrigenous organic matter in deposits from the eastern area of the Arctic. DAN 371(2) 220–222
Kitchell JA, Clark DL (1982) Late Cretaceous-Paleogene paleogeography and paleocirculation; Evidence of North Polar upwelling, Paleogeogr Paleoclim Paleoecol 40:135–165
Klages M, Deubel H, Rachor E (2003) Organic carbon consumption of the Kara Sea macrozoobenthos: a first assessment. In: Stein R, Fahl K, Fütterer DK, Galimov EM, Stepanets OV (eds), Siberian River Run-off in the Kara Sea: Characterisation, Quantification, Variability, and Environmental Significance, Proceedings in Marine Sciences Vol 6, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 267–280
Kleiber HP, Niessen F (1999) Late Pleistocene Paleoriver Channels on the Laptev Sea shelf-Implications from Sub-Bottom Profiling. Kassens H, Bauch H, Dmitrenko I, Eicken H, Hubberten HW, Melles M, Thiede J, and Timokhov L (eds), Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian: Dynamics and History. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 657–665
Kleiber HP, Niessen F (2000) Variations of continental discharge pattern in space and time-Implications from the Laptev Sea continental margin, Arctic Siberia. Int J Earth Sci 89:605–616
Klein B, LeBlanc B, Mei Z-P, Beret R, Michaud J, Mundy C-J, Quillfeldt C H von, Garneau M-É, Roy S, Gratton Y, Cochran JK, Bélanger S, Larouche P, Pakulski JD, Rivkin RB, Legendre L (2002) Phytoplankton biomass, production and potential export in the North Water. Deep-Sea Res II 49:4983–5002
Klenova MV (1960) Geology of the Barents Sea. Ac Sci of USSR, Moscow, pp 1–365 (in Russian)
Klenova MV (1961) Recent sedimentation in the Barents Sea. In: Recent sediments of the seas and the oceans. Ac Sci of USSR, Moscow, pp 419–436 (in Russian)
Kluyev YV (1970) Thermal abrasion of near shore zone of polar seas. News of All-Russian Geographic Society Vol 102/2:129–135 (in Russian)
Knauer GA, Martin JH, Bruland KW (1979) Fluxes of particulate carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the upper water column of the northeast Pacific. Deep-Sea Res 26:97–108
Knies J (1994) Spätquartäre Sedimentation am Kontinentalhang nordwestlich Spitzbergens. Der letzte Glazia/ Interglazial-Zyklus. Unpublished Diploma Thesis. Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen, pp 1–95
Knies J, Kleiber HP, Matthiessen J, Müller C, Nowaczyk N (2001) Marine ice-rafted debris records constrain maximum extent of Saalian and Weichselian ice sheets along the Eurasian margin. Glob Planet Change 31:45–64
Knies J, Müller C, Nowaczyk N, Stein R (2000) A multiproxy approach to reconstruct the environmental changes along the Eurasian continental margin over the last 160, 000 years. Mar Geol 163:317–344
Knies J, Stein R (1998) New aspect of organic carbon deposition and its paleoceanographic implications along the northern Barents Sea margin during the last 30, 000 years. Paleoceanography 13(4):384–394
Knies J, Vogt C, Stein R (1999) Late Quaternary growth and decay of the Svalbard/Barents Sea ice sheet and paleoceanographic evolution in the adjacent Arctic Ocean. Geo-Mar Lett 18:195–203
Kobari T, Ikeda T (2001) Life cycle of Neocalanus flemingeri (Crustacea: Copepoda) in the Oyashio region, western subarctic Pacific, with notes on its regional variations. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 209:243–255
Kodina LA (2001) The carbon isotope composition of phytoplankton along the Ob-Kara Sea transect in AugustSeptember 1999. Reps Pol Mar Res 393:157–160
Kodina LA, Tokarev VG, Vlasova LN, Korobeinik GS (2003) Contribution of biogenic methane to ikaite formation in the Kara Sea: evidence from the stable carbon isotope geochemistry. In: Stein R, Fahl K, Fütterer DK, Galimov EM, Stepanets OV (eds) Siberian River Run-off in the Kara Sea: Characterisation, Quantification, Variability, and Environmental Significance, Proceedings in Marine Sciences Vol 6, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 349–374
Kodina LA and Peresypkin VI, 2002. Stable carbon isotope ratio and lignin in surface sediments of the inner Kara Sea. Reps Pol Mar Res 419:134–142
Köhler H, Meon B, Gordeev VV, Spitzy A, Amon RMW (2003). Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the rivers Ob and Yenisei and the adjacent Kara-Sea. In: Stein R, Fahl K, Fütterer DK, Galimov EM, Stepanets OV (eds) Siberian River Run-off in the Kara Sea: Characterisation, Quantification, Variability, and Environmental Significance, Proceedings in Marine Sciences Vol 6, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 281–308
Kohly A (1998) Diatom flux and species composition in the Greenland Sea and the Norwegian Sea in 1991-1992. Mar Geol 145:293–312
Koike I, Ogawa H, Nagata T, Fukuda R (2001) Silicate to nitrate ratio of the upper sub-arctic Pacific and the Bering Sea Basin in summer: Its implication for phytoplankton dynamics. J Oceanogr 57:253–260
Kolatschek JS (1998) Sea-ice dynamics and sediment transport in the Arctic: results from field measurements, remote sensing and modelling (in German). Ph D Thesis, University of Bremen, Germany
Korchagina YuI, Chetverikova OP (1976) Methods of studies into dispersed organic matter of the sedimentary rock. Nauka, Moscow, pp 1–229
Koreisha MM, Levantovskaya NP, Brushkov AV (1997) Cryogenic geosystems of the Kara coast and trends of their development. In: Fundamental investigations of the Earth Cryosphere. Nauka Press, Novosibirsk: 142–149 (in Russian)
Kosheleva VA, Yashin DS (1999) The bottom sediments of the Russia Arctic Seas. MNRRF, VNIIOkeangeologia, St-Petersburg, pp 1–286
Kosobokova KN, Hanssen H, Hirche H-J, Knickmeier K (1998) Composition and distribution of zooplankton in the Laptev Sea and adjacent Nansen Basin during summer, 1993. Pol Biol 1998 19:63–76
Kostka JE, Thamdrup B, Glud RN, Canfield DE (1999) Rates and pathways of carbon oxidation in permanently cold Arctic sediments. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 180:7–21
Kraus M, Matthiessen J, Stein R (2003) A high-resolution holocene marine pollen record from the northern Yenisei Estuary (southeastern Kara Sea) and paleoenvironmental implications. In: Stein R, Fahl K, Fütterer DK, Galimov EM, Stepanets OV (eds) Siberian River Run-off in the Kara Sea: Characterisation, Quantification, Variability, and Environmental Significance, Proceedings in Marine Sciences Vol 6, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 435–456
Krause G, Schauer U (eds) (2001) The Expeditions ARKTIS XVI/1 and ARKTIS XVI/2 of the Research Vessel “Polarstern” in 2000. Reps Pol Mar Res 389, 108 pp
Krishnamurthy RV, Machavaram M, Baskaran M, Brooks JM, Champ MA (2001). Organic carbon flow in the Ob, Yenisei rivers and Kara Sea of the Arctic Region. Mar Poll Bull 42:726–732
Kristiansen S, Farbrot T, Wheeler PA (1994) Nitrogen cycling in the Barents Sea-Seasonal dynamics of new and regenerated production in the marginal ice zone. Limnol Oceanogr 39:1630–1642
Kristiansen S, Lund BAA (1989) Nitrogen cycling in the Barents Sea-I. Uptake of nitrogen in the water column. Deep-Sea Res I 36:255–268
Kristoffersen Y (1990) Chapter 21: Eurasia Basin: in The Arctic ocean region, v. L, (eds) Grantz A, Johnson L and Sweeney JF, Boulder, Colorado, Geol Soc Amer, 365–378
Kröncke I (1994) Macrobenthic composition, abundance and biomass in the Arctic Ocean along a transect between Svalbard and the Makarov basin. Polar Biol 14:519–529
Kröncke I (1998) Macrofauna communities in the Amundsen Basin, at the Morris Jesup Rise and at the Yermak Plateau (Eurasian Arctic Ocean). Polar Biol 19:383–392
Kröncke I, Tan TL, Stein R (1994) High benthic bacteria standing stock in deep Arctic basins. Polar Biol 14:423–428
Kucheruk NV, Rybinkov PV, Sapoznikov FV (1999) Coastal benthic community of the Pechora Sea. Proc 12th Int Union of geodesy and geophysics General Assembly B:233
Kudelin BI (ed) (1975) A map of underground discharge in the USSR territory. Scale 1:2500000. Moscow-Leningrad, GUK (Glavnoe Upravlenie Kartografii) (in Russian)
Kudoh S, Robineau B, Suzuki Y, Fujiyoshi Y, Takahashi M (1997) Photosynthetic acclimation and the estimation of temperate ice algal primary production in Saroma-ko Lagoon, Japan. J Mar Syst 11:93–109
Kulikov NN, Lapina NN, Ivanov GI (1999) The history of investigation of bottom sediments of the western Arctic Shelf: the Barents and Kara seas. Reps Pol Res 342:3–10
Kunz-Pirrung M (1999) Distribution of aquatic palynomorphs in surface sediments from the Laptev Sea, Eastern Arctic Ocean. In: Kassens H, Bauch HA, Dmitrenko I, Eicken H, Hubberten HW, Melles M, Thiede J, Timikhov L (eds) Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic: Dynamics and History. Springer, Berlin, pp 561–575
Kupriyanova EK, Jirkov IA (1997): Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) of the Arctic Ocean. Sarsia 82:203–236
Kupriyanova YK (1993a) Deep-water Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from Kurile-Kamchatka trench 2. Genera Bathyditrupa, Bathyvermilia, and Protis. [Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta)]. Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal 72:21–28
Kupriyanova YK (1993b) Deep-water Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the Kuril-Kamchatka trench. 1. Genus Hyalopomatus. [Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta)]. Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal 72:145–152
Kuptsov VM, Lisitzin AP (1996) Radiocarbon of Quaternary along shore and bottom deposits of the Lena and the Laptev Sea sediments. Mar Chem 53:301–312
Kuusk VV, Pronin AA, Radionov VF, Savchenko AV, Shevchenko VP, Smirnov VV, Vinogradova AA (1996) The short-and long range variations of dispersal and chemical composition of Arctic aerosols. In: Kulmala M (ed) Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols. Proceedings of 14-th International Conference. Helsinki, Finland, 26-30 August 1996. Pergamon Press, pp 546–549
Kuznetsov LL (1991) Production of microphytobenthos of the coastal zone of the Barents Sea. In: Production-destruction processes of pelagic zone of the Barents Sea shore. Apatity, pp 55–62 (in Russian)
Kuznetsov LL, Baitaz ON, Makarevich PR (1998) Structural-functional characteristics of the plankton community in the Baidaratskaya Bay by materials of the autumn 1991-1992 expeditions. In: Biology and Oceanography of the Kara and Barents sea (by Sevmorway). Apatiti, pp 88–95 (in Russian)
Lammers RB, Shiklomanov AI, Vörösmarty CJ, Fekete BM, Peterson BJ (2001) Assessment of contemporary Arctic river runoff based on observational discharge records. J Geophys Res 106:3321–3334
Lampitt RS (1985) Evidence for the seasonal deposition of detritus to the deep-sea floor and its subsequent resuspension. Deep-Sea Res 32:885–897
Lampitt RS, Antia AN (1997) Particle flux in deep-seas: regional characteristics and temporal variability. Deep-Sea Res I 44:1377–1403
Lampitt RS, Billett DSM, Rice AL (1986) Biomass of the invertebrate megabenthos from 500 to 4100m in the northeast Atlantic Ocean. Mar Bio 93:69–81
Langleben MP (1969) Albedo and degree of puddling of a melting cover of sea ice. J Glaciol 8:407–412
Langrock U, Stein R, Lipinski M, Brumsack H (2003a) Paleoenvironment and sea-level change in the early Cretaceous Barents Sea-implications from near-shore marine sapropels. Geo-Mar Lett, in press
Langrock U, Stein R, Lipinski M, Brumsack H (2003b) Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous blak shale formation and paleoenvironment in high northern latitudes-examples from the Norwegian-Greenland-Seaway. Paleoceanography, in press
Lapina NN, Belov NA (1961) Features of sedimentation in the Arctic Ocean. In: Recent sediments of the seas and oceans. Ac Sci of USSR, Moscow, pp 86–97 (in Russian)
Lara RJ, Rachold V, Kattner G, Hubberten HW, Guggenberger G, Skoog A, Thomas DN. (1998) Dissolved organic matter and nutrients in the Lena River, Siberian Arctic: characteristics and distribution. Mar Chem 59:301–309
Larson RL (1991) Geological consequences of superplumes. Geology 19:963–966
Laws EA, Falkowski PG, Smith WO Jr, Ducklow H, McCarthy JJ (2000) Temperature effects on export production in the open ocean. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 14:1231–1246
Lawver LA, Müller RD (1994) Iceland hotspot track, Geology 22:311–314
Lawver LA, Müller RD, Srivastava SP, Roest W (1990) The opening of the Arctic Ocean. In: Bleil U, Thiede J (eds) Geological History of the Polar Oceans: Arctic versus Antarctic, NATO ASI Series C 308, pp 29–62
Lawver LA, Scotese CR (1990) A review of tectonic models for the evolution of the Canadian Basin. In: Grantz A, Johnson L and Sweeney JF (eds) The Arctic Ocean Region, The Geology of North America, Vol L, pp 593–618
Lawy EA, Popp BN, Bidigare RR, Kennicutt MC, Macko SA (1995) Dependence of phytoplankton carbon isotopic composition on growth rate and CO2aq: theoretical considerations and experimental results. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59:1131–1138
Leck C, Bigg EK, Covert DS (1996) Overview of the atmospheric research program during the International Arctic Ocean Expedition of 1991 (IAOE-91) and its scientific results. Tellus 48:131–155
Legendre L, Ackley SF, Dieckmann GS, Gulliksen B, Horner R, Hoshiai T, Melnikov IA, Reeburgh WS, Spindler M, Sullivan CW (1992) Ecology of sea ice biota. 2 Global significance. Pol Biol 12:429–444
Leith TL, Weiss HM. Mørk A, Arhus N, Elvebakk G, Embry AF, Brooks PW, Stewart KR, Pchelina TM, Bro EG, Verba ML, Danyushevskaya A, Borisov AV (1992) Mesozoic hydrocarbon source-rocks of the Arctic region. In: Vorren TO et al. (eds) Arctic Geology and Petroleum Potential. NPF Spec Publ 2:1–25
Leo RF, Barghorn ES (1970) Phenolic aldehydes: generation from fossil woods and carbonaceous sediments by oxidative degradation. Science 168:582–584
Levi BG (2000) The decreasing Arctic ice cover. Physics Today January 2000:19–20
Levitan MA, Arnold M, Bourtman MV, Ivanova EV, Marina MM (2000a) Link of Holocene marine and terrestrial records in the east Kara Sea. IMAGES Workshop “Correlation of post-glacial climatic events in the Arctic and Far East seas” IO RAS, Moscow, 1:15–16
Levitan MA, Dupsley J-C, Khusid TA, Belyaev NA, Bourtman MV (2000) Holocene sediments of the southern Novaya Zemlya Trough (the Pechora Sea) and brines history. IMAGES Workshop “Correlation of post-glacial climatic events in the Arctic and Far East seas”. IORAS, Moscow 1:11–12
Levitan MA, Kuptsov VM, Romankevich EA, Kondratenko AV (2000) Some indication for late Quaternary Pechora River discharge: results of vibrocore studies in the southeastern Pechora Sea. Int J Earth Sci 89:533–540
Levitan MA, Khusid TA, Kuznetsov VM, Politova NV and Pavlova GA (1995) Sequence types of Upper Quaternary deposits of the Kara Sea. Oceanology 34:710–721
Lewis EL (2000) Introduction. In: Lewis EL (ed) The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean. NATO, ASI Series, pp xv–xxi
Lewis EL Ponton D, Legendre L, Leblanc B (1996) Springtime sensible heat, nutrients and phytoplankton in the North-water Polynya, Canadian Arctic. Cont Shelf Res 16:1775–1792
Lewis EL, Jones EP, Lemke P, Prowse TD, Wadhams P (2000) The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean. Kluwer Academic Publishers, London
Lindemann F (1994) Sonographische und sedimentologische Untersuchungen in der Laptevsee, sibirische Arktis. Master thesis, University of Kiel, 75 pp
Lindemann F (1998) Sedimente im Arktischen Meereis-Eintrag, Charakterisierung und Quantifizierung. Reps Pol Res 283, 124 pp
Lindemann RL (1942) The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology. Ecology 23:399–418
Lipiatou E, Albaiges J (1994) Atmospheric deposition of hydrophobic organic chemicals in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea: comparison with the Rhone river input. Mar Chem 46:153–164
Lisitzin AP (1995) The marginal filter of the ocean. Oceanology 34:583–590
Lisitzin AP (1996) Oceanic Sedimentation. Lithology and Geochemistry. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 400 pp
Lisitzin AP (ed) (1990) Organic matter of bottom deposits in polar zones of the World Ocean. Nedra Press, Leningrad, 280 pp (in Russian)
Lisitzin AP, Shevchenko VP, Burenkov VI (2000) Hydrooptics and suspended matter of Arctic seas. Atmos Oceanic Opt 13:61–71
Lisitzin AP, Shevchenko VP, Vinogradov ME, Severina OV, Vavilova VV, Mitskevich IN (1995) Particle fluxes in the Kara Sea and Ob and Yenisey estuaries. Oceanology 34:683–693
Lisitzin AP, Vinogradov ME (1995) International high-latitude expedition in the Kara Sea (the 49th cruise of the R/V Dmitriy Mendeleev). Oceanology 34(5):583–590
Liu KK, Iseki K, Chao SY (2000) Continental margin carbon fluxes. In: Hanson RB, Ducklow HW, Field JG (eds) The Changing Ocean Carbon Cycle, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 187–239
Lobbes JM, Fitznar HP, Kattner G (2000) Biogeochemical characteristics of dissolved and particulate organic matter in Russian rivers entering the Arctic Ocean. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 64:2973–2983
Loeng H (1989) Ecological features of the Barents Sea In: Rey L, Alexander V (eds) Proceedings of the 6th conference of the Comité Arctique International, Leiden, Brill, pp 327–365
Loeng H, Ozhigin V, Ådlandsvik B (1997) Water fluxes through the Barents Sea. ICES J Mar Sci 54:310–317
Longhurst A, Sathyendranath S, Platt T, Caverhill C (1995) An estimate of global primary production in the ocean from satellite radiometer data. J Plankton Res 17:1245–1271
Lopatin GV (1952) Sediment load of the USSR Rivers. Geography, Moscow, 368 pp (in Russian)
Lopatin VN (1999) Global climate changes and economical activity in Russia. In: Ecological and socio-economic aspects of the development of Russia during global changes of environment and climate. GEOS Press, Moscow, pp 27–35 (in Russian)
Lopez P, Schmith T, Kaas E (2000) Sensitivity of the Northern Hemisphere circulation to North Atlantic SSTs in the ARPEGE Climate AGCM. Clim Dyn 16:535–547
Loughlin TR, Kiyotaka, O (eds) (1999) Dynamics of the Bering Sea. PICES/Univ Alaska Fairbanks, pp 1–825
Loughlin TR, Ohtani K (eds 1999) Dynamics of the Bering Sea. Univ Alaska Sea Grant AK-SG-99-03, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, 825 pp
Loughlin TR, Sukhanova IN, Sinclair EH, Herrero RC (1999) Summary of biology and ecosystem dynamics in the Bering Sea. In: Loughlin TR, Ohtani K (eds) Dynamics of the Bering Sea. Univ Alaska Sea Grant AK-SG-99-03, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, pp 387–407
Lozán JL, Graßl H, Hupfer P (2001) Climate of the 21st century: Changes and Risks Office: Wissenschaftliche Auswertungen, Hamburg, pp 1–449
Lubinski D, Korsun S, Polyak L, Forman SL, Lehman SJ, Herlihy FA, Miller GH (1996) The last deglaciation of the Franz Victoria Trough, northern Barents Sea. Boreas 25: 89–100
Lubinski DJ, Polyak L, Forman SL, 2001. Freshwater and Atlantic water inflows to the deep northern Barents and Kara seas since ca 13 14C ka: foraminifera and stable isotopes. Quat Sci Rev 20:1851–1879
Luchetta A, Lipizer M, Socal G (2000) Temporal evolution of primary production in the central Barents Sea. J Mar Syst 27:177–193
Lugwig W, Probst JL, Kempe S (1996) Predicting the oceanic input of organic carbon by continental erosion. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 10:23–41
Lukashin VN, Ljutsarev SV, Krasnyuk AD, Shevchenko VP, Rusakov VY (1999) Suspended particulate matter in the Ob and Yenisei estuaries. Reps Pol Res 300:155–178
Lukashin VN, Rusakov VY (1998) Sampling of aerosols, suspended matter, settled material and bottom sediments. Reps Pol Res 266:36–38
Lundberg L, Haugan P (1996) A Nordic Seas-Arctic Ocean carbon budget from volume flows and inorganic carbon data. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 10:493–510
Luther GW, Sundby B, Lewis BL, Brendel PJ, Silverberg N (1997) Interactions of manganese with the nitrogen cycle: Alternative pathways to dinitrogen. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61:4043–4052
Macdonald RW (1996) Awakenings in the Arctic. Nature 380: 286–287
Macdonald RW (2000) Arctic estuaries and ice: a positivenegative estuarine couple. In: Lewis EL (ed) The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean. NATO, ASI Series, pp 383–407
Macdonald RW, Bewers JM (1996) Contaminants in the arctic marine environment: priorities for protection. ICES J Mar Sci 53:537–563
Macdonald RW, Carmack EC (1991) Age of Canada Basin deep waters: a way to estimate primary production for the Arctic Ocean. Science 254:1348–1350
Macdonald RW, Carmack EC, McLaughlin FA, Falkner KK, Swift JH (1999) Connections among ice, runoff and atmospheric forcing in the Beaufort Gyre. Geophys Res Lett 26:2223–2226
Macdonald RW, Carmack EC, Wallace DWR (1993) Tritium and radiocarbon dating of Canada Basin deep waters. Science 259:103–104
Macdonald RW, McLaughlin FA, Carmack EC (2002) Freshwater and its sources during the SHEBA drift in the Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res I 49:1769–1785
Macdonald RW, Paton DW, Carmack EC, Omstedt A (1995) The freshwater budget and under-ice spreading of Mackenzie River water in the Canadian Beaufort Sea based on salinity and 18O/16O measurements in water and ice. J Geophys Res 100:895–919
Macdonald RW, Soloman SM, Cranston RE, Welch HE, Yunker MB, Gobeil C (1998) A sediment and organic carbon budget for the Canadian Beaufort Shelf. Mar Geol 144: 255–273
Macdonald RW, Thomas DJ (1991) Chemical interactions and sediments of the western Canadian Arctic Shelf. Cont Shelf Res 11:843–863
Macdonald RW, Wong CS, Erickson PE (1987) The distribution of nutrients in the southeastern Beaufort Sea: Implications for water circulation and primary production. J Geophys Res 92:2939–2952
Mackas DL, Tsuda A (1999) Mesozooplankton in the eastern and western subarctic Pacific: community structure, seasonal life histories, and interannual variability. Prog Oceanogr 43:335–363
Mackay JR (1963) Notes on shoreline recession along the coast of the Yukon territory. Arctic 16:195–197
Macklin SA (2001) Physical and biological time series originating from or used by fisheries oceanography coordinated investigations (FOCI) in the North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea.In: Alexander V, Bychkov AS, Livingston P, McKinnell SM (eds) Proceedings of PICES/CoML/IPRC workshop on impact of climate variability on observation and prediction of ecosystem and biodiversity changes in the North Pacific. PICES Secretariat, Sidney, BC, pp 64–74
Magritsky DV (2001) Natural and anthropogenic changes of hydrological regime in the lower reaches and mouths of the largest rivers in the East Siberia. Ph D Thesis, Moscow State University, Moscow (in Russian)
Maier-Reimer E, Mikolajewicz U, Winguth A (1996) Future ocean uptake of CO2-Interaction between ocean circulation and biology. Climate Dynamics 12:711–721
Maita Y, Yanada M, Takahashi T (1999) Seasonal variation in the process of marine organism production based on downward fluxes of organic substances in the Bering Sea. In: Loughlin TR, Ohtani K (eds) Dynamics of the Bering Sea. Univ Alaska Sea Grant AK-SG-99-03, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, pp 341–352
Makarevich PR (1997) Phytoplankton of the Kara Sea. In: Matishov GG (ed) Plankton of the Seas of the Western Arctic Apatity, pp 51–65 (in Russian)
Makarov VN (1998) Resources of the trade algae. In: Trade and perspective for use algae and invertebrates of the Barents and White seas. Apatity, pp 257–276 (in Russian)
Makarov VN, Shoshina EV (1986) Algae-macrophytes of the Barents Sea. In: Life and conditions of its existence in the pelagic zone of the Barents Sea. Apatity, pp 52–66 (in Russian)
Maldonado MT, Price NM (1999) Utilization of iron bound to strong organic ligands by phytoplankton communities in the subarctic Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Res II 46:2447–2473
Maltseva AV (1980) Mean perennial discharge of organic substances from the territory of the USSR and its temporal variation. Hydrochemical Materials, Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad 68:14–21 (in Russian)
Maltseva AV, Tarasov MN, Smirnov MP (1978) Estimates of the average multi-year influx of organic substances into the seas and oceans from the territory of the USSR. In: Mikhailov VN, Lupachev YuV (eds) Hydrology and hydro-chemistry of sea and river-mouth areas. Tr. GOIN 142. Gidrometeoizdat, Moscow, pp 116–121 (in Russian)
Maltseva AV, Tarasov MN, Smirnov MP (1987) Organic matter discharge from the USSR territory. Hydrochem. Materials 102, Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 130 pp (in Russian)
Manabe S, Stouffer RJ (1979) A CO2 climate sensitivity study with a mathematical model for the global climate. Nature 282:491–492
Mangerud J, Astakhov VI, Svendsen JI (2002) The extent of the Barents-Kara ice-sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum. Quat Sci Rev 21:111–119
Mangerud J, Bolstad M, Elgersma A, Helliksen D, Landvik JY, Lønne I, Lycke AK, Salvigsen O, Sandahl T, Svendsen JI (1992) The last glacial maximum on Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Quat Res 38:1–31
Mangerud J, Dokken T, Hebbeln D, Heggen B, Ingólfsson Ó, Landvik JI, Mejdahl V, Svendsen JI, Vorren TO (1998) Fluctuations of the Svalbard-Barents Sea ice sheet during the last 150 000 years. Quat Sci Rev 17:11–42
Mangerud J, Gulliksen S (1975) Apparent radiocarbon ages of recent marine shells from Norway, Spitsbergen, and Arctic Canada. Quat Res 5:273–296
Mangerud J, Svendsen JI (1992) The Last Interglacial-Glacial Period on Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Quat Sci Rev 11:633–664
Manley O (1995) Branching of Atlantic Water within the Greenland-Spitsbergen passage: an estimate of recirculation. J Geophys Res 100(C10):20627–20634
Manley TO, Smith WO (1994) Transport of biogenic matter to depth within the Greenland Sea. Geophys Monogr 85: 223–236
Margalef R (1978) Life-forms of phytoplankton as survival alternatives in an unstable environment. Oceanol Acta 1: 493–509
Martens CS, Klump JV (1984) Biogeochemical cycling in an organic rich coastal marine basin. 4. An organic carbon budget for sediments dominated by sulfate reduction and methanogenesis.Geochim Cosmochim Acta 48:1987–2004
Martin JH, Knauer GA, Karl DM, Broenkow WW (1987) VERTEX: carbon cycling in the northeast Pacific. Deep-Sea Res 34:267–285
Martin JM, Guan DM, Elbaz-Poulichet F, Thomas AJ, Gordeev VV (1993) Preliminary assessment of the distributions of some trace elements (As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn) in a pristine aquatic environment: the Lena River estuary (Russia). Mar Chem 43: 185–199
Maslanik JA, Serreze MC, Agnew T (1999) On the record reduction in 1998 western Arctic sea-ice cover. Geophys Res Lett 26:1905–1908
Maslanik JA, Serreze MC, Barry RG (1996) Recent decreases in Arctic summer ice cover and linkages to atmospheric circulation anomalies. Geophys Res Lett 23:1677–1680
Maslowski W, McLean J, Newton R, Schlosser P (1998) Modeling the interannual variability of the Arctic Ocean and sea ice circulation. Eos (supplement) 79:F414
Maslowski W, Newton B, Schlosser P, Semtner A, Martinson D (2000) Modeling recent climate variability in the Arctic Ocean. Geophys Res Lett 27:3743–3746
Matrai PA, Cooper DJ, Saltzman ES (1996) Frontal enhancement of dimethylsulfide concentrations across a Gulf Stream meander. J Mar Syst 7:1–8
Matrai PA, Vernet M (1997) Dynamics of the vernal bloom in the marginal ice zone of the Barents Sea: Dimethyl sulfide and dimethylsulfoniopropionate budgets. J Geophys Res 102(C10):22965–22979
Matsumoto E (1975) 234Th-238U radioactive disequilibrium in the surface layer of the ocean. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 39:205–212
Matthews JBL, Heimdal BR (1980) Pelagic productivity and food chains in fjord systems. In: Freeland HJ, Farmer DM, Levings CD (eds) Fjord Oceanography. Plenum, New York, pp 377–398
Matthews JBL, Hestad L, Bakke JLW (1978) Ecological studies in Korsfjorden, western Norway. The generations and stocks of Calanus hyperboreus and C. finmarchicus in 1971-1974. Oceanol Acta 1:277–184
Matthiessen J, Kunz-Pirrung M, Mudie PJ (2000) Freshwater chlorophycean algae in recent marine sediments of the Beaufort, Laptev and Kara Seas (Arctic Ocean) as indicators of river runoff. Int J Earth Sci 89:470–485
Matthiessen J, Stepanets OV (eds) (1998) Scientific Cruise Report of the Kara Sea Expedition of RV “Akademik Boris Petrov” in 1997. Reps Pol Res 266, 102 pp
Matthiessen J, Stepanets OV, Stein R, Fütterer DK, Galimov EM (eds) (1999) The Kara Sea Expedition of RV “Akademik Boris Petrov” in 1997: First Results of a joint Russian-German Pilot Study. Reps Pol Res 300, 239 pp
Matthiessen J, Knies J, Nowaczyk N and Stein R (2001) Late Quaternary dinoflagellate cyst ecostratigraphy along the Eurasian Continental Margin (Arctic Ocean): Variability of Atlantic water inflow in the last 150, 000 years. Glob Plan Change 31/1-4: 65–86
Mauritzen C (1996a) Production of dense overflow waters feeding the North Atlantic across the Geenland-Scotland Ridge. Part 2: An inverse model. Deep-Sea Res I 43: 807–835
Mauritzen C (1996b) Production of dense overflow waters feeding the North Atlantic across the Greenland-Scotland ridge. Part 1: Evidence for a revised circulation scheme. Deep-Sea Res I 43:769–806
Mayer LM (1994) Surface area control of organic carbon accumulation in continental shelf sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 58:1271–1284
Mayer M, Piepenburg D (1996) Epibenthic community patterns on the continental slope off East Greenland at 75°N. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 143:151–164
Mayer PA, Eadie BJ (1993) Sources, degradation and recycling of organic matter associated with sinking particles in Lake Michigan. Org Geochem 20:47–56
Maykut GA, Grenfell TC, 1975 The spectral distribution of light beneath first-year sea ice in the Arctic Ocean. Limnol Oceanogr 20:554–563
Maykut GA, Untersteiner N (1971) Some results from a time-dependent thermodynamic model of sea-ice. J Geophys Res 76:1550–1575
McCarthy M, Hedges J, Benner R (1996) Major biochemical composition of dissolved high molecular weight organic matter in seawater. Mar Chem 55:281–297
McCartney M (1997) Is the ocean at the helm? Nature 388: 520–522
McGhee R (1996) Ancient People of the Arctic. UBC Press in association with Canadian Museum of Civilization, Vancouver, pp 1–244
McKenna MC (1980) Eocene paleolatitude, climate, and mammals of Ellesmere Island. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 30(3-4):349–362
McLaren AS, Serreze MC, Barry RG (1987) Seasonal variations of sea ice motion in the Canada basin and their implications. Geophys Res Lett 14:1123–1126
McLaughlin FA, Carmack EC, Macdonald RW, Bishop JKB (1996) Physical and geochemical properties across the Atlantic/Pacific water mass boundary in the southern Canadian Basin. J Geophys Res 101(C1):1183–1197
McPhee MG, Stanton TP, Morison JH, Martinson DG (1998) Freshening of the upper ocean in the Arctic: Is perennial sea ice disappearing? Geophys Res Lett 25:1729–1732
McRoy CP, Goering JJ, Shields WW (1972) Studies of primary production in the eastern Bering Sea. In: Takenouti AY et al (eds), Biological oceanography of the northern North Pacific Ocean, Motoda commemorative Vol. 3, Idemitsu Shoten, Tokyo, pp 199–216
Medlin LK, Barker GLA, Campbell L, Green JC, Hayes PK, Marie D, Wrieden S, Vaulot D (1996) Genetic characterization of Emiliania huxleyi. J Mar Syst 9:13–31
Medvedev VS (1972) Lithodynamics and sediment balance of the northern part of the White Sea. In: Evolutional processes and research methods of the sea coasts. Nauka Press, Moscow, pp 27–53 (in Russian)
Melle W, Skjoldal HR (1998) Reproduction and development of Calanus finmarchicus, C. glacialis and C. hyperboreus in the Barents Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 169:211–228
Melling H (2000) Exchanges of freshwater through the shallow straits of the North American Arctic. In: Lewis EL, Jones EP, Lemke P, Prowse TD, Wadhams P (eds) The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, pp 479–502
Melling H, Lewis EL (1982) Shelf drainage flows in the Beaufort Sea and their effect on the Arctic Ocean pycnocline. Deep Sea Res 29:967–985
Melnikov IA (1989) Ecosystem of the arctic sea ice. Ac Sci of USSR, Moscow, pp 1–192 (in Russian)
Melnikov IA (1997) The Arctic ice ecosystem. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, the Netherlands, 204 p
Melnikov IA, Kolosova EG, Welch HE, Zhitina LS (2002) Sea ice biological communities and nutrient dynamics in the Canadian Basin of the Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Research I 9:1623–1649
Menard HW and Smith SM (1966) Hypsometry of Ocean Basin Provinces. J Geophys Res 71:4305–4325.
Menzies RJ, George RY, Rowe GT (1973) Abyssal Environment and Ecology of the World Oceans, New York: Wiley-Inter-science.
Metz JG, Roessler P, Facciotti D, Levering C, Dittrich F, Lassner M, Valentine R, Lardizabal K, Domergue F, Yamada A, Yazawa K, Knauf V, Browse (2001) Production of polyunsaturated fatty acids by polyketide synthases in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Science 293:290–293
Meybeck M (1982) Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous transport by world rivers. Am J Sci 282:401–450
Meybeck M (1993) C, N, P and S in rivers: from sources to global inputs. In: Wollast R, Mackenzie FT, Chou L (eds) Interactions of C, N, P and S. Biogeochemical Cycles and Global Change. Springer, Berlin, pp 163–194
Meyers PA (1994) Preservation of elemental and isotopic source identification of sedimentary organic matter. Chem Geol 144:289–302
Meyers PA (1997) Organic geochemical proxies of paleoceanographic, paleolimnologic, and paleoclimatic processes. Org Geochem 27:213–250
Meyers PA, Ishiwatari R (1993) Lacustrine organic geochemistry-an overview of indicators of organic matter sources and diagenesis in lake sediments. Org Geochem 20:867–900
Michaelis W, Ittekkot V, Degens ET (1986) River inputs into the oceans. In: Lasserre P, Martin JM (eds) Biogeochemical Processes at the Land-Sea Boundary.Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 37–52
Michel C, Gosselin M, Nozais C (2002) Preferential sinking export of biogenic silica during the spring-summer in the North Water Polynya (northern Baffin Bay): temperature or biological control? J Geophys Res 107(C7):3064, doi: 10.1029/2000JC000408
Michel C, Legendre L, Ingram RG, Gosselin M, Levasseur M (1996) Carbon budget of sea-ice algae in spring-evidence of a significant transfer to zooplankton grazers. J Geophys Res 101:18345–18360
Michel C, Legendre L, Taguchi S (1997) Coexistence of microalgal sedimentation and water column recycling in seasonally ice-covered ecosystem (Saroma-ko Lagoon, Sea of Okhotsk, Japan). J Mar Syst 11:133–148
Miller GH, Geirsdottir A, Koerner RM (2001) Climate implications of changing arctic sea ice. EOS Transactions, AGU 82:97, 103
Miller W, Zepp R (1995) Photochemical production of dissolved inorganic carbon from terrestrial organic matter: Significance to the oceanic organic carbon cycle. Geophys Res Lett 22:417–420
Miller WL, Moran MA, Sheldon WM, Zepp RG, Opsahl S (2002) Determination of apparent quantum yield spectra for the formation of biologically labile photoproducts. Limn Oceanogr 47:343–352
Milliman JD, Syvitski JPM (1992) Geomorphic/tectonic control of sediment discharge to the ocean: the importance of small mountain rivers. J Geol 100:525–544
Milne AR, Herlinveaux RH (1975) Crude oil in cold water. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC, 119 pp
Minagawa M, Iseki K, Macdonald RW (1991) Carbon and nitrogen isotope composition of organic matter in the Arctic food webs. La mer 29:209–211
Minnet PJ, Bignami F, Böhm E, Budeus G, Galbraith PS, Gudmanson P, Hopkins TS, Ingram RG, Johnson MA, Niebauer HJ, Ramseier RO, Schneider W (1997) Summary of the formation and seasonal progression of the Northeast Water Polynya, J Mar Syst 10:79–85
Miyaka Y, Wada E (1967) The abundance ratio of 15N/14N in marine environments, Records of Oceanographic Works in Japan 9:32–53
Miyawaki O, Liu L, Nakamura K (1998) Effective partition constant of solute between ice and liquid phases in progressive freeze-concentration. J Food Sci 63:756–758
Mock T, Gradinger R, (1999) Determination of Arctic ice algal production with a new in situ incubation technique. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 177:15–26
Moisan TA, Olaizola M, Mitchell BG (1998) Xanthophyll cycling in Phaeocystis antarctica: changes in cellular fluorescence. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 169:113–121
Mopper K, Zhou X, Kieber RJ, Kieber DJ, Sikorski RJ, Jones RD (1991) Photochemical degradation of dissolved organic carbon and its impact on the oceanic carbon cycle. Nature 353:60–62
Moran SB, Ellis KM, Smith JN (1997) 234Th/238U disequilibria in the central Arctic Ocean: implications for particulate organic carbon export. Deep-Sea Res II 44:1593–1606
Moran SB, Smith JN (2000) 234Th as a tracer of scavenging and particle export in the Beaufort Sea. Cont Shelf Res 20: 153–167
Moran SB, Weinstein SE, Edmonds HN, Smith JN, Kelly RP, Pilson MEQ, Harrison WG (2003) Does 234Th/238U disequilibrium provide an accurate record of the export flux of particulate organic carbon from the upper ocean? Limnol Oceanogr 48:1018–1029
Morison J, Aagaard K, Steele M (2000) Recent environmental changes in the Arctic: A review. Arctic 53:359–371
Morison J, Steele M, Andersen R (1998) Hydrography of the upper Arctic Ocean measured from the nuclear submarine USS Pargo. Deep-Sea Res I 45:15–38
Mørk A and Bjorøy M (1984) Mesozoic source-rocks on Svalbard. In: Spencer AM et al. (eds), Petroleum Geology of the North European Margin, Graham and Trotman, London, pp 371–382
Mountain DG (1974) Preliminary analysis of Beaufort Shelf circulation in summer. In: Reed JC, Sater JE (eds) The Coast and Shelf of the Beaufort Sea. Arctic Institute of North America, pp 27–43
Mueller-Lupp T, Bauch HA, Erlenkeuser H, Hefter J, Kassens H, Thiede J (2000) Changes in the deposition of terrestrial organic matter on the Laptev Sea shelf during the Holocene: evidence from stable carbon isotopes. Int J Earth Sci 89:563–568
Muggli DL, Harrison PJ (1997) Effects of iron on two oceanic phytoplankters grown in natural NE subarctic pacific sea-water with no artificial chelators present. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 212:225–237
Muggli DL, Lecourt M, Harrison PJ (1996) Effects of iron and nitrogen source on the sinking rate, physiology and metal composition of an oceanic diatom from the subarctic Pacific. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 132:215–227
Mulholland PJ, Watts JA (1982) Transport of organic carbon to the oceans by rivers of North America: a synthesis of existing data. Tellus 34:176–186
Mullen RE, Darby DA, Clark DL (1972) Significance of atmospheric dust and ice rafting for Arctic Ocean sediment.Bull Geol Soc Amer 83:205–212
Müller C (1995) Spätquartäre Sedimetationsprozesse in der östlichen Framstraße. Unpublished Diploma Thesis, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, pp 1–84
Müller C (1999) Rekonstruktion der Paläo-Umweltbedingungen am Laptev-See-Kontinentalrand während der beiden letzten Glazial-/Interglazial-Zyklen anhand sedimentologischer und mineralogischer Untersuchungen. Reps Pol Res 328, 146 pp
Müller PJ (1977) C/N ratios in Pacific deep-sea sediments: effect of inorganic ammonium and organic nitrogen compounds sorbed by clays. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 41:765–776
Müller PJ, Suess E (1979) Productivity, sedimentation rate, and sedimentary organic matter in the oceans. I.-Organic matter preservation. Deep-Sea Res 26:1347–1362
Mumm N, Auel H, Hanssen H, Hagen W, Richter C, Hirche HJ (1998) Breaking the ice: large-scale distribution of mesozooplankton after a decade of Arctic and transpolar cruises. Pol Biol 20:189–197
Murata A, Takizawa T (2002) Impact of coccolithophorid bloom on the CO2 system in surface waters of the eastern Bering Sea shelf. Geophys Res Lett 29(11): 10.1029/ 200GLO13906
Murdmaa I, Ivanova E, Duplessy J-C, Levitan M, Khusid T, Alekseeva T, Bourtman M, Belousov M, Serova V (2003) Facies system of the central and eastern Barents Sea since the last glaciation to Recent. Mar Geol, in press
Murdmaa IO, Ivanova EV (1999) Postglacial history of sedimentation in the shelf depressions of the Barents Sea. Lithology and mineral resources. N 6:576–595 (in Russian)
Murdmaa IO, Ivanova EV, Polyak LV (2000) High-resolution climatic record from Russkaya Gavan’Fjord, north-east Barents Sea. IMAGES Workshop “Correlation of postglacial climatic events in the Arctic and Far East seas”. IO RAS, Moscow 1:13–14
Mutterlose J, Brumsack H, Flögel S, Hay W, Klein Ch, Langrock U, Lipinski M, Ricken W, Söding E, Stein R, Swientek O (2003) The Greenland-Norwegian Seaway: A key for understanding Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous paleoenvironments. Paleoceanography 18(1) 10.1029/ 2001PA000625
Myhre AM, Thiede J, Firth JV et al. (1995) Proceedings Of the Ocean Drilling Program (Initial reports) 151, College Station, Texas, Ocean Drilling Program, pp 1–926
Myklestad S (1974) Production of carbohydrates by marine planktonic diatoms. I. Comparison of nine different species in culture. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 15:261–274
Myklestad S, Haug A (1972) Production of carbohydrates by the marine diatom Chaetoceros affinis var. willei (Gran) Hustedt. I. Effect of the concentration of nutrients in the culture medium. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 9:125–136
Mysak LA (2001) Patterns of Arctic circulation. Science 239: 1269–1270
Nagata T, Fukuda R, Fukuda H, Koike I (2001) Basin-scale geographic patterns of bacterioplankton biomass and production in the Subarctic Pacific, July-September 1997. J Oceanogr 57:301–313
Naidina OD, Bauch HA (1999) Distribution of pollen and spores in surface sediments of the Laptev Sea. Kassens H, Bauch H, Dmitrenko I, Eicken H, Hubberten HW, Melles M, Thiede J and Timokhov L (eds) (1999) Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian: Dynamics and History. SpringerVerlag, Berlin, pp 577–585
Naidina OD, Bauch HA (2001) A holocene pollen record from the Laptev Sea shelf, northern Yakutia. Glob Planet Change 31:141–153
Naidu AS (1985) Organic carbon, nitrogen, and C/N ratios of deltaic sedimens, North Arctic Alaska. In: Degens ET, Kempe S, Herrera R (eds) Transport of carbon and minerals in major world rivers. SCOPE 58, Mitt Geol-Palaeontol Inst Univ Hamburg, pp 311–321
Naidu AS (1988) Marine surficial sediments, section 4. In: Bering, Chukchi and Beaufort Seas, coastal and ocean zones strategic assessment data atlas. US Department of Commerce, NOAA, Washington, DC
Naidu AS, Cooper LW, Finney BP, Macdonald RW, Alexander C, Semiletov IP (2000) Organic carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) of Amerasian continental shelf sediments. Int J Earth Sci 89:522–532
Naidu AS, Creager JS, Mowatt TC (1981) Clay mineral dispersal patterns in the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas.Mar Geol 47:1–15
Naidu AS, Finney BP, Baskaran M (1999) 210Pb-and 137Cs-based sediment accumulation rates in inner shelves and coastal lakes of subarctic and arctic Alaska: A synthesis. In: Bruns P, Hass HC (eds) On the Determiation of Sediment Accumulation Rates, GeoResearch Forum 5, Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland, pp 185–196
Naidu AS, Goering JJ, Kelley JJ, Venkatesan MI (2001) Historical changes in trace metals and hydrocarbons in the inner shelf sediments, Beaufort Sea: Prior and subsequent to petroleum-related industrial developments. OCS Study MMS 2001-061, Fairbanks, AK: Coastal Marine Institute
Naidu AS, Mowatt TC (1975) Depositional environments and sediment characteristics of the Colville and adjacent deltas, Northern Arctic Alaska. In: Broussard ML (ed) Deltas models for exploration. Houston Geological Society, Houston Texas, pp 283–309
Naidu AS, Mowatt TC, Rawlinson SE, Weiss HV (1984) Sediment characteristics of the lagoons of the Alaskan Beaufort Sea coast, and evolution of Simpson Lagoon. In: Barnes PW, Schell DM, Reimnitz E (eds) The Alaskan Beaufort Sea: ecosystems and environments. Academic Press, Orlando, pp 275–292
Naidu AS, Scalan RS, Feder HM, Goering JJ, Hameedi MJ, Parker PL, Behrens EW, Caughey ME, Jewett SC (1993) Stable organic carbon isotopes in sediments of the north Bering-south Chukchi seas, Alaskan-Soviet Arctic shelf. Cont Shelf Res 13:669–691
Nam SI, Stein R, Grobe H, Hubberten H (1995) Late Quaternary glacial-interglacial changes in sediment composition at the East Greenland continental margin and their paleoceanographic implications. Mar Geol 122: 243–262
Nanninga HJ, Tyrrell T (1996) Importance of light for the formation of algal blooms by Emiliania huxleyi. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 136:195–203
Nansen F (1897) Farthest North. Archibald Constable & Co, Whitehall Gardens, 510 pp
Nansen F (1902) The Norwegian North Polar Expedition 1893-1896: Scientific Results. London Longmans, Green, v. III
Nelson DM, Smith WO, Muench RD, Gordon LI, Sullivan CW and Husby DM (1989) Particulate matter and nutrient distribution in the ice-edge zone of the Weddell Sea: relationship to hydrography during late summer. Deep-Sea Res 36:191–209
Nesterova IL (1960) Chemical composition of suspended and dissolved substances in the Ob River. Geochemistry 4: 49–56 (in Russian)
Nichols PD, Jones GJ, de Leeuw, JW, Johns RB (1984) The fatty acid and sterol composition of two marine dinoflagellates. Phytochemistry 23(5):1043–1047
Nichols PD, Palmisano AC, Rayner MS, Smith GA, White DC (1990) Occurrence of novel C30 sterols in Antarctic sea ice diatom communities during a spring bloom. Org Geochem 15:503–508
Niebauer HJ (1991) Bio-physical oceanographic interactions at the edge of the Arctic ice peak. Cont Shelf Res 1:49–98
Niebauer HJ (1998) Variability in Bering Sea ice cover as affected by a regime shift in the North Pacific in the period 1947-1996. J Geophys Res 103(C12):27717–27737
Niebauer HJ, Alexander V (1985) Oceanographic frontal structure and biological production at an ice edge. Cont Shelf Res 4:367–388
Niebauer HJ, Alexander V, Henrichs SM (1995) A time-series study of the spring blooms at the Bering Sea ice edge. I. Physical processes, chlorophyll, and nutrient chemistry. Cont Shelf Res 15:1859–1877
Niebauer HJ, Bond NA, Yakunin LP, Plotnikov VV (1999) An update of the climatology and sea ice of the Bering Sea. In: Loughlin TR, Ohtani K (eds) The physical oceanography of the Bering Sea.Univ Alaska Seagrant AK-SG-03, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, pp 29–59
Niehoff B, Klenke U, Hirche H-J, Irigoien X, Head R, Harris R (1999) A high frequency time series at Weathership M, Norwegian Sea, during the 1997 spring bloom: the reproductive biology of Calanus finmarchicus. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 176:81–92
Nielsen TG, Hansen B (1995) Plankton community structure and carbon cycling on the western coast of Greenland during and after the sedimentation of a diatom bloom. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 125:239–257
Niessen F, Dittmers K (2002) Geochirp and Elac sediment echograph profiling. Reps Pol Mar Res 419:64–73
Nihoul JCJ, Adam P, Brasseur P, Deleersnijder E, Djenidi S, Haus J (1993) Three dimensional general circulation model of the northern Bering Sea’s summer ecohydro-dynamcs. Cont Shelf Res 13:509–542
Nikiforov SL (1996) The main features of modern sediments in the southern part of the East-Siberian sea. Reps Pol Res 212:89–95
Noji TT, Børsheim KY, Rey F, Nortvedt R (1999) Dissolved organic carbon associated with sinking particles can be crucial for estimates of vertical carbon flux. Sarsia 84: 129–135
Noji TT, Miller LA, Skjelvan I, Falck E, Børsheim KY, Rey F, Urban-Rich J, Johannessen T (2001) Constraints on carbon drawdown and export in the Greenland Sea. In: Schäfer P, Ritzrau W, Schlüter M, Thiede J (eds) The Northern North Atlantic: a changing environment. Springer, Berlin, pp 39–52
Noji TT, Rey F, Miller L, Børsheim KY, Hirche H-J, Urban-Rich J (1996) Plankton dynamics and sedimentation. In: Wadhams P, Wilkinson JP, Wells SCS (eds) European Subpolar Ocean Programme (ESOP): sea ice-ocean interactions, Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge, England, pp 540–554
Nørgaard-Pedersen N, Spielhagen RF, Erlenkeuser H, Grootes PM, Heinemeier J, Knies J (2002) The Arctic Ocean during the Last Glacial maximum: Atlantic and Polar domains of surface water mass distribution and ice cover. Paleoceanography, in press
Nørgaard-Pedersen N, Spielhagen RF, Thiede J, Kassens H (1998) Central Arctic surface ocean environment during the past 80, 000 yeras. Paleoceanography 13:193–204
Notholt H (1998) The implication of the “NorthEastWater” polynya on the sedimentation by NE-Greenland and Late Quaternary paleo-oceanic investigations. Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven. Reps Pol Res 275, 183 pp
Nowaczyk N, Baumann M (1992) Combined high-resolution magnetostratigraphy and nannofossil biostratigraphy for late Quaternary Arctic ocean sediments. Deep-Sea Res 39(Suppl. 2) S567–S601
Nowaczyk N, Frederichs TW, Kassens H, Nørgaard-Petersen N, Spielhagen R, Stein R, Weiel D (2000) Sedimentation rates in the Makarov Basin, Central Arctic Ocean-A paleo-and rock magnetic approach. Paleoceanography 16:368–389
Nürnberg D, Wollenburg I, Dethleff D, Eicken H, Kassens H, Letzig T, Reimnitz E, Thiede J (1994) Sediments in Arctic sea ice-implications for entrainment, transport and release. Mar Geol 119:185–214
O’Leary MH (1988) Carbon isotopes in photosynthesis. Bioscience 38:328–336
Ogilvie AEJ, Junsson T (2000) The Iceberg in the Mist: Northern Research in Pursuit of a “Little Ice Age”. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 1–270
Ohman MD, Hirche H-J (2001) Density-dependent mortality in an oceanic copepod population. Nature 412:638–641
Olli K, Wexels Riser C, Wassmann P, Ratkova T, Arashkevich E (2001) Vertical export of biogenic matter, particulate nutrients and mesozooplankton faecal pellets off the NW coast of Galicia. Prog Oceanogr 51:443–466
Olli K, Wexels Riser C, Wassmann P, Ratkova T, Arashkevich E, Pasternak A (2002) Seasonal variation in vertical export of biogenic matter in the marginal ice zone and the central Barents Sea. J Mar Systems 38:189–204
Olsen A, Johannessen T, Rey F (2002) Inter-annual variability in the mechnaisms controlling the phytoplankton seasonal development at the entrance to the Barents Sea
Olsen A, Johannessen T, Rey F (2003) On the nature of the factors that control spring bloom development at the entrance to the Barents Sea and their interannual variability. Sarsia, in press
Omstedt A, Carmack EC, Macdonald RW (1994) Modeling the seasonal cycle of salinity in the Mackenzie shelf/estuary. J Geophys Res 99(C5):10011–10021
Opsahl S, Benner R (1997) Distribution and cycling of terrigenous dissolved organic matter in the ocean. Nature 386:480–482
Opsahl S, Benner R, Amon RMW (1999) Major flux of terrigenous dissoved organic matter through the Arctic Ocean. Limnol Oceanogr 44:2017–2023
O’Reilly JE, Busch DA (1984) Phytoplankton primary production on the northwest Atlantic shelf. Rapp P-v Réun Cons Int Explor Mer 183:255–268
Osterkamp TE, Gosink JP (1984) Observations and analyses of sediment-laden sea ice. In: Barnes PW, Schell DM, Reimnitz E (eds) The Alaskan Beaufort Sea: ecosystems and environments. Academic Press, Orlando, pp 73–93
Östlund GH, Possnert G, Swift JH (1987) Ventilation rate of the deep Arctic Ocean from Carbon 14 data. J Geophys Res 92(C4):3769–3777
Östlund HG (1982) The residence time of the freshwater component in the Arctic Ocean. J Geophys Res 87: 2035–2043
Østvedt OJ (1955) Zooplankton investigations from weather-ship “M” in the Norwegian Sea, 1948-49. Hvalråd Skr 40:1–93
Ottersen G, Ådlandsvik B, Loeng H (2000) Predicting the temperature of the Barents Sea. Fish Oceanogr 9:121–135
Overland JE, Bond NA, Adams JM (2001) North Pacific atmospheric and SST anomalies in 1997: Links to ENSO. Fisheries Oceanography 10:69–80
Overland JE, Salo SA, Kantha LH, Clayson AC (1999) Thermal stratification and mixing on the Bering Sea shelf. In: Loughlin TR, Ohtani K (eds) The dynamics of the Bering Sea. Univ Alaska Seagrant AK-SG-03, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, pp 129–146
Overland JE, Spillane MC, Hurlbert HE, Wallcraft AJ (1994) A numerical study of the Bering Sea Basin and exchange with the North Pacific. J Phys Oceanogr 24:736–758
Öztürk M, Steinnes E, Sakshaug E (2002) Iron speciation in the Trondheim Fjord from the perspective of iron limitation for phytoplankton. Est Coast Shelf Sci 55:197–212
Paasche E (1960) Phytoplankton distribution in the Norwegian Sea in June, 1954, related to hydrography and compared with primary production data. Fisk Skr Havunders 12(2):1–77
Pace ML, Knauer GA, Karl DM, Martin JH (1987) Primary production, new production and vertical flux in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Nature 325:803–804
Pacyna JM ( 1991) Chemical tracers of the origin of Arctic air pollution. In: Sturges WT (ed) Pollution of the Arctic Atmosphere. Elsevier, Berlin, pp 97–122
Painter T (1983) Carbohydrate origin of aquatic humus from peat. Carbohydrate Res 124:260–262
Pamatmat MM (1971) Oxygen consumption by the seabed.IV. shipboard and laboratory experiments. Limnol Oceanogr 16:536–550
Pamatmat MM (1973) Benthic community metabolism on the continental terrace and in the deep sea in the North Pacific. Int Revue ges Hydrobiol 58:345–368
Pamatmat MM, Banse K (1969) Oxygen consumption by the seabed. II. In situ measurements to a depth of 180 m. Limnol Oceanogr 14:250–259
Parkinson CL, Cavalieri DJ, Gloersen P, Zwally JH, Comiso JC (1999) Arctic sea ice extents, areas, and trends, 1978-1996. J Geophys Res 104(C9):20837–20856
Parrish DM (1987) Annual primary production in the Alaskan Arctic Ocean. University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK: MSc, 175 pp
Parsons TR, Maita Y, Lalli CM (1984) Manual of chemical and biological methods for seawater analysis. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 173 pp
Parsons TR, Webb DG, Dovey H, Haigh R, Lawrence M, Hopky G (1988) Production studies in the Mackenzie River-Beaufort Sea estuary. Pol Biol 8:235–239
Parsons TR, Webb DG, Rokeby BE, Lawrence M, Hopky GE, Chiperzak DB (1989) Autotrophic and heterotrophic production in the Mackenzie River/Beaufort Sea estuary. Pol Biol 9:261–266
Paul AZ, Menzies JR (1974) Benthic ecology of the high Arctic deep sea. Mar Bio 27:251–262
Pavlidis YuA, Ionin AS, Scherbakov FA (1988) Arctic shelf: Late Quaternary history as a base of evolution forecast. GEOS Press, Moscow, 187 pp (in Russian)
Pavlidis YuA, Ionin AS, Scherbakov FA, Dunaev NN, Nikiforov SL (1998) Arctic shelf: Late Quaternary history as basis for forecasting of its development. GEOS, Moscow, pp 1–187 (in Russian)
Pavlidis YuA, Scherbakov FA, Boyarskaya TD, Dunaev NN, Polyakova EI, Husid TA (1992) New data on stratification of Quaternary deposits and paleogeography of the southern part of the Barents Sea. Oceanology 32(5):917–923 (in Russian)
Pavlov VK, Pfirman SL (1995) Hydrographic structure and variability of the Kara Sea: Implications for pollutant distribution. Deep-Sea Research II 42(6):1369–1390
Pavlov VK, Timohov LA, Baskakov GA, Kulakov MYu, Kurazhov VK, Pavlov PV, Pivovarov SV, Stanovy VV (1994) Hydrometeorological Regime of the Kara, Laptev and East-Siberian Seas. The Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St Petersburg, 179 pp
Pedersen OP, Tande KS, Slagstad D (2001) A model study of demography and spatial distribution of Calanus finmarchicus at the Norwegian coast. Deep-Sea Res II 48:567–587
Pedersen TF, Waters RD, Macdonald RW (1989) On the natural enrichment of cadmium and molybdenum in the sediments of Ucluelet Inlet, British Columbia. Sci Total Environ 79:125–139.
Peinert R, Antia A, Bauerfeind E, Haupt O, Krumbholz M, Peeken I, Bodungen Bv, Ramseier R, Voss M, Zeitzschel B (2001a) Particle flux variability in the Polar and Atlantic biogeochemical provinces of the Nordic Seas. In: Schäfer P, Ritzrau W, Schlüter M, Thiede J (eds) The Northern North Atlantic: a changing environment. Springer, Berlin, pp 53–68
Peinert R, Bauerfeind E., Gradinger R, Haupt O, Krumbholz M, Peeken I, Werner I, Zeitzschel B (2001b) Biogenic particle sources and vertical flux patterns in the seasonally ice-covered Greenland Sea. In: Schäfer P, Ritzrau W, Schlüter M, Thiede J (eds) The Northern North Atlantic: a changing environment. Springer, Berlin, pp 69–79
Peinert R, Bodungen Bv, Smetacek VS (1989) Food web structure and loss rate. In: Berger WH, Smetacek VS, Wefer G (eds) Productivity of the ocean: present and past. John Wiley & Sons Limited, pp 35–48
Pelletier BR (1975) Sediment dispersal in the Southern Beaufort Sea. Beaufort Sea Technical Report # 25a Beaufort Sea Project, 80 pp
Peña MA, Denman KL, Calvert SE, Thomson RE, Forbes JR (1999) The seasonal cycle in sinking particle fluxes off Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Deep-Sea Res II, 46: 2969–2992
Peresypkin VI, Petrova VI, Batova GI, Vetrov AA, Belyaev NA, Romankevich EA (2002) Organic geochemistry. In: The Pechora Sea. Experience of system researches. Nauchnii Mir, Moscow, in press (in Russian)
Peresypkin VI (2000) Geochemistry of lignin in aerosols and bottom sdiments of the oceanic tropics. The abstract of candidate’s thesis (geology and mineralogy) IO RAN, Moscow, pp 1–32
Perry MJ, Boger J, English DC (1989) Primary production in Washington coastal waters. In: Hickey B, Landry M (eds) Coastal Oceanography of Washington and Oregon, Elsevier, New York, pp 117–138
Perry RK, Flemming HS, Weber HR, Kristoffersen Y, Hall JK, Grantz A and Johnson GL (1985) Bathymetry of the Arctic Ocean. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, Scale 1:4, 704, 075, 1 Sheet.
Pesant S, Legendre L, Gosselin M, Ashijan C, Booth B, Daly K, Fortier L, Hirche H-J, Michaud J, Smith REH, Smith S, Smith WO Jr (1998) Pathways of carbon cycling in the euphotic zone: the fate of large-sized phytoplankton in the Northeast Water Polynya, J Plankton Res 20: 1267–1291
Pesant S, Legendre L, Gosselin M, Bauerfeind E, Budeus G (2002) Wind triggered events of phytoplankton downward flux in the Northeast water Polynya. J Mar Sys 31: 261–278
Peters KE (1986) Guidelines for evaluating petroleum source rocks using programmed pyrolysis. Amer Assoc Petrol Geol Bull 70:318–329
Peters KE, Moldowan JM (1993) The biomarker guide: Interpreting molecular fossils in petroleum and ancient sediments. Prentice Hall, pp 1–363
Petersen CH, Curtis MA (1980) Differences in energy flow through major components of subarctic, temperate and tropical marine shelf ecosystems Dana 1:53–64
Petit JR, Jouzel J, Raynout D, Barkov NI, Barnola J-M, Basile I, et al (1999) Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420, 000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature 399:429–436
Petrova VI (1999) Geochemistry of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the bottom sediments of the World Ocean. Abstr Diss. VNII Okeangeologiya, St-Petersburg, pp 1–30 (in Russian)
Petrova VI, Batova GI, Andreeva IA, Galishev MA (1999) Organic matter of the clay fraction in Holocene sediments: interaction between group, molecular, grain size and minerals composition. In: Abstracts of the XIII International Conference on Marine Geology, Moscow, 1: 300–302
Petrova VI, Batova GI, Galishev MA, Korotkova TA (2001) Organic matter in the bottom sediments of the East Siberia Sea-feature of distribution and genesis. In: Abstracts of the XIV International Conference on Marine Geology, Moscow, 2: 206–207
Petryashov VV, Sirenko BI, Golikov AA, Novoshilov AV, Rachor E, Piepenburg D, Schmid MK (1999) Macrobenthos in the Laptev Sea in relation to hydrology. In: Kassens H, Bauch HA, Dmitrenko I, Eiken H, Hubberten HW, Melles M, Thiede J, Timokhov L (eds) Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic: Dynamics and history. Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp 169–180
Peulvé S, Sicre MA, Saliot A, De Leeuw JW, Baas M (1996) Molecular characterization of suspended and sedimentary organic matter in an Arctic Delta. Limnol Oceanogr 41(3):488–497
Pfannkuche O (1992) Organic carbon flux through the benthic community in the temperate abyssal Northeast Atlantic. In: Rowe GT, Pariente V (eds) Deep-sea Food Chains and the Global Carbon Cycle. Kluwer Academic Publishers 360:183–198
Pfannkuche O, Thiel H (1987) Meiobenthic standing stocks and benthic activity on the NE-Svalbard shelf and in the Nansen Nasin. Polar Biol 7:253–266
Pfirman S, Colony R, Nürnberg D, Eicken H, Rigor I (1997) Reconstructing the origin and trajectory of drifting Arctic sea ice. J Geophys Res 102(C6):12575–12586
Pfirman SL, Gascard JC, Wollenburg J, Mudie P, Abelmann A (1989b) Particle-laden Eurasian Arctic sea ice: observation from July and August 1987. Polar Res 7:59–66
Pfirman SL, Kögeler J, Anselme B (1995). Coastal environments of the western Kara and eastern Barents Seas. Deep-Sea Research II 42(6):1391–1412
Pfirman SL, Lange MA, Wollenburg I, Schlosser P (1990) Sea ice characteristics and the role of sediment inclusions in deep-sea deposition: Arctic-Antarctic comparisons. In: Bleil U, Thiede J Geological history of the Polar Oceans: Arctic versus Antarctic. Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp 187–211
Pfirman SL, Wollenburg J, Thiede J, Lange MA (1989a) Lithogenic sediment on Arctic pack ice: potential aeolian flux and contribution to deep sea sediments. In: Leinen M, Sarnthein M (eds) Paleoclimatology and Paleometeorology: Modern and Past Patterns of Global Atmospheric Transport, NATO ASI Series C, Kluwer Academic Publishers 282:463–493
Phillips RL, Grantz A (1997) Quaternary history of sea ice and paleoclimate in the Amerasia Basin, Arctic Ocean, as recorded in the cyclical strata of Northwind Ridge. Geol Soc Amer Bull 109:1101–1115
Phillips RL, Grantz A (2001) Regional variations in provenance and abundance of ice-rafted clasts in Arctic Ocean sediments: implications for the configuration of late Quaternary oceanic and atmospheric circulation in the Arctic. Mar Geol 172:91–115
Phillips RL, Grantz A, Mullen MW (1990) Preliminary stratigraphy of piston cores from southeastern Northwind Ridge, Arctic Ocean. Open-File Report, US Geol Survey
Phoel WC (1982) A comparison of the seabed oxygen consumption rates of different benthic environments along the northeast United States continental shelf. Internat Council Explor of the Sea, CM 1982/E:23
Piepenburg D (1988) Zusammensetzung der Bodenfauna in der westlichen Framstrasse. Reps Pol Res 52:1–118
Piepenburg D (2000) Arctic brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev 38:189–256
Piepenburg D, Blackburn TH, Dorrien CF von, Gutt J, Hall POJ, Hulth S, Kendall MA, Opalinski KW, Rachor E, Schmid MK (1995) Partitioning of benthic community respiration in the Arctic (northwestern Barents Sea). Mar Ecol Progr Ser 118:199–213
Piepenburg D, Brandt A, Juterzenka K von, Mayer M, Schnack K, Seiler D, Witte U, Spindler M (2001) Patterns and determinants of the distribution and structure of benthic faunal assemblages in the northern North Atlantic In: Schäfer P, Ritzrau W, Schlüter M, Thiede J (eds) The Northern North Atlantic: A Changing Environment. SpringerVerlag, Berlin, pp 179–198
Piepenburg D, Chernova NV, Dorrien CF v, Gutt J, Neyelov AV, Saldanha L, Schmid MK (1996) Megabenthic communities in the waters around Svalbard. Polar Biol 16:431–446
Piepenburg D, Schmid MK (1996) Brittle stars fauna (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) of the Arctic northwestern Barents Sea: composition, abundance, biomass and spatial distribution. Polar Biol 16:383–392
Piepenburg D, Schmid MK (1997) A photographic survey of the epibenthic megafauna of the Arctic Laptev Sea shelf: distribution, abundance, and estimates of biomass and organic carbon demand. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 147:63–75
Pilskaln C, Paduan JB, Chavez FP, Anderson RY, Berelson WM (1996) Carbon export and regeneration in the coastal upwelling system of Monterey Bay, central California. J Mar Res 54:1149–1178
Platt T, Harrison WG, Irwin B, Horne EP, Gallegos CL (1982) Photosynthesis and photoadaptation of marine phytoplankton in the Arctic. Deep-Sea Res I 38:29:1159–1170
Poltermann M, Hop H, Falk-Petersen S (2000) Life under Arctic sea ice-reproduction strategies of two sympagic (ice-associated) amphipod species, Gammarus wilkitzskii and Apherusa glacialis. Mar Biol 136:913–920
Polyak L, Edwards MH, Coakley BJ, Jakobsson M (2001) Ice shelves in the Pleistocene Artic Ocean inferred from glaciogenic deep-sea bedforms. Nature 410:453–457
Polyak L, Forman SL, Herlihy FA, Ivanov G, Krinitsky P (1997) Late Weichselian deglacial history of the Svyataya (Saint) Ann Trough, northern Kara Sea, Arctic Russia. Mar Geol 143:169–188
Polyak L, Gataullin V, Gainanov V, Gladysh V, Goremykin Y (2002) Kara Sea expedition yields insight into of LGM ice sheet. EOS 83:525, 529
Polyak L, Gataullin V, Okuneva O, Stelle V ( 2000) New constraints on the limits of the Barents-Kara ice sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum based on borehole stratigraphy from the Pechora Sea. Geology 28:611–614
Polyak L, Lehman SL, Gataullin V, Jull AJT (1995) Two-step deglaciation of the southeastern Barents Sea. Geology 23: 567–571
Polyak L, Solheim A (1994) Late-and postglacial environments in the northern Barents Sea west of Franz Josef Land. Pol Res 13:197–207
Polyakov IV, Johnson MA (2000) Arctic decadal and interdecadal variability. Geophys Res Lett 27:4097–4100
Pomeroy LR (1997) Primary production in the Arctic Ocean estimated from dissolved oxygen. J Mar Syst 10:1–8
Pomeroy LR, Wiebe WJ, Deibel D, Thompson RJ, Rowe GT, Pakulski JD (1991) Bacterial responses to temperature and substrate concentration during the Newfoundland spring bloom. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 75:143–159
Popov AV, Ivanov BV, Karelin ID (2000) Polynyas situated back of fast ice in the Laptev Sea and climatic change In: Hydrometeorological and biogechemical studies in the Arctic. Proceedings of The Arctic regional center, Vladivostok, 2(1) 44–52
Popov BA, Sovershaev VA, Novikov VN (1988) The coastal zone of the Pechora-Kara region. In: Studies of geosystem stability in the North. Moscow Univ. Press. Moscow, pp 176–190 (in Russian)
Prahl FG, Carpenter R (1984) Hydrocarbons in Washington coastal sediments. Est Coast Shelf Sci 18:703–720
Prahl FG, Ertel JR, Goñi MA, Sparrow MA, Eversmeyer B (1994) Terrestrial organic-carbon contributions to sediments on the Washington margin. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 58(14):3035–3048
Prahl FG, Muehlhausen LA (1989) Lipid biomarkers as geochemical tools for paleoceanographic study. In: Berger WH, Smetacek VS, Wefer G (eds) Productivity of the oceans: present and past. Wiley, New York, pp 271–289
Premuzic ET, Benkovitz CM, Gaffney JS, Walsh JJ (1982) The nature and distribution of organic matter in the surface sediments of world oceans and seas. Org Geochem 4:53–77
Proshutinsky A, Proshutinsky T, Weingartner T (1995) Northern Sea Route Reconnaissance Report: Appendix B, Climatology of environmental conditions affecting commercial navigation along the Northern Sea Route, US Army Corps of Engineers, Alaska District, Anchorage AK 194 pp
Proshutinsky AY, Johnson MA (1997) Two circulation regimes of the wind-driven Arctic Ocean. J Geophys Res 102(C6):12493–12514
Prowse TD, Flegg PO (2000) Arctic river flow: a review of contributing areas. In: Lewis EL (ed) Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 269–280
Quadfasel D, Gascard JC, Koltermann KP (1987) Large-scale oceanography in Fram Strait during the 1984 Marginal Ice Zone Experiment (MIZEX). J Geophys Res 92(C7): 6719–28
Rachold V (ed) (1999) Expeditions in Siberia in 1998. Reps Pol Res 316, 259 pp
Rachold V (ed) (2000) Expeditions in Siberia in 1999. Reps Pol Res 354, 269 pp
Rachold V and Hubberten HW (1999) Carbon isotope composition of particulate organic material in East Siberian rivers. In: Kassens H, Bauch H, Dmitrenko I, Eicken H, Hubberten HW, Melles M, Thiede J and Timokhov L (eds), Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian: Dynamics and History. Springer, Berlin, pp 223–238
Rachold V, Grigoriev MN (eds.) (2001) Russian-German Cooperation System Laptev Sea 2000: The Expedition LENA 2000. Reps Pol Mar Res 388, 135 pp
Rachold V, Grigoriev MN, Are FE, Solomon S, Reimnitz E, Kassens H, Antonow M (2000) Coastal erosion vs riverine sediment discharge in the Arctic shelf seas. Int J Earth Sci 89:450–460
Rachold V, Grigoriev MN, Bauch HA (2002) An estimation of the sediment budget of the Laptev Sea during the last 5, 000 years. Polarforschung 70(2000):151–157
Ramseier RO, Bauerfeind E, Garrity C, Walsh ID (1997) Seasonal variability of sediment trap collections in the Northeast Water Polynya: Part 1. Sea-Ice parameters and particle flux. J Mar Sys 10: 359–369
Ramseier RO, Garrity C, Bauerfeind E, Peinert R (1999) Sea-ice impact on long term particle flux in the Greenland Sea’s Is Odden-Nordbukta region during 1985-1996. J Geophys Res 104(C3): 5329–5343
Ramseier RO, Garrity C, Martin T (2001) An overview of sea-ice conditions in the Greenland Sea and the relationship of oceanic sedimentation to the ice regime. In: P Schäfer, W Ritzrau. M Schlüter and J Thiede (eds) The Northern North Atlantic: a changing environment. Springer, Berlin, pp 19–38
Rau GH, Riebesell U, Wolf-Gladrow D (1997) CO2(aq)-dependent photosynthetic 13C fractionation in the ocean: a model versus measurements. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 11:267–278
Rau GH, Sweeney RE, Kaplan IR (1982) Plankton 13C:12C ratio changes with latitude: differences between northern and southern oceans. Deep-Sea Research 29:1035–1039
Rau GH, Takahashi T, Des Marais DJ (1989) Latitudinal variations in plankton δ13C: implications for CO2 and productivity in the past oceans. Nature 341:516–518
Rau GH, Sullivan CW, Gordon LI (1991) δ13C and δ15N variations in Wedell Sea particulate organic matter. Mar Chem 35: 355–369
Ravenschlag K, Sahm K, Knoblauch C, Jørgensen BB, Amann R (2000) Community structure, cellular rRNA content and activity of sulfate reducing bacteria in marine Arctic sediments.Appl Environm Microbiol 66:3590–3600
Razumov SO (2000) Rates of coastal thermoabrasion as a function of climate and morphological characteristics of the coast. Geomorphology 3: 88–94 (in Russian)
Rearic DM, Barnes PW, Reimnitz E (1990) Bulldozing and resuspension of shallow-shelf sediment by ice keels: Implications for arctic sediment transport trajectories. Mar Geol 91:133–147
Redfield AC, Ketchum BH, Richards FA (1963) The influence of organisms on the composition of sea water. In: Hill MN (ed) The Sea. Wiley, New York, pp 26–77
Reigstad M, Wexels Riser C, Øygarden S, Wassmann P, Rey F (2002) Variation in hydrography, nutrients and suspended biomass in the marginal ice zone and the central Barents Sea. J Mar Systems 38:9–29
Reimnitz E, Barnes PW (1982) Sea-ice influence on Arctic coastal retreat. Coastal Sediment 87:1578–1591
Reimnitz E, Barnes PW, Weber WS (1993) Particulate matter in pack ice of the Beaufort Gyre. J Glaciol 39:186–198
Reimnitz E, Dethleff D, Nürnberg D (1994) Contrasts in Arctic shelf sea-ice regimes and some implications: Beaufort Sea versus Laptev Sea. Mar Geol 119:215–225
Reimnitz E, Graves SM, Barnes PW (1988a) Beaufort Sea coastal erosion, sediment flux, shoreline evolution and the erosional shelf profile. US Geological Survey. To accompany Map I-1182-G, 22 pp
Reimnitz E, McCormick M, Bischof J, Darby DA (1998) Comparing sea-ice sediment load with Beaufort Sea shelf deposits: Is entrainment selective? J Sed Res 68:777–787
Reimnitz E, McCormick M, McDougall K, Brouwers E (1993) Sediment export by ice rafting from a coastal polynya, Arctic Alaska, USA Arctic Alpine Res 25:83–98
Reinfelder JR, Kraepiel AML, Morel FMM (2000) Unicellular C4 photosynthesis in a marine diatom. Nature 407:996–999
Rey F (1991) Photosynthesis-irradiance relationships in natural phytoplankton populations of the Barents Sea. Pol Res 10:105–116
Rey F, Loeng H (1985) The influence of ice and hydrographic conditions on the development of stress on marine organisms. In: Gray JS, Christiansen ME (ed) Marine biology of polar regions and effect of stress on marine organisms. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, pp 49–63
Rey F, Skjoldal HR (1987) Consumption of silicic acid below the euphotic zone by sedimenting diatom blooms in the Barents Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 36: 307–312
Rice AL, Thurston MH, Bett BJ (1994) The IOSDL program-introduction and photographic evidence for the presence and absence of a seasonal input of phytodetritus at contrasting abyssal sites in the north-eastern Atlantic Deep-Sea Res II 41:1305–1320
Rich J, Gosselin M, Sherr E, Sherr B, Kirchman D (1997) High bacterial production, uptake and concentrations of dissolved organic matter in the Central Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res II 44:1645–1663
Riebesell U, Wolf-Gladrow DA, Smetacek V (1993) Carbon dioxide limitation of marine phytoplankton growth-rates. Nature 361:249–251
Rigor IG (1992) Arctic ocean buoy program. ARCOS Newsletter 44:1–3
Rigor IG, Colony R (1997) Sea-ice production and transport of pollutants in the Laptev Sea, 1979-1993. Sci Tot Environm 202:89–110
Rigor IG, Colony RL, Martin S (2000) Variations in surface air temperature observations in the Arctic, 1979-97. J Clim 13:896–914
Rigor IG, Wallace JM, Colony R (2002) Response of sea ice to the Arctic Oscillation. J Clim 15:2648–2663
Roach AT, Aagaard K, Pease CH, Salo SA, Weingartner T, Pavlov V et al. (1995) Direct measurements of transport and water properties through the Bering Strait. J Geophys Res 100(C9):18, 443-18, 457
Robineau B, Legendre L, Kishino M, Kudoh S (1997) Horizontal heterogeneity of microbial biomass in the first-year sea ice of Saroma-ko Lagoon (Hokkaido, Japan). J Mar Syst 11:81–91
Rogers A, Billett D, Berger W, Flach E, Freiwald A, Gage J, Hebbeln D, Heip C, Pfannkuche O, Ramirez-Llodra E, Medlin L, Sibuet M, Soetaert K, Tendal O, Vanreusel A, Wlodarska-Kowalczuk M (2002) Life at the Edge: Achieving prediction from environmental variability and biological variety In: Wefer G, Billett D, Hebbeln D, Jørgensen BB, Schlüter M, vanWeering T (eds) Ocean margin systems. Springer, Berlin, pp 387–404
Romankevich EA (1984) Geochemistry of Organic Matter in the Ocean. Springer, Heidelberg, 334 pp
Romankevich EA, Artemiev VE (1985) Input of organic carbon into seas and oceans bordering the territory of the Soviet Union. In: Degens ET, Kempe S, Herrera R (eds) Transport of carbon and minerals in major world rivers. SCOPE 58, Mitt Geol-Palaeontol Inst Univ Hamburg: 450–459
Romankevich EA, Danyushevskaya AI, Belyaeva AN, Rusanov VP (1982) Biogeochemistry of organic matter of the Arctic Seas. Nauka, Moscow, pp 1–240
Romankevich EA, Vetrov AA (1997) Fluxes and masses of organic carbon in the Ocean. Geochemistry (9):945–952 (in Russian)
Romankevich EA, Vetrov AA (2001) Carbon cycle in the Russian Arctic seas. Moscow, Nauka, 302 pp (in Russian)
Romankevich EA, Vetrov AA, Vinogradov ME, Vedernikov VI (2000) Carbon cycling components in the Arctic Seas of Russia: Carbon fluxes from land, carbon in the bottom sediments, elements of balance. Oceanology 40:335–344
Romero N, Silverberg N, Roy S, Lovejoy C (2000) Sediment trap observations from the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the continental margin of eastern Canada. Deep-Sea Res II 47: 545–583
Romero-Wetzel MB, Gerlach SA (1991) Abundance, biomass, size-distribution and bioturbation potential of deep-sea macrozoobenthos on the Voering Plateau (1200-1500 m, Norwegian Sea). Rep Mar Res 33:247–265
Ronov AB (1993) Stratosphere or sedimentary cover of the Earth. Nauka Press. Moscow, 143 pp (In Russian)
Rosen H, Novakov T, Bodhaine BA (1981) Soot in the Arctic. Atmos Environ 15:1371–1374
Rossak BT, Kassens H, Lange H, Thiede J (1999) Clay mineral distribution in surface sediments of the Laptev Sea: Indicator for sediments provinces, dynamics and sources. In: Kassens H, Bauch H, Dmitrenko I, Eicken H, Hubberten HW, Melles M, Thiede J and Timokhov L (eds) Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian: Dynamics and History. Springer, Berlin, pp 587–600
Rothrock DA (1978) Modeling sea ice features and processes. Symposium on dynamics of large ice masses 21-25 August 1978, Ottawa (unpubl ms)
Rothrock DA, Yu Y, Maykut GA (1999) Thinning of the Arctic sea-ice cover. Geophys Res Lett 26:3469–3472
Rowe GT, Boland GS, Escobar EGE, Cruz-Kaegi ME, Newton A, Piepenburg D, Walsh I, Demming J (1997) Sediment community biomass and respiration in the Northeast Water Polynya, Greenland: a numerical simulation of benthic lander and spade core data. J Mar Syst 10:497–515
Rowe GT, Boland GS, Phoel WC, Anderson RF, Biscaye PE (1994) Deep-sea respiration as an indication of lateral input of biogenic detritus from continental margins. Deep-Sea Res II 41:657–668
Rowe GT, Deming JW (1985) The role of bacteria in the turnover of organic carbon in deep-sea sediments. J Mar Res 43:925–950
Roy S et al. (2000) Importance of mesozooplankton feeding for the downward flux of biogenic carbon in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Canada). Deep-Sea Res II, 47: 519–544
Rudels B, Friedrich HJ (2000) The transformations of Atlantic water in the Arctic Ocean and their significance for the freshwater budget. In: Lewis EL, Jones EP, Lemke P, Prowse TD, Wadhams P (eds) The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, pp 503–532
Rudels B, Jones EP, Anderson LG, Kattner G (1994) On the intermediate depth waters of the Arctic Ocean. In: OM Johannessen RDM, JE Overland (ed) The Polar Oceans and Their Role in Shaping the Global Environment. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, pp 33–46
Rudels B, Meyer R, Fahrbach E, Ivanov VV, Østerhus S, Quadfasel D, Schauer U, Tverberg V, Woodgate RA (2000) Water mass distribution in Fram Strait and over the Yermak Plateau in summer 1997. Annales Geophysicae 18: 687–705
Rudels B, Muench RD, Gunn J, Schauer U, Friedrich HJ (2000) Evolution of the Arctic Ocean boundary current north of the Siberian shelves. J Mar Syst 25:77–99
Rugh DJ, Muto MM, Moore SE, DeMaster DP (1999) Status review of the eastern North Pacific stock of gray whales. NMFS-AFSC-103: NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFSAFSC-103
Rühlemann C, Frank M, Hale W, Mangini A, Mulitza S, Müller P, Wefer G (1996) Late Quaternary productivity changes in the western equatorial Atlantic from 230Th-normalized carbonate and organic carbon accumulation rates Mar Geol 135:127–152
Rullkötter J (2000) Organic matter: the driving force for early diagenesis. In: Schulz HD, Zabel M (eds) Marine Geochemistry. Springer, Berlin New York, pp 129–172
Rumohr H, Brey T, Ankar S (1987) A compilation of biometric conversion factors for benthic invertebrates of the Baltic Sea. Baltic Marine Biologists 9:1–56
Runge J, Therriault J-C, Legendre L, Ingram RG, Demers S (1991) Coupling between ice microalgal productivity and the pelagic, metazoan food web in the southeastern Hudson Bay: a synthesis of results. Pol Res 10:325–338
Ruttenberg KC, Goñi MA (1997) Phosphorus distribution, C:N:P ratios, and d 13COC in arctic, temperate, and tropical coastal sediments: tools for characterizing bulk sedimentary organic matter. Mar Geol 139:123–145
Rysgaard S, Christensen PB, Sørensen MV, Funch P, Berg P (2000) Marine meiofauna, carbon and nitrogen mineralization in sandy and soft sediments of Disko Bay, West Greenland.Aquat Microb Ecol 21:59–71
Rysgaard S, Finster K, Dahlgaard H (1996) Primary production, nutrient dynamics and mineralisation in a northeastern Greenland fjord during the summer thaw. Pol Biol 16:497–506
Rysgaard S, Thamdrup B, Risgaard-Petersen N, Fossing H, Berg P, Christensen PB, Dalsgaard T (1998) Seasonal carbon and nutrient mineralization in a high-Arctic coastal marine sediment, Young Sound, Northeast Greenland. Mar Ecol Progr Ser 175:261–276
Saar RA (2000) The unbearable capriciousness of Bering. Science 287:1388–1389
Sahm K, Berninger U (1998) Abundance, vertical distribution, and community structure of benthic prokaryotes from permanently cold marine sediments (Svalbard, Arctic Ocean). Mar Ecol Progr Ser 165:71–80
Saito H, Hattori H (1997) Diel vertical migration and feeding rhythm of copepods under sea ice at Saroma-ko Lagoon. J Mar Syst 11:191–203
Saito K, Taniguchi A (1978) Phytoplankton communities in the Bering Sea and adjacent seas. II. Spring and summer communities in seasonally ice-covered areas. Astarte 11: 27–35
Sakshaug E (1972) Phytoplankton investigations in Trond-heimsfjord, 1963-1966. K Norske Vidensk Selsk Skr 1972(1):1–56
Sakshaug E (1989) The physiological ecology of polar phytoplankton. In: Rey L, Alexander V (eds) Proc 6th Conf Com Arctique Intl, EJ Brill, Leiden, the Netherlands, pp 61–89
Sakshaug E, Andresen K (1986) Effect of light regime upon growth rate and chemical composition of a clone of Skeletonema costatum from the Trondheimsfjord, Norway. J Plank Res 8:619–638
Sakshaug E, Andresen K, Myklestad S, Olsen Y (1983) Nutrient status of phytoplankton communities in Norwegian waters (marine, brackish, and fresh) as revealed by their chemical composition. J Plank Res 5:175–196
Sakshaug E, Bjørge A, Gulliksen B, Loeng H, Mehlum F (1994) Structure, biomass distribution, and energetics of the pelagic ecosystem in the Barents Sea: A synopsis. Pol Biol 14:405–411
Sakshaug E, Bricaud A, Dandonneau Y, Falkowski PG, Kiefer DA, Legendre L, Morel A, Parslow J, Takahashi M (1997) Parameters of photosynthesis: definitions, theory and interpretation of results. J Plank Res 19:1637–1670
Sakshaug E, Holm-Hansen O (1977) Chemical composition of Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve and Pavlova (Monochrysis) lutheri (Droop)Green as a function of nitrate-, phosphate, and iron-limited growth. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 29:1–34
Sakshaug E, Holm-Hansen O (1984) Factors governing pelagic production in polar oceans. In: Bolis O, Gilles R (eds) Marine phytoplankton and productivity. Lecture notes on coastal and estuarine studies 8, Springer, Berlin, pp 1–18
Sakshaug E, Holm-Hansen O (1986) Photoadaptation in Antarctic phytoplankton: variations in growth rate, chemical composition and P vs I curves. J Plank Res 8:459–473
Sakshaug E, Hopkins CCE, Øritsland NA (eds 1991) Proc Pro Mare Symp polar marine ecology, Trondheim, 12-16 May 1990. Pol Res 10(1-2):1–662
Sakshaug E, Myklestad S, Andresen K, Hegseth EN, Jørgensen L (1981) Phytoplankton off the Møre coast in 1975-1976: distribution, species composition, chemical composition and conditions for growth. In: Sætre R and Mork M (eds) The Norwegian Coastal Current. Univ Bergen, pp 688–711
Sakshaug E, Myklestad SM (1973) Studies of the phytoplankton ecology of the Trondheimsfjord. III. Dynamics of phytoplankton blooms in relation to environmental factors, bioassay experiments and parameters for the physiological state of the populations. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 11:157–188
Sakshaug E, Rey F, Slagstad D (1995) Wind forcing of marine primary production in the northern atmospheric low-pressure belt. In: Skjoldal HR, Hopkins CEC, Erikstad KE, Leinaas HP (eds) Ecology of fjords and Coastal Waters. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 15–25
Sakshaug E, Skjoldal HR (1989) Life at the ice edge. Ambio 18:60–67
Sakshaug E, Slagstad D (1991) Light and productivity of phytoplankton in polar marine ecosystems: a physiological view. Pol Res 10:69–85
Sakshaug E, Walsh JJ (2000) Marine biology: Biomass, productivity distributions and their variability in the Barents and Bering Seas. In: Nuttall M, Callaghan TV (eds) The Arctic: Environment, people, policy. Harwood, Amsterdam, pp 163–196
Sakshaug, E, Slagstad D (1992) Sea ice and wind: Effects on primary productivity in the Barents Sea. Atmos-Ocean 30:579–591
Saliot A, Cauwet G, Cahet G, Mazaudier D, Daumas R (1996) Microbial activities in the Lena River Delta and Laptev Sea. Mar Chem 53: 247–254
Salonen K, Sarvala J, Hakala I, Viljanen ML (1976) The relation of energy and organic carbon in aquatic invertebrates. Limnol Oceanogr 21:724–730
Sambrotto RN, Goering JJ (1983) Interannual variability of phytoplankton and zooplankton production on the southeast Bering Shelf. In: Wooster WS (ed) From year to year. Sea Grant Publ, Univ Washington, Seattle, pp 161–177
Sambrotto RN, Goering JJ, McRoy CP (1984) Large yearly production of phytoplankton in western Bering Strait. Science 225:1147–1150
Sambrotto RN, Niebauer HJ, Goering JJ, Iverson RL (1986) Relationships among vertical mixing, nitrate uptake, and phytoplankton growth during the spring bloom in the southeast Bering Sea middle shelf. Cont Shelf Res 5:161–199
Samoilovich YuG, Kagan LYa, Ivanova LV (1993) Quaternary deposits of the Barents Sea. Kola Sci Center RAS, Apatity pp 1–72 (in Russian)
Sampei M, Sasaki H, Hattori H, Kudoh S, Kashino Y, Fukuchi M (2002) Seasonal and spatial variability in the flux of biogenic particles in the North Water polynya in 1997-1998. Deep-Sea Res II 49: 5245–5257
Sandvik R, Dalløkken R, Sakshaug E (1996) Modelling primary production: Bio-optical parameters and data for validation. In: Wadhams P, Wilkinson JP, Wells SCS (eds) Sci Rep Eur Subpolar Ocean Progr (EC/MAST), Scott Polar Res Inst Cambridge, UK, pp 555–566
Sapozhnikov VV, Arzhanova NV, Zubarevitch VV (1993) Estimation of primary production in the ecosystem of the western Bering Sea. Russian J Aq Ecol 2:23–34
Sarmiento JL, Toggweiler JR (1984) A new model for the role of the oceans in determining atmospheric pCO2. Nature 308:621–624
Sarnthein M, Pflaumann U, Ross R, Tiedemann R, Winn K (1992) Transfer functions to reconstruct ocean paleoproductivity: A comparison. In: Summerhayes CP, Prell WL, Emeis KC (eds), Upwelling systems. Evolution since the early Miocene. Geol Soc Spec Publ 64:411–427
Sarnthein M, Winn K and Zahn R (1987) Paleoproductivity of oceanic upwelling and the effect on atmospheric CO2 and climatic change during deglaciation times. In: Berger WH and Labeyrie L (eds) Abrupt Climatic Change, Riedel Publ, Dordrecht, pp 311–337
Sasaki H, Hattori H, Matsuda O, Tanimura A, Fukuchi M (1993) Variability in the flux of rapidly sinking particles at the Chirikov Basin of the northern Bering Sea in summer 1988. La mer 31:73–82
Sasaki H, Taguchi S, Hattori H, Matsuda O, Tanimura A, Fukuchi M (1992) Variability in downward diatom flux in the northern Bering Sea in summer 1988. Porch. NIPR Symp. Pol Biol 5:166–167
Saupe SM, Schell DM, Griffiths WB (1989) Carbon-isotope ratio gradients in western arctic zooplankton. Mar Biol 103: 427–432
Sawyer VG, Semenov AD (1971) Photochemical methods of organic carbon determinations. Hydrochemical Materials 56:111–120 (in Russian)
Sayles FL, Martin WR, Deuser WG (1994) Response of benthic oxygen demand to particulate organic carbon supply in the deep sea near Bermuda. Nature 371:686–689
Schäfer P, Ritzrau W, Schlüter M, Thiede J (eds) (2001) The Northern North Atlantic: a changing environment. Springer, Berlin, 500pp
Schauer U, Muench R, Rudels B, Timokhov L (1997) Impact of eastern Arctic shelf waters on the Nansen Basin intermediate layers. J Geophys Res 102(C2):3371–3382
Schauer U, Rudels B, Jones EP, Anderson LG, Muench RD, Björk G et al. (2002) Confluence and redistribution of Atlantic water in the Nansen, Amundsen and Makarov basins. Annales Geophysicae 20:257–273
Scheffer F, Schachtschabel P (1984) Lehrbuch der Bodenkunde. Enke Verlag, Stuttgart, 442pp
Schell DM (1983) Carbon-13 and carbon-14 abundances in Alaskan aquatic organisms: Delayed production from peat in Arctic food webs. Science 219:1068–1071
Schell DM, Barnett BA, Vinette KA (1998) Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in zooplankton of the Bering, Chukchi and Beaufort Seas. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 162:11–23
Schell DM, Saupe SM, Haubenstock N (1989) Bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) growth and feeding as estimated by d 13C techniques. Mar Biol 103:433–443
Schell DM, Saupe S (1989) Primary production, carbon energetics, and nutrient cycling. In: Truett JC (ed) Environmental characterization and biological utilization of the North Aleutian Shelf nearshore zone. MMS/NOAA OCSEAP Rep 60, pp 99–140
Schell DM, Zieman PJ (1983) Accumulation of peat carbon in the Alaska Arctic Coastal Plain and its role in biological productivity. In: PERMAFROST, Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference. National Academy Press, Washington DC: Fairbanks, Ak; 1983. pp 1105–1110
Schewe I (2001) Small-sized benthic organisms of the Alpha Ridge, central Arctic Ocean. Int Revue ges Hydrobiol 86: 317–335
Schewe I (2002) Leben unter permanenter Eisbedeckung: Effekte einer variablen Nahrungsverfügbarkeit auf die Ökologie und Verteilung kleinster benthischer Organismen in der Arktischen Tiefsee. Ph D thesis University Bremen, 165 pp
Schewe I, Soltwedel T (2003) Benthic response to ice-edge induced particle flux in the Arctic Ocean. Polar Biol, in press
Schlanger SO and Jenkyns HC (1976) Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events-causes and consequences. Geologie en Mijnbouw 55:179–184
Schlessinger WH, Melack JM (1981) Transport of organic carbon in the world rivers. Tellus 31:172–187
Schlitzer R (2000) Applying the adjoint method for biogeochemical modeling: export of particulate organic matter in the world ocean In: Kasibhatla P, Heimann M, Rayner P, Mahowald N, Prinn RG, Hartley DE (eds) Inverse methods in global biogeochemical cycles. Geophys Monogr Ser 114:107–124
Schlosser P, Bullister JL, Fine R, Jenkins WJ, Key R, Lupton J, Roether W, Smethie WM Jr (2001) Transformation and age of water masses. In: Siedler G, Church J, Gould J (eds) Ocean circulation and climate; observing and modelling the global ocean. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 431–452
Schlosser P, Kromer B, Ekwurzel B, Bönisch G, McNichol A, Schneider R et al. (1997) The first trans-Arctic 14C section: comparison of the mean ages of the deep waters in the Eurasian and Canadian basins of the Arctic Ocean. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 123:431–437
Schlosser P, Newton R, Ekwurzel B, Khatiwala S, Mortlock R, Fairbanks R (2002) Decrease of river runoff in the upper waters of the Eurasian Basin, Arctic Ocean, between 1991 and 1996: evidence from δ18O data. Geophys Res Lett, 29: 10.1029/2001GL013135, 3-1-3-4
Schlosser P, Swift JH, Lewis D, Pfirman SL (1995) The role of large-scale Arctic Ocean circulation in the transport of contaminants. Deep Sea Res 42:1341–1367
Schlünz B, Schneider RR (2000) Transport of terrestrial organic carbon to the oceans by rivers: re-estimating flux and burial rates. Int J Earth Sci 88:752–763
Schlüter M, Pfannkuche O (2000) Benthic fluxes of nutrients and oxygen. Atlantic Data Base for Exchange Processes at the Deep Sea Floor. Final Report on a project of ADEPD. IOW. Warnemuende, pp 22–25
Schlüter M, Sauter E, Schäfer A, Ritztrau W (2000) Spatial budget of organic carbon flux to the seafloor of the northern North Atlantic (60°N-80°N). Glob Biogeochem Cycles 14:329–340
Schlüter M, Sauter EJ, Schulz-Bull D, Balzer W, Suess E (2001) Fluxes of organic carbon and biogenic silica reaching the seafloor: a comparison of High Northern and Southern latitudes of the Atlantic Ocean In: Schäfer P, Ritzrau W, Schlüter M, Thiede J (eds) The northern North Atlantic: A changing environment Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp 225–240
Schmid MK (1996) Zur Verbreitung und Respiration ökologisch wichtiger Bodentiere in den Gewässern um Svalbard (Arktis). Reps Pol Res 202, 93 pp
Schnack K (1998) Besiedlungsmuster der benthischen Makrofauna auf dem ostgrönlandischen Kontinentalhang. Reps Pol Res 294, 124 pp
Schneider W, Budéus G (1994) The North East water polynya (Greenland Sea). Polar Biol 14:1–9
Schneider W, Budéus G (1997) Summary of the Northeast Water Polynya formation and development (Greenland Sea). J Mar Syst 10:107–122
Schoster F, Levitan MA (2003) Scientific Cruise Report of the Joint Russian-German Kara-Sea Expedition of RV “Akademik Boris Petrov” in 2002. Reps Pol Mar Res 450, 109 pp
Schubert CJ (1995). Organischer Kohlenstoff in spätquartären Sedimenten des Arktischen Ozeans: Terrigener Eintrag und marine Produktivität. Reps Pol Res 177, 178 pp
Schubert CJ, Calvert SE (2001) Nitrogen and carbon isotopic composition of marine and terrestrial organic matter in Arctic Ocean sediments: implications for nutrient utilization and organic matter composition. Deep-Sea Res 48: 789–810
Schubert CJ, Stein R (1996) Deposition of organic carbon in Arctic Ocean sediments: Terrigenous supply vs marine productivity. Org Geochem 24:421–436
Schubert CJ, Stein R (1997) Lipid distribution in surface sediments from the eastern central Arctic Ocean. Mar Geol 138:11–25
Schubert CJ, Stein R, Calvert SE (2001) Tracking nutrient and productivity variations over the last deglaciation in the Arctic Ocean. Paleoceanography 16:199–211
Schultes S, Levasseur M, Michaud S, Cantin G, Wolfe G, Gosselin M, de Mora S (2000) Dynamics of dimethylsulfide production from dissolved dimethylsulfoniopropionate in the Labrador Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 202:27–40
Schulz DJ, Calder JA (1976) Organic carbon 13C/12C variations in estuarine sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 40: 381–385
Schwinghamer P, Hargrave B, Peer D, Hawkins CM (1986) Partitioning of production and respiration among size groups of organisms in an intertidal benthic community. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 31:131–142
Scott CL, Falk-Petersen S, Sargent JR, Hop H, Lønne O-J, Poltermann M (1999) Lipids and trophic interactions of ice fauna and pelagic zooplankton in the marginal ice zone of the Barents Sea. Pol Biol 21:65–70
Scully NM, Miller WL (2000) Spatial and temporal dynamics of colored dissolved organic matter in the north water polynya. Geophys Res.Lett 27:1009–1011
Seiler D (1999) Struktur und Kohlenstoffbedarf des Makrobenthos am Kontinentalhang Ostgrönlands. Reps Pol Res 307, 96 pp
Semenov AD (ed) (1977) Handbook of Chemical Analysis of Land Waters. Gidrometeoizdat, 541 pp (in Russian)
Semiletov IP (1999a) On aquatic sources and sinks of CO2 and CH4 in the Polar Regions. J Atmosph Sci 56(2): 286–306
Semiletov IP (1999b) Destruction of the coastal permafrost ground as an important factor in biogeochemistry of the Arctic Shelf waters. Transactions (Doklady) of Russian Academy of Sciences 368(6):679–682
Semiletov IP (2000) Greenhouse gases in the Arctic atmosphere: Terrestrial and marine sources of carbon dioxide and methane. In: Semiletov IP (ed) Hydrometeorological and Biogeochemical Research in the Arctic. Trudy Arctic Regional Center, 2, Vladivostok: 117–130 (in Russian)
Semiletov IP, Savelieva NI, Weller GE, Pipko II, Pugach SP, Gukov AY et al. (2000) The dispersion of Siberian river flows into coastal waters: meteorological, hydrological and hydrochemical aspects. In: Lewis EL, Jones EP, Lemke P, Prowse TD, Wadhams P (eds) The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean. Kluwer Academic Publishers, London, pp 323–366
Semyonov YuP (1965) Some peculiarities in the formation of bottom sediments of the East-Siberian and Chuckchee Seas Proceedings of NIIGA, Leningrad, 143:350–352
Serova VV, Gorbunova ZN (1997) Mineral composition of soils, aerosols, suspended matter and bottom sediments of the Lena River estuary and Laptev Sea. Oceanology 37(1)131–135
Serreze MC, Maslanik JA, Key JR, Kokaly RF (1995) Diagnosis of the record minimum in Arctic sea ice area during 1990 and associated snow cover extremes. Geophys Res Lett 22:2183–2186
Serreze MC, Walsh JE, Chapin FSI, Osterkamp T, Dyurgerov M, Romanovsky V et al. (2000) Observational evidence of recent change in the northern high-latitude environment. Clim Change 46:159–207
Shamov GI (1949) Discharge of suspended sediments in the USSR rivers. Trudy GGI 20(74), Leningrad (in Russian)
Shapiro J (1961) Freezing-out, a safe technique for concentration of dilute solutions. Science 133:2063–2206
Sharma GD (1979) The Alaskan Shelf: hydrography, sedimentary and geochemical environment. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 1–498
Sherwood CR (2000) Numerical model of frazil ice and suspended sediment concentrations and formation of sediment laden ice in the Kara Sea. J Geophys Res 105(C6): 14061–14080
Shevchenko VP (2000) Aerosols-influence on accumulation of sediments and Arctic environment.Abstr Diss. IO RAS, Moscow, pp 1–32 (in Russian)
Shevchenko VP, Ivanov GI, Burovkin AA, Dzhinoridze RN, Zernova VV, Polyak LV, Shanin SS (1998) Sedimentary material flows in the St.Anna Trough and eastern Barents Sea. Doklady Earth Sciences (English Translation) 359A(3):400–403
Shevchenko VP, Ivanov GI, Zernova VV (1999) Vertical particle fluxes in the Saint Anna Trough and in the Eastern Barents Sea in August-September 1994. Reps Pol Res 342: 46–54
Shevchenko VP, Lisitzin AP, Kuptsov VM, Van Malderen H, Martin J-M, Van Grieken R, Huang WW (1999a) Composition of aerosols in the surface boundary layer of the atmosphere over the seas of the Western Russian Arctic. Oceanology 39/1:128–136
Shevchenko VP, Lisitzin AP, Polyakova EI (1999b) Abstracts of Reports at the XIII International Conference on Marine Geology, Moscow, GEOS 1:237–238
Shevchenko VP, Lisitzin AP, Stein R, Serova VV, Isaeva AB, Politova NV (1999c) The composition of the coarse fraction of aerosols in the marine boundary layer over the Laptev, Kara and Barents Seas. In: Kassens H, Bauch H, Dmitrenko I, Eicken H, Hubberten H-W, Melles M, Thiede J, Timokhov L (eds) Land-Ocean-Systems in the Siberian Arctic: Dynamics and History, Springer, Berlin, pp 53–59
Shevchenko VP, Lisitzin AP, Vinogradova AA, Smirnov VV, Serova VV, Stein R (2000) Arctic aerosols-results of ten-year investigations. Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics 13/6-7:510–533
Shevchenko VP, Lisitzin AP, Zernova VV, Lukashin VN, Politova NV, Rusakov VYu, Shanin SS (2000) Vertical particle fluxes in seas of the western Russian Arctic. In: Humanity and the World Ocean. Interdependence on the Dawn of the New Millennium. PACON 99 Proceedings. PACON International, p 239–249
Shiklomanov IA (1998) Comprehensive Assessment of the Freshwater Resources of the World: Assessment of eater Resources and Water Availability in the World. WMO, UNDP, UNED, FAO et al., WMO, Geneva, 88 pp
Shiklomanov IA, Shiklomanov AI, Lammers RB, Vörösmarty CJ, Peterson BJ, Fekete B (2000) The dynamics of river water inflow to the Arctic Ocean. In: Lewis EL, Jones EP, Lemke P, Prowse TD, P Wadhams (eds) The freshwater budget of the Arctic Ocean: Proceedings of the NATO advanced research workshop. Kluwer, Dortrecht, pp 281–296
Shiklomanov IA, Skakalsky BG (1994) Studying water, sediment and contaminant runoff of Siberian Rivers. Modern status and prospects. Arctic Research of the United States 8:295–306
Shindell DT, Miller RL, Schmidt GA, Pandolfo L (1999) Simulation of recent northern winter climate trends by greenhouse-gas forcing. Nature 399:452–455
Shiomoto A (1997) Size-fractionated chlorophyll a concentration in the Okhotsk Sea in October and November 1993, with special reference to the influence of dichothermal water. J Oceanogr 53:601–610
Shiomoto A (1999) Effect of nutrients on phytoplankton size in the Bering Sea Basin. In: Loughlin TR, Ohtani K (eds) The Physical Oceanography of the Bering Sea. Univ Alaska Seagrant AK-SG-03, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, pp 323–340
Sholkovitz ER (1976) Flocculation of dissolved organic and inorganic matter during the mixing of river water and seawater. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 40:831–845
Shuisky YuD (1983) Modern sediment balance in coastal zone. Abstract of Doctor Dissertation, Moscow State University, 41 pp (in Russian)
Shuisky YuD (1986) Research on the sediment balance in the coastal zone. Gidrometeoizdat Press, Leningrad, 240 pp (in Russian)
Shuisky YuD, Ogorodnikov VI (1981) Sedimentation conditions and main regularities of the formation of the granulometric composition of terrigenous deposits in the Chuckchee Sea. Lithology and minerals 2:11–25 (in Russian)
Shultz DJ, Calder JA (1976) Organic carbon 13C/12C variations in estuarine sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 40: 381–385
Shvets VM (1973) Organic substances in under-ground waters. Nedra, Moscow, 191 pp (in Russian)
Sidorchuk AY, Panin AV (1996) Water supply from the Yana River basin since Late Pliocene. Terra Nostra 9:97
Sikes EL, Farrington JW, Keigwin LD (1991) Use of the alkenone unsaturation ratio Uk 37 to determine past sea surface temperatures: core-top SST calibrations and methodology considerations. Earth Planet Sci Lett 104:36–47
Sime-Ngando T, Juniper SK, Demers S (1997) Ice-brine and planktonic microheterotrophs from Saroma-ko Lagoon, Hokkaido (Japan): quantitative importance and tropho-dynamics. J Mar Syst 11:149–161
Simó R, Perdós-Alió R, Mallin G, Grimalt JO (2000) Biological turnover of DMS, DMSP and DMSO in contrasting open-sea waters. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 203:1–11
Simoneit BRT (1977) Organic matter in eolian dusts over the Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Chem. 5: 443–464
Simoneit BRT, Elias VO (2000) Organic tracers from biomass burning in atmospheric particulate matter over the ocean. Mar Chem 69:301–312
Sirenko BI (2001) List of species of free-living invertebrates of Eurasian Arctic Seas and adjacent deep waters. Russian Academy of Science, Exploration of the Fauna of the Sea 51:1–129
Skjoldal HR, Hassel A, Rey F, Loeng H (1987) Spring phytoplankton development and zooplankton reproduction in the central Barents Sea in the period 1979-84. In: Loeng H (ed) Proc. 3d Soviet-Norwegian Symp Murmansk 1986, Inst Mar Res, Bergen, Norway, pp 59–89
Skjoldal HR, Rey F (1989) Pelagic production and variability of the Barents Sea ecosystem. In: Sherman K, Alexander LM (eds) Biomass yeilds and geography of large marine ecosystems. AAAS Selected Symposium 111, Washington DC, pp 241–286
Skoog A, Benner R (1997) Aldoses in various size fractions of marine organic matter: implications for carbon cycling. Limnol Oceanogr 42:1803–1813
Skopintsev BA, Krylova LP (1955) Organic substances input by the biggest rivers of the Soviet Union. Reports of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR) 105(4):770–773 (in Russian)
Slagstad D, Støle-Hansen K (1991) Dynamics of plankton growth in the Barents Sea: model studies. Pol Res 10: 173–186
Slagstad D, Wassmann P (1996) Climate change and carbon flux in the Barents Sea: 3-D simulations of ice-distribution, primary production and vertical export of particulate organic carbon. Memoirs of the National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Special Issue 51:119–141
Smart CW, Gooday AJ (1997) Recent benthic foraminifera in the abyssal northeast Atlantic Ocean: Relation to phytodetrital inputs. J Foram Res 27:85–92
Smirnov MP, Tarasov MN, Maltseva AV (1978) Organic carbon discharge from the USSR territory to the seas of the Arctic Ocean. Hydrochemical Materials 66:62–76 (in Russian)
Smirnov MP, Tarasov MN, Maltseva AV (1988) Organic carbon discharge from the USSR territory and its temporal variability. Hydrochemical Materials 103:67–83 (in Russian)
Smirnov VV, Shevchenko VP, Stein R, Lisitzin AP, Savchenko AV, ARK XI/1 Polarstern Shipboard Scientific Party (1996) Aerosol size distribution over the Laptev Sea in July-September 1995: First results. Reps Pol Res 212:139–143
Smith D (1998) Recent increase in the length of the melt season of perennial Arctic sea ice. Geophys Res Lett 25: 655–658
Smith DG (1987) Late Paleozoic to Cenozoic reconstructions of the Arctic. In: Tailleur IL, Weimer P (eds) Alaskan North Slope Geology, Soc Econ Paleont Mineral, Spec Publ 50: 785–796
Smith JN, Ellis KM, Kilius LR (1998) 129I and 137Cs tracer measurements in the Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res I 45: 959–984
Smith KL jr, Carlucci AF, Jahnke RA, Craven DB (1987) Organic carbon mineralization in the Santa Clara Basin: benthic boundary layer metabolism Deep-Sea Res II 34: 185–211
Smith OS jr, Grebmeier JM (eds) (1995) Arctic oceanography: marginal ice zones and continental shelves. Am Geophys Union, Washington, DC, pp 231–261
Smith RC, Baker KS (1981) Optical properties of the clearest natural waters (200-800 nm). Appl Optics 20:177–184
Smith REH, Gosselin M, Kudoh S, Robineau B, Taguchi S (1997) DOC and its relationship to algae in bottom ice communities. J Mar Syst 11:71–80
Smith SD, Muench RD, Pease CH (1990) Polynyas and leads: an overview of physical processes and environment. J Geophys Res 95:9461–9479
Smith SL (1991) Growth, development and distribution of the euphausiids Thysanoessa raschi (M. Sars) and Thysanoessa inermis (Krøyer) in the southeastern Bering Sea. Pol Res 10:461–478
Smith SL, Schnack-Schiel SB (1990) Polar zooplankton. In: Smith WO jr (ed) Polar oceanography part B. Academic Press New York, pp 527–598
Smith WO jr (1990 ed) Polar oceanography part B.Academic Press, New York, 406 pp
Smith WO jr, Codispoti L, Nelson DM, Manley T, Buskey EJ, Niebauer HJ, Cota GF (1991) Importance of Phaeocystis blooms in the high-latitude carbon cycle. Nature 352: 514–516
Smith WO jr, Gosselin M, Legendre L, Wallace D, Daly K, Kattner G (1997) New production in the Northeast Water Polynya. J Mar Syst 10:199–209
Smith WO jr, Sakshaug E (1990) Polar phytoplankton. In: Smith WO jr (ed) Polar oceanography part B. Academic Press New York, pp 477–525
Smith WO, Gordon LI (1997) Hyperproductivity of the Ross Sea (Antarctica) polynya during austral spring. Geophys Res Lett 24:233–236
Snelgrove PVR, Butman CA (1994) Animal-sediment relationships revisited: Cause versus effect. In: Butman CA, Ansell AD, Gibson RN, Barnes M (eds) Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review. UCL Press, London, 32, pp 111–177
Solheim A, Elverhoi A (1996) Surface sediments of the northwestern Barents Sea. Reps Pol Res 212:144–158
Solomon SM, Forbes DL (1994) Impacts of climate change on the Beaufort Sea coastal zone. In: Wells PG, Ricketts PJ (eds) Coastal Zone Canada’ 94, Cooperation in the Coastal Zone (vol 4), Halifax, NS, pp 1810–1822
Soltwedel T, Mokievsky V, Schewe I (2000) Benthic activity and biomass on the Yermak Plateau and in adjacent deep-sea regions northwest of Svålbard. Deep Sea Res I (47): 1761–1785
Soltwedel T, Schewe I (1998) Activity and biomass of the small benthic biota under permanent ice-coverage in the central Arctic Ocean. Polar Biol 19(1):52–62
Søndergaard M le B, Williams PJ, Cauwet G, Riemann B, Robinson C, Terzic S, Woodward EMS, Worm J (2000) Net accumulation and flux of dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen in marine plankton communities. Limnol Oceanogr 45:1097–1111
Sorokin Y, Sorokin P (1999) Production in the Sea of Okhotsk. J Plank Res 21:201–230
Sorokin YuA, Sorokin PYu (1996) Plankton and primary production in the Lena River estuary and in the Southeastern Laptev Sea. Est Coast Shelf Sci. 43: 399–418
Sournia A (ed 1978) Phytoplankton manual. UNESCO, Paris, 337 pp
Sovershaev VA (1996) The research of the sea coasts in the cryolithozone with a view of rational economic developing. In: Materials of the first conference of Russian geo-cryologists Vol 1. Dynamic geocryology. Moscow Univ Publ House, Moscow, pp 494–503 (in Russian)
Sowers T, Bender M (1995) Climate records covering the last deglaciation. Science 269:210–214
Spielhagen R (2001) Enigmatic Arctic ice sheets. Nature 410:427–428
Spitzy A, Ittekkot V (1991) Dissolved and Particulate Organic Matter in Rivers. In: Mantoura RFC, Martin J-M, Wollast R (eds) Ocean Margin Processes in Global change, Wiley & Sons, New York, pp 5–17
Spitzy A, Leenheer J (1991) DOC in rivers. In: Degens ET, Kempe S, Richey JE (eds) Biogeochemistry of Major World Rivers. SCOPE 42, Wiley, Chichester
Springer AM (1998) Is it all climate change? Why marine bird and mammal populations fluctuate in the North Pacific. In: Holloway G, Muller P, Henderson D (eds) Biotic impacts of extratropical climate variability in the Pacific, Proceedings ‘Aha Huliko’a Hawaiin Winter Workshop. University of Hawaii, Honalulu, pp 109–119
Springer AM, McRoy C, Flint MV (1996) The Bering Sea green belt: shelf edge processes and ecosystem production. Fish Oceanogr 5:205–223
Springer AM, McRoy CP (1993) The paradox of pelagic food webs in the northern Bering Sea-III. Patterns of primary production. Cont Shelf Res 13:575–599
Springer AM, McRoy CP, Turco KR (1989) The paradox of pelagic food webs in the northern Bering Sea-II. Zooplankton communities. Cont Shelf Res 9: 359–386
Springer AM, Roseneau DG (1985) Copepod-based food webs: auklets and oceanography in the Bering Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 21:229–237
Stabeno P, Overland JE (2001) Bering Sea shifts toward an earlier spring transition. EOS Transactions AGU 82:317, 321
Stabeno PJ, Bond NA, Kachel NB, Salo SA, Schumacher JD (2001) On the temporal viability of the physical environment over the south-eastern Bering Sea. Fish Oceanogr 10:81–98
Stabeno PJ, Schumacher JD, Ohtani K (1999) The physical oceanography of the Bering Sea. In: Loughlin TR, Ohtani K (eds) Dynamics of the Bering Sea. Univ Alaska Seagrant AK-SG-03, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, pp 1–28
Stapleford LS, Smith REH (1996) The interactive effects of temperature and silicon limitation on the psychrophilic ice diatom Pseudonitzschia seriata. Pol Biol 16:589–594
Starmans A (1997) Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Ökologie und Diversität des Mega-Epibenthos der Arktis und Antarktis. Reps Pol Res 250, 150 pp
Steele M, Boyd T (1998) Retreat of the cold halocline layer in the Arctic Ocean. J Geophys Res 103(C5):10419–10435
Steemann-Nielsen E (1935) The production of phytoplankton at the Faroe Isles, Iceland, East Greenland and in the waters around. Medd Komm Danm Fisk-Havunders 3(1): 1–93
Stefansson U, Thordardottir T, Olafsson J (1987) Comparison of seasonal oxygen cycles and primary production in the Faxafloi region, Southwest Iceland. Deep-Sea Res 34: 725–739
Stein R (1986) Surface-water paleo-productivity as inferred from sediments deposited in oxic and anoxic deep-water environments of the Mesozoic Atlantic Ocean. In: Degens ET et al. (eds) Biochemistry of Black Shales, Mitt Geol Paläont Inst Univ Hamburg, 60:55–70
Stein R (1990) Organic carbon content/sedimentation rate relationship and its paleoenvironmental significance for marine sediments. Geo-Mar Lett 10:37–44
Stein R (1991) Accumulation of organic carbon in marine sediments. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 34, Springer, Heidelberg, 217 pp
Stein R (1996) Organic-carbon and carbonate distribution in surface sediments from the Eastern Central Arctic Ocean and the Eurasian Continental Margin: sources and pathways. Reps Pol Res 212:243–267
Stein R (2001) Lithostratigraphy of gravity cores and correlation with sediment echograph profiles (“Akademik Boris Petrov” Kara Sea expeditions 1999 and 2000). Reps Pol Mar Res 393:120–140
Stein R (ed) (1998) Arctic Paleo-River Discharge (APARD)-A new research programme of the Arctic Ocean Science Board (AOSB). Reps Pol Res 279, 127 pp
Stein R (ed) (2000) Circum Arctic River Discharge and Its Geological Record. Int J Earth Sci 89:447–616
Stein R, Boucsein B, Fahl K, Garcia de Oteyza T, Knies J, Niessen F (2001) Accumulation of particulate organic carbon at the Eurasian continental margin during late Quarternary times: controlling mechanisms and paleoen-vironmental signficance. Glob Planet Change 31:87–102
Stein R, Boucsein B, Hefter J, Kraus M, Lau N, Schoster F, Simstich J, Weiel D (2000) Marine Geology. In: Stein R, Stepanets OV (eds) Scientific Cruise Report of the Joint Russian-German Kara-Sea Expedition of RV “Akademik Boris Petrov” in 1999. Reps Pol Res 360:49–69
Stein R, Fahl K (2000) Holocene accumulation of organic carbon at the Laptev Sea continental margin (Arctic Ocean): sources, pathways, and sinks. Geo-Mar Lett 20: 27–36
Stein R, Fahl K (eds) (1997) Scientific Cruise Report of the Arctic Expedition ARK-XIII/2 of RV “Polarstern” in 1997. Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven. Reps Pol Res 255, 235 pp
Stein R, Fahl K, Dittmers K, Niessen F, Stepanets OV (2003a) Holocene siliciclastic and organic carbon fluxes in the Ob and Yenisei estuaries and the adjacent inner Kara Sea: Quantification, variability, and paleoenvironmental implications. In: Stein R, Fahl K, Fütterer DK, Galimov EM, Stepanets OV (eds) Siberian River Run-off in the Kara Sea: Characterisation, Quantification, Variability, and Environmental Significance, Proceedings in Marine Sciences Vol 6, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 401–434
Stein R, Fahl K, Fütterer DK, Galimov EM, Stepanets OV (eds) (2003b) Siberian River Run-off in the Kara Sea: Characterisation, Quantification, Variability, and Environmental Significance, Proceedings in Marine Sciences Vol 6, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 484 pp
Stein R, Fahl K, Ivanov GI, Levitan MA, Tarasov G (eds) (1999b) Modern and Late Quaternary Depositional Environment of the St. Anna Trough Area, Northern Kara Sea. Reps Pol Res 342, 244 pp
Stein R, Fahl K, Niessen F, Siebold M (1999a) Late Quarternary organic carbon and biomarker records from the Laptev Sea continental margin (Arctic Ocean): Implications for organic carbon flux and composition. In: Kassens H, Bauch HA, Dmitrenko I, Eicken H, Hubberten H-W, Melles M et al. (eds) Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic: Dynamics and History. Springer, Berlin, pp 635–655
Stein R, Grobe H, Wahsner M (1994a) Organic carbon, carbonate, and clay mineral distributions in eastern central Arctic Ocean surface sediments. Mar Geol 119:269–285
Stein R, Korolev S (1994) Shelf-to-basin sediment transport in the eastern Arctic Ocean. Reps Pol Res 144:87–100
Stein R, Nam SI, Schubert C, Vogt C, Fütterer D, Heinemeier J (1994b) The last deglaciation event in the eastern central Arctic Ocean. Science 264:692–696
Stein R, Niessen F, Dittmers K, Levitan M, Schoster F, Simstich J, Steinke T, Stepanets OV (2002) Siberian river run-off and Late Quaternary glaciation in the southern Kara Sea: Preliminary results. Pol Res 21:315–322
Stein R, Nürnberg D (1995) Productivity proxies: Organic carbon and biogenic opal in surface sediments from the Laptev Sea shelf and the adjacent continental slope. Reps Pol Res 176:286–296
Stein R, Rullkötter J, Welte DH (1986) Accumulation of organic-carbon-rich sediments in the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous Atlantic Ocean-A synthesis. Chem Geol 56: 1–32
Stein R, Schubert C, Vogt C, Fütterer D (1994c) Stable isotope stratigraphy, sedimentation rates, and salinity changes in the Latest Pleistocene to Holocene eastern central Arctic Ocean. Mar Geol 119:333–355
Stein R, Stepanets OV (eds) (2000) Scientific Cruise Report of the Joint Russian-German Kara-Sea Expedition of RV “Akademik Boris Petrov” in 1999. Reps Pol Res 360, 141 pp
Stein R, Stepanets OV (eds) (2001) The German-Russian Project on Siberian River Run-off (SIRRO): Scientific Cruise Report of the Kara Sea Expedition “SIRRO 2000” of RV “Akademik Boris Petrov” and First Results. Reps Pol Mar Res 393, 287 pp
Stein R, Stepanets OV (eds) (2002) Scientific Cruise Report of the Kara Sea Expedition 2001 of RV “Akademik Boris Petrov”: The German-Russian Project on Siberian River Run-off (SIRRO) and the EU-Project “ESTABLISH”. Reps Pol Mar Res 419, 278 pp
Steinhauer MS, Boehm PD (1992) The composition and distribution of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons in nearshore sediments, river sediments, and coastal peat of the Alaskan Beaufort Sea: implications for detecting anthropogenic hydrocarbon inputs. Mar Environ Res 33: 223–253
Stephantsev L, Shmelkov B (2000) Brief characteristics and results from measurements of hydrophysical structures of waters in the estuaries of Ob and Yenisei. Reps Pol Res 360:8–20
Stevenson FJ, Cheng CN (1972) Organic geochemistry of the Argentine Basin sediments: Carbon-nitrogen relationships and Quaternary correlations. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 36:653–671
Stewart RE (2000) The variable climate of the Mackenzie River Basin: Its water cycle and fresh water discharge. In: Lewis EL, Jones EP, Lemke P, Prowse TD, Wadhams P (eds) The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, pp 367–381
Stewart RE, Leighton HG, Marsh P, Moore GWK, Ritchie H, Rouse WR et al. (1998) The Mackenzie GEWEX study: The water and energy cycles of a major North American River Basin. Bull Amer Meteorol Soc 79:2665–2683
Stirling I (1997) The importance of polynyas, ice edges, and leads to marine mammals and birds. J Mar Syst 10:9–21
Stirling I (2002) Polar bears and seals in the eastern Beaufort Sea and Amundsen Gulf: A synthesis of population trends and ecological relationships over three decades. Arctic 55: 59–76
Stirling I, Andriashek D, Calvert W (1993) Habitat preferences of polar bears in the western Canadian Arctic in late winter and spring. Pol Rec 29:13–24
Stirling IS, Cleator H (1981) Polynyas in the Canadian Arctic. 46: Canadian Wildlife Service, 70 pp
Stockwell DA, Whitledge TE, Rho T, Stabeno PJ, Coyle KO, Napp JM et al. (2000) Field observations in the southeastern Bering Sea during three years with extensive coccolithophorid blooms. EOS Transactions AGU 80: OS41
Stockwell DA, Whitledge TE, Zeeman SI, Coyle KO, Napp JN, Brodeur RD, Pinchuk AI, Hunt GL jr (2001) Anomalous conditions in the south-eastern Bering Sea, 1997: nutrients, phytoplankton and zooplankton. Fish Oceanogr 10: 99–116
Stowe LG, Teeri JA (1978) The geographic distribution of C4 species of the Dicotyledonae in relation to climate. Amer Nat 112: 609–623
Strass VH, Nöthig E-M (1996) Seasonal shifts in ice edge phytoplankton blooms in the Barents Sea related to the water column stability. Pol Biol 16:409–422
Strömberg JO (1989) Northern Svalbard Waters. In: Rey Alexander L & V (eds) Proceedings of the sixth conference of the Comité Arctique International, 13-15 May 1985: 402–426
Stuart V, Sathyendranath S, Head EJH, Platt T, Irwin B, Maass H (2000) Bio-optical characteristics of diatom and prymnesiophyte populations in the Labrador Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 201:91–106
Stuiver M, Reimer PJ, Bard E, Beck JW, Burr GS, Hughen KA, Kromer B, McCormick G, van der Pflicht J, Spurk M (1998) INTCAL98 radiocarbon age calibration, 24, 000-0 cal B P. Radiocarbon 40(3):1041–1083
Subba Rao DV, Platt T (1984) Primary production of Arctic waters. Pol Biol 3:191–201
Suess E (1980) Particulate organic carbon flux in the oceans-surface productivity and oxygen utilisation. Nature 288:260–263
Sukhanova IN, Flint MV (2001) Phaeocystis pouchetii over the Eastern Bering Sea shelf. Oceanology 41:75–85
Sukhanova IN, Semina HJ, Venttsel MV (1999) Spatial distribution and temporal variability of phytoplankton in the Bering Sea.In: Loughlin TR, Ohtani K (eds) The physical oceanography of the Bering Sea. Univ Alaska Seagrant AK-SG-03, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, pp 453–483
Sullivan KA, Aller RC (1996) Diagenetic cycling of arsenic in Amazon shelf sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 60: 1465–1477
Sültemeyer D (1998) Carbonic anhydrase in eukaryotic algae: characterization, regulation, and possible function during photosynthesis. Can J Bot 76:962–972
Sunda WG, Kieber DJ, Kiene RP, Huntsman S (2002) An antioxidant function for DMSP and DMS in marine algae. Nature 418:317–320
Sundby B, Gobeil C, Silverberg N, Mucci A (1992) The phosphorus cycle in coastal marine sediments. Limnol Oceanogr 37:1129–1145.
Suzdal’sky OV (1974) Lithodynamics of near-shore shallows of the White, Barents and Kara Seas. Sea Geology 3: 27–33 (in Russian)
Suzuki Y, Kudoh S, Takahashi M (1997) Photosynthetic and respiratory characteristics of an Arctic ice algal community living in low light and low temperature conditions. J Mar Syst 11:111–121
Svendsen J-I, Astakhov VI, Bolshiyanov DY, Demidov I, Dowdeswell JA, Gautallin V, Hjort. Ch, Hubberten HW, Larsen E, Mangerud J, Melles M, Möller P, Saarnisto M, Siegert MJ (1999) Maximum extent of the Eurasian ice sheets in the Barents and Kara Sea region during the Weichselian. Boreas 28:234–242
Svendsen JI, Elverhøi A, Mangerud J (1996) The retreat of the Barents Sea Ice Sheet on the western Svalbard margin. Boreas 25:244–256
Sverdrup HU (1953) On conditions for the vernal blooming of phytoplankton. J Cons Perm Int Explor Mer 18:287–295
Svindland KT, Vorren TO (2002).Late Cenozoic sedimentary environments in the Amundsen Basin, Arctic Ocean. Mar Geol 186:541–556
Sydnes LK (1991) Oil, water, ice and light. Pol Res 10:609–618
Syvertsen EE (1991) Ice algae in the Barents Sea: types of assemblages, origin, fate and role in the ice-edge bloom. Pol Res 10:277–288
Taguchi S, Smith REH (1997) Effect of nitrogen and silicate enrichment on photosynthate allocation by ice algae from Resolute Passage, Canadian Arctic. J Mar Syst 11:53–61
Takahashi T, Wanninkhof RH, Feely RA, Weiss RF, Chipman DW, Bates NR, Olafson J, Sabine CL, Sutherland SC (1999) Net air-sea Co2 flux over the global oceans: An improved estimate based on the air-sea pCO2 difference In: Nojiri Y (ed) Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on CO2 in the Oceans. Tsukuba, Japan, pp 9–15
Tallqvist ME, Sundet JH (2000) Annual growth of the cockle Clinocardium ciliatum in the Norwegian Arctic (Svalbard area). Hydrobiologia 440:331–338
Tande KS (1991) Calanus in North Norwegian fjords and in the Barents Sea. Pol Res 10:389–407
Tande KS, Hopkins CCE (1981) Ecological investigations on the zooplankton community in Balsfjorden, northern Norway: the genital system in Calanus finmarchicus and the role of the gonad development in overwintering strategy. Mar Biol 63:159–164
Tande KS, Slagstad D (1990) Growth and production of the herbivorous copepod, Calanus glacialis, in the arctic waters of the Barents Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 63:189–199
Tande KS, Slagstad D (1992) Regional and interannual variation in biomass and productivity of Calanus finmarchicus, in subarctic environments. Oceanol Acta 15:309–321
Taniguchi A (1999) Differences in the structure of the lower trophic level of pelagic ecosystems in the eastern and western subarctic Pacific. Limnol Oceanogr 43:289–315
Tarasov GA, Pogodina IA, Hasankaev VB, Kukina NA, Mityaev MV (2000) Processes of sedimentation on the glacial shelves. Kola Sci. Center RAS, Apatity, pp 1–473 (in Russian)
Tarduno JA, Brinkman DB, Renne PR, Cottrell RD, Scher H, Castillo P (1998) Evidence of extreme climatic warmth from Late Cretaceous Arctic vertebrates. Science 282: 2241–2244
Taylor GH, Teichmüller M, Davis A, Diessel CFK, Littke R, Roberts P (1998) Organic Petrology: A new handbook incorporation some revised parts of Stach’s Textbook of Coal Petrology. Gebrüder Bornträger, Berlin, Stuttgart, 704 pp
Taylor J, Tranter M, Munhoven G (2002) Carbon cycling and burial in the glacially influenced Polar North Atlantic. Paleoceanography 17:10.1029/2001PA000644
Teeri JA (1988) Interaction of temperature and other environmental variables influencing plant distribution. Soc Experiment Biol 42:77–89
Teeri JA, Stowe LG (1976) Climatic pattern and the distribution of C4 grasses in North America. Oecologica 23:1–12
Telang SA, Pocklington R, Naidu AS, Romankevich EA, Gitelson II, Glachyshev MI (1991) Carbon and mineral transport in major North American, Russian Arctic, and Siberian rivers: the St. Lawrence, the Mackenzie, the Yukon, the Arctic Alaskan rivers, the Arctic basin rivers in the Soviet Union, and the Yenisei. In: Degens ET, Kempe S, Richey JE (eds) Biogeochemistry of Major World Rivers. SCOPE 42, Wiley, Chichester, pp 75–104
Thiede J (1986) Zur geologischen Geschichte der Polarmeere und ihrer Wassermasen. Universität Kiel, Mimeo
Thiede J (2002) POLARSTERN ARKTIS XVII/2 cruise report: AMORE 2001 (Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge Expedition). Reps Pol Mar Res 421, 397 pp
Thiede J, Bauch HA, Hjort C, Mangerud J (eds) (2001) The late Quaternary stratigraphy and environments of northern Eurasia and the adjacent Arctic seas-new contributions from QUEEN. Glob Plan Change 31:1–474
Thiede J, Clark DL, Herman Y (1990) Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic paleoceanography of the northern polar oceans. In: Grantz A, Johnson L, Sweeney JF (eds) The Arctic Ocean Region, The Geology of North America, Vol L, pp 427–458
Thiel H (1975) The size structure of the deep-sea benthos. Int Revue ges Hydrobiol 60:575–606
Thingstad TF, Sakshaug E (1990) Control of phytoplankton growth in nutrient recycling ecosystems. Theory and terminology. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 63:261–272
Thomas DJ, Macdonald RW, Cornford AB (1986) Geochemical mass-balance calculations for the coastal Beaufort Sea, NWT, Canada. Rapp P-v Réun Cons Int Explor Mer 186:165–184
Thomas DN, Lara RJ, Eicken H, Kattner G, Skoog A (1995) Dissolved organic matter in Arctic multi-year sea ice during winter: major components and relationship to ice characteristics. Pol Biol 15: 477–483
Thomas, DN, Dieckmann GS (2002). Antarctic sea ice-a habitat for extremophiles. Science 295:641–644
Thomas, DR, Rothrock DA (1993) The Arctic Ocean ice balance: a Kalman smoother estimate. J Geophys Res 98(C6):10053–10067
Thompson DWJ, Wallace JM (1998) The Arctic Oscillation signature in the wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields. Geophys Res Lett 25:1297–1300
Thomsen L, Graf G, Juterzenka K, Witte U (1995) An in situ experiment to investigate the depletion of seston above an interface feeder field on the continental slope of the western Barents Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 123 295–300
Thomsen L, vanWeering T, Gust G (2002) Processes in the benthic boundary layer at the Iberian continental margin and their implication for carbon mineralization. Progr Oceanogr 52:315–329
Thomson J, Nixon S, Croudace IW, Pedersen TF, Brown L, Cook GT et al. (2001) Redox-sensitive element uptake in north-east Atlantic Ocean sediments (Benthic Boundary Layer Experiment sites). Earth Planet Sci Lett 184:535–547
Thurman EM (1985) Organic geochemistry of natural waters. Kluwer Academic Publisher Group, Dordrecht
Timokhov LA (1994) Regional characteristics of the Laptev and the East Siberian seas: climate, topography, ice phases, thermohaline regime, and circulation. Reps Pol Res 144: 15–31
Tissot B, Deroo G, Herbin JP (1979) Organic matter in Cretaceous sediments of the North Atlantic: Contribution to sedimentology and paleoceanography. In: Talwani M, et al. (eds) Deep Drilling Results in the Atlantic Ocean: Continental Margin and Paleoenvironment. Amer Geophys Union, M Ewing Ser, Vol 3, p 362–374
Tissot BP and Welte DH (1984) Petroleum Formation and Occurrence. Springer, Heidelberg, 699 pp
Toll EV (1897) Paleoglaciers of New-Siberian Islands, their relationship to the mammoth remains and to glacial epoch. In: Proceedings of the Russian Geographical Society, Vol 32(1), St. Petersburg, Imperial Academy of Sciences Press, 139 pp (in Russian)
Toudal L, Valeur H (1996) Ice extent in the Greenland Sea 1978-1995. In: Wadhams P, Wilkinson JP, Wells SCS (eds) Sci Rep Eur Subpolar Ocean Progr (EC/MAST), Scott Polar Res Inst Cambridge, UK, pp 104–122
Tréguer P, Pondaven P (2000) Global change: Silica control of carbon dioxide. Nature 406:358–359
Tremblay J-E, Gratton Y, Fauchot J, Price NM (2002) Climatic and oceanic forcing of new, net, and diatom production in the North Water. Deep-Sea Res II 49:4927–4946
Trenberth KE, Hurrell JW (1994) Decadal atmosphere-ocean variations in the Pacific. Clim Dynam 9:303–319
Tseitlyn VB (1993) Relationship between primary production and the vertical flux of organic carbon in mesopelagic zone of the Ocean. Oceanology 33(2):189–192
Turner SM, Malin G, Liss PS, Harbour DS, Holligan PM (1988) The seasonal variation of dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl-sulfoniopropionate concentrations in nearshore waters. Limnol Oceanogr 33:364–375
Tyrrell T, Taylor AH (1996) A modelling study of Emiliania huxleyi in the NE Atlantic. J Mar Syst 9:83–112
Unger D, Neumann K, Fetzer I (2000) Sediment trap investigations in the Kara Sea. Reps Pol Res 360:28–35
Unger D, Schayen S, Gaye B (2001) Sediment trap investigations in the Kara Sea. Reps Pol Mar Res 393:29–33
Untersteiner N, Carmack E (1990) Arctic sea ice, freshwater, and global ocean climate: some possible connections. Appendix, WMO Working Group on Sea Ice and Climate, Rep of the 4th Session
Usachev PI (1961) Phytoplankton of the North Pole. Fish Res Bd Can Trans Ser 1285
Uspensky VA, Rodionova KF, Gorskaya AI (1966) Text-book on analysis of bituminous and dissipated organic matter of rocks. Nedra, Leningrad, pp 1–302 (in Russian)
Uye S (1996) Induction of reproductive failure in the planktonic copepod Calanus pacificus by diatoms. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 133:89–97
Vairavamurthy A, Andreae MO, Brooks JM (1986) Determination of acrylic acid in aqueous samples by Electron Capture Gas Chromatography after extraction with Trin-octylphosphine oxide and derivazation with Pentafluorobenzyl Bromide. Anal Chem 58:2684–2687
van Andel TH, Heath GH, Moore TC (1975) Cenozoic history and paleoceanography of the Central Equatorial Pacific, Mem Geol Soc Amer 143:1–134
van der Wal P, Kempers RS, Veldhuis MJW (1995) Production and downward flux of organic matter and calcite in a North Sea bloom of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 126:247–265
Van Wagoner NA, Robinson PT (1985) Petrology and Geochemistry of a CESAR bedrock sample; implication for the origin of the Alpha Ridge, Initial Geological Report on CESAR, Geol Surv Canada, 84-22, pp 47–58
Vanaverbeke J, Arbizu PM, Dahms HU, Schminke HK (1997) The metazoan meiobenthos along a depth gradient in the Arctic Laptev Sea with special attention to nematode communities. Pol Biol 18:391–401
Vanegas SA, Mysak LA (2000) Is there a dominant timescale of natural climate variability in the Arctic? J Clim 13: 3412–3434
Vanreusel A, Vincx M, Bett BJ, Rice AL (1995) Nematode biomass spectra at 2 abyssal sites in the NE Atlantic with a contratsing food supply. Int Revue ges Hydrobiol 80: 287–296
Varela DE, Harrison PJ (1999) Effect of ammonium on nitrate utilization by Emiliania huxleyi, a coccolithophore from the oceanic northeastern Pacific. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 186: 67–74
Vasiliev AA (1995) Thermoabrasion of coast in the Western Yamal. Abstracts of Int Conference on permafrost, Pushchino (in Russian)
Vedernikov VI, Demidov AB (1997) Primary production and chlorophyll in the Northeastern Norwegian Sea in July 1995. Oceanology 37(2):227–232
Vedernikov VI, Demidov AB, Sud’bin AI (1995) Primary production and chlorophyll in the Kara Sea in September 1993. Oceanology 34(5):630–640
Vedernikov VI, Gagarin VI (1998) Primary production and chlorophyll in the Barents Sea in September-October, 1997. Oceanology 38:642–649
Velikotsky MA (1998) Modern shore dynamics of Kolguev Island. In: Solomatin (ed) Dynamics of Russian Arctic shores. Moscow Univ Press, pp 93–101 (in Russian)
Velitchko AA, Dolukhanov PM, Rutter NW and Catto NR (eds) (1997) Quaternary of northern Eurasia: Late Pleistocene and Holocene landscapes, stratigraphy and environments. Quat Intern, 41/42, 1991 pp
Venkatesan MI, Kaplan IR, Ruth F (1983) Hydrocarbon geochemistry in surface sediments of Alaskan outer continental shelf: Part 1: C15+ hydrocarbons. Am Ass Petrol Geol Bull 67:831–840
Verity PG (2000) Grazing experiments and model simulations of the role of zooplankton in Phaeocystis food webs. J Plankton Res 43:317–343
Verity PG, Smayda TJ, Sakshaug E (1991) Photosynthesis, excretion and growth rates of Phaeocystis colonies and solitary cells. Pol Res 10:117–128
Vernet M, Matrai PA, Andreassen IJ (1998) Synthesis of particulate and extracellular carbon by phytoplankton at the marginal ice zone in the Barents Sea. J Geophys Res 103(C1):1023–1037
Vetter EW, Dayton PK (1998) Macrofaunal communities within and adjacent to a detritus-rich submarine canyon system. Deep-Sea Res II 45:25–54
Vetter YA, Deming J (1994) Extracellular enzyme activity in the Arctic Northeast Water polynya. Mar Ecol Progr Ser 114:23–34
Vézina AF, Demers S, Laurion I, Sime-Ngando T, Juniper SK, Devine L (1997) Carbon flows through the microbial food web of first-year ice in Resolute Passage (Canadian High Arctic). J Mar Syst 11:173–189
Vibe C (1967) Arctic Animals in Relation to Climatic Fluctuations. CA Reitzels Forlag, Copenhagen, 227 pp
Vidal J, Smith SL (1986) Biomass, growth, and development of populations of herbivorous zooplankton in the southeastern Bering Sea during spring. Deep-Sea Res I 33: 523–556
Vidal J, Whitledge TE (1982) Rates of metabolism of planktonic crustaceans as related to body weight and temperature of habitat. J Plank Res 1:77–83
Vinje T (1987) Dynamics and morphology of the Barents Sea ice fields. Proc 9th Int Conf POAC 263–268
Vinje T, Kvambek ÅS (1991) Barents Sea drift ice characteristics. Pol Res 10:59–68
Vinje T, Nyborg M, Kjrnli G (1996) Sea ice variation in the Greenland Sea during the nineteenth century. In: Wadhams P, Wilkinson JP, Wells SCS (eds) Science Reports of Euorpean Subpolar Ocean Progress (EC/ MAST). Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge, UK, pp 101–103
Vinje T (2001) Anomalies and trends of sea-ice extent and atmospheric circulation in the Nordic Seas during the period 1864-1998. J Clim 14:255–267
Vink GE, Jason Morgan W, Zhao WL (1984) Preferential Rifting of Continents: A Source of Displaced Terranes. J Geophys Res 89:10.072–10.076
Vinnikov KY, Robock A, Stouffer RJ, Walsh JE, Parkinson CL, Cavalieri DJ, Mitchell JFB, Garrett D, Zakharov VF (1999) Global warming and northern hemisphere sea ice extent. Science 286:1934–1937
Vinogradova NG (1979) The geographical distribution of the abyssal and hadal (ultra-abyssal) fauna in relation to the vertical zonation of the ocean. Sarsia 64:41–50
VNIIOkeangeologia (All Russia Research Institute for Geology and Mineral Resources of the World Ocean) (1999) Bottom relief of the Arctic Ocean. St. Petersburg, Department of Navigation and Oceanography, Russian Federation, scale 1:5, 000, 000, 1 Sheet
Vogelsang E, Sarnthein M, Pflaumann U (2001) δ18O Stratigraphy, Chronology, and Sea Surface Temperatures of Atlantic sediment Records (GLAMAP-2000 Kiel). Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Kiel. Ber 13, pp 1–11
Vogt C (1997) Regional and temporal variations of mineral assemblages in Arctic Ocean sediments as climatic indicator during glacial/interglacial changes. Reps Pol Res 251, 309 pp
Vogt C, Knies J, Spielhagen RF, Stein R (2001) Detailed mineralogical evidence for two nearly identical glacial/ deglacial cycles and Atlantic water advection to the Arctic during the last 90.000 years. Glob Planet Change 31(1-4): 23–44
Vogt PR, Gardner J, Crane K (1999) The Norwegian-Barents-Svalbard (NBS) continental margin: Introducing a natural laboratory of mass wasting, hydrates, and ascent of sediment, pore water, and methane. Geo-Mar Lett 19: 2–21
Vogt PR, Taylor PT, Kovacs LC, Johnson GL (1979) Detailed aeromagnetic investigation of the Arctic Basin. J Geophys Res 84:1071–1089
Vogt PR, Taylor PT, Kovacs LC, Johnson GL (1982) The Canada Basin;Aeromagnetic constraints on structure and evolution, Tectonophysics 89:295–336
Volkman JK (1986) A review of sterol markers for marine and terrigenous organic matter. Org Geochem 9:83–99
Volkman JK, Barrett SM, Blackburn SI, Mansour MP, Sikes EL, Gelin F (1998) Microalgal biomarkers: a review of recent research developments. Org Geochem 29:1163–1179
Volkman JK, Barrett SM, Dunstan GA, Jeffrey SW (1993) Geochemical significance of the occurrence of dinosterol and other 4-methyl sterols in a marine diatom. Org Geochem 20:7–15
Volkman JK, Eglinton G, Corner EDS, Forsberg TEV (1980) Long-chain alkenes and alkenones in the marine cocco-lithophorid Emiliania huxleyi. Phytochem 19:2619–2622
von Quillfeldt CH (1997) Distribution of diatoms in the Northeast Water Polynya, Greenland. J Mar Syst 10:211–240
von Quillfeldt CH (2000) Common diatom species in arctic spring blooms: their distribution and abundance. Botanica Marina 43:499–516
Vörösmarty CJ, Hinzman LD, Peterson BJ, Bromwich DH, Hamilton LC, Morison J, Romanovsky VE, Sturm M, Webb RS (2001) The Hydrologic Cycle and its Role in the Arctic and Global Environmental Change: A Rationale and Strategy for Synthesis Study, Fairbanks, Alaska: Arctic Research Consortium of the U.S, pp 84
Voskresenskkii AI, Petrov LS (1985) Climate peculiarities. In: Arctic and Southern Oceans. Nauka, Leningrad: 45-64 (in Russian)
Wada E, Minagawa M, Mizutani H, Tsuji T, Imaizumi R, Karasawa K (1987) Biogeochemical studies on the transport of organic matter along the Otsuchi river watershed, Japan. Est Coast Shelf Sci 25:321–336
Wadhams P (1981) Sea-Ice Topography of the Arctic Ocean in the Region 70 degree W to 25 degree E. Phil Trans R Soc Lond 302:45–85
Wadhams P (1997) Variability of Arctic sea ice thickness-statistical significance and its relationship to heat flux. In: Stel JH, Behrens HWA, Borst JC, Droppert LJ, vd Meulen J (eds) Operational Oceanography. The Challenge for European Co-operation. Elsevier Science, pp 368–384
Wadhams P (2000) Ice in the Ocean. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 351pp
Wagner T, Dupont L (1999) Terrestrial organic matter in marine sediments: analytical approaches and eolianmarine records of the central Equatorial Atlantic. In: G Fischer and G Wefer (eds) The use of Proxies in Paleoceanography: Examples from the South Atlantic. Springer, Heidelberg Berlin, pp 547–574
Wagner T, Henrich R (1994) Organo-and lithofacies of glacial-interglacial deposits in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea: Responses to paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic changes. Mar Geol 120: 335–364
Wahsner M, Müller C, Stein R, Ivanov G, Levitan M, Shelekova E, Tarasov G (1999) Clay mineral distributions in surface sediments from the Central Arctic Ocean and the Eurasian continental margin as indicator for source areas and transport pathways: A synthesis. Boreas 28: 215–233
Walker HJ (1974) The Colville River and the Beaufort Sea: some interactions. In: Reed JC, Sater JE (eds) The Coast and Shelf of the Beaufort Sea. Arctic Institute of North America, Arlington, Va, pp 513–540
Wallace DWR, Minett P, Hopkins TS (1995) Nutrients, oxygen, and inferred new production in the Northeast Water Polynya, 1992. J Geophys Res 100(C3):4323–4340
Wallace DWR, Moore RM, Jones EP (1987) Ventilation of the Arctic Ocean cold halocline: rates of diapycnal and isopycnal transport, oxygen utilization and primary production inferred using chlorofluoromethane distributions. Deep-Sea Res 34:1957–1979
Wallace JM, Thompson DWJ (2002) Annular modes and climate prediction. Physics Today February:28–33
Walsh JJ (1989) Arctic carbon sinks: present and future. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 3:393–411
Walsh JJ (1989) How much shelf production reaches the deep sea? In: Berger WH et al. (eds) Productivity of the Ocean: Past and Present, Life Sci Res Rep, Vol 44, Wiley & Sons, pp 175–192
Walsh JJ (1995) DOC storage in Arctic seas: the role of continental shelves. In: Smith WO jr, Grebmeier J (eds) Arctic oceanography: marginal ice zones and continental shelves. AGU Press, Washington DC, pp 203–230
Walsh JJ, Dieterle DA (1994) CO2 cycling in the coastal ocean. I. A numerical analysis of the southeastern Bering Sea, with applications to the Chukchi Sea and the northern Gulf of Mexico. Prog Oceanogr 34:335–392
Walsh JJ, McRoy CP (1986) A tentative carbon (POC) budget for outer shelf and accumulation rate for continental slope, Bering Sea. Cont Shelf Res 5:259–288
Walsh JJ, McRoy CP, Coachman LK, Goering JJ, Nihoul JJ, Whitledge TE, Blackburn TH, Parker PL, Wirick CD, Shuert PG, Grebmeier JM, Springer AM, Tripp RD, Hansell DA, Djenidi S, Deleersnijder E, Henriksen K, Lund BA, Andersen P, Muller-Karger FE, Dean K (1989) Carbon and nitrogen cycling within the Bering/Chukchi seas: source regions for organic matter effecting AOU demands of the Arctic Ocean. Prog Oceanogr 22: 277–359
Walsh JJ, McRoy PC (1986) Ecosystem analysis in the southeastern Bering Sea. Cont Shelf Res 5:259–288
Walsh JJ, Rowe GT, Iverson RL, McRoy CP (1981) Biological export of shelf carbon is a sink of the global CO2 cycle. Nature 291:196–201
Walsh JJ, Wirick CD, Pietrafesa LJ, Whitledge TE, Hoge FE, Swift RN (1988) High-frequency sampling of the 1984 spring bloom within the Mid-Atlantic Bight: Synoptic shipboard, aircraft, and in situ perspectives of the SEEP-I Experiment. Cont Shelf Res 8:529–563
Wassmann P (1984) Sedimentation and benthic mineralization of organic detritus in a Norwegian fjord. Mar Biol 83:83–94.
Wassmann P (1991) Dynamics of primary production and sedimentation in shallow fjords and polls of western Norway. Oceanogr Mar Biol Ann Rev 91:87–154
Wassmann P (1994) Significance of sedimentation for the termination of Phaeocystis blooms. J Mar Syst 5: 81–100
Wassmann P (1998) Retention versus export food chains: processes controlling sinking loss from marine pelagic systems. Hydrobiologia 363:29–57
Wassmann P (1999) Spring bloom development in the marginal ice zone and the Central Barents Sea. Mar Ecol 20:321–346
Wassmann P (2001) Vernal export and retention of biogenic matter in the north-eastern North Atlantic and adjacent Arctic Ocean: the role of the Norwegian Atlantic Current and topography. Mem Nat Inst Pol Res Spec Issue 54: 77–392
Wassmann P, Andreassen I, Reigstad M, Slagstad D (1996) Pelagic-benthic coupling in the Nordic Seas: The role of episodic events. PSZN I: Mar Ecol Ecol 17:447–471
Wassmann P, Olli K, Wexels Riser C, Svensen C (2003) Ecosystem function, biodiversity and vertical flux regulation in the twilight zone. In: Marine Science Frontiers for Europe, Springer, Heidelberg Berlin, in press
Wassmann P, Peinert R, Smetacek V (1991) Patterns of production and sedimentation in the boreal and polar Northeast Atlantic. Pol Res 10: 209–228
Wassmann P, Ratkova TN, Andreassen I, Vernet M, Pedersen G, Rey F (1999) Spring bloom development in the marginal ice zone and the central Barents Sea. PSZN I: Mar Ecol 20(3/4):321–346
Wassmann P, Slagstad D (1993) Seasonal and annual dynamics of particulate carbon flux in the Barents Sea. Polar Biol 13:363–372
Wassmann P, Vernet M, Mitchell BG, Rey F (1990) Mass sedimentation of Phaeocystis pouchetii in the Barents Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 66:183–195
Weatherhead EC, Morseth CM (1998) Climate change, ozone, and ultraviolet radiation. In: AMAP Assessment Report: Arctic Pollution Issues. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, 859
Weber JR (1983) Maps of the Arctic Basin Sea Floor: A History of Bathymetry and its Interpretation. Arctic 36(2):121–142
Weber JR (1989) Physiography and Bathymetry of the Arctic Ocean Seafloor. In: Herman Y (ed) The Arctic Seas: Climatology, Oceanography, Geology, and Biology. Van-Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp 797–828
Weber JR, Roots EF (1990) Historical background; Exploration, concepts, and observations. In: Grantz A, Johnson GL, Sweeney JF (eds) The Arctic Ocean Region: The Geology of North America DNAG L, pp 5–36
Weber ME, Niessen F, Kuhn G, Wiedicke M (1997) Calibration and application of marine sedimentary physical properties using a multi-sensor core logger. Mar Geol 136: 151–172
Weeks WF, Ackley SF (1986) The growth, structure and properties of sea ice. In: Untersteiner N (ed) The geophysics of sea ice. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht (NATO ASI B146): 9–164
Weingartner T, Cavalieri DJ, Aagaard K, Sasaki Y. (1998) Circulation, dense water formation, and outflow on the northeast Chukchi Shelf. J Geophy Res 103(C4):7647–7661
Weingartner TJ, Danielson S., Saski Y, Pavlov V, Kulakov M (1999) The Siberian coastal current: A wind-and buoyancy-forced Arctic coastal current. J Geophy Res 104(C12):29697–29713
Welch HE, Bergmann MA (1989) Seasonal development of ice algae and its prediction from environmental factors near Resolute, NWT, Canada. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 46: 1793–1804
Welch HE, Bergmann MA, Siferd TD, Martin KA, Curtis MF, Crawford RE, Conover RJ, Hop H (1992) Energy flow through the marine ecosystem of the Lancaster Sound region, Arctic Canada. Arctic 45:343–357
Weller G, Lange M (1999) Impacts of global climate change in the Arctic regions. An initial assessment. International Arctic Science Committee (IASC), Oslo, Norway, 30 pp
Weller G, Parker (1972) Radiation regime of the Arctic Basin-studies at T3, AIDJEX sites and Barrow. Tech Rep Geophys Inst Univ Alaska 2:4–11
Werner I, Arbizu PM (1999) The sub-ice fauna the Laptev Sea and the adjacent Arctic Ocean in summer 1995. Pol Biol 21:71–79
Werner, I (1997) Ecological studies on the Arctic under-ice habitat-Colonisation and processes at the ice-water interface. Berichte aus dem Sonderforschungsbereich 313, Univ Kiel, 70:1–167
Weslawski JM, Koszteyn J, Zajaczkowski M, Wiktor J, Kwasniewski S (1995) Fresh water in Svalbard fjord ecosystems. In: Skoldal HR, Hopkins C, Erikstad KE, Leinaas HP (eds) Ecology of fjords and coastal waters. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 229–242
Weslawski JM, Szymelfenig M, Zajaczkowski M, Keck A (1999) Influence of salinity and suspended matter on benthos of an Arctic tidal flat. J Mar Sci 56:194–202
Westerhausen L, Poynter J, Eglinton G, Erlenkeuser H, Sarnthein M (1993) Marine and terrestrial origin of organic matter in modern sediments of the equatorial East Atlantic: the delta 13C and molecular record. Deep-Sea Res I 40:1087–1121
Wheeler PA (ed 1997) 1994 Arctic Ocean section. Deep-Sea Res II 44(8):1483–1757
Wheeler PA, Gosselin M, Sherr E, Thibault D, Kirchman DL, Benner R, Whitledge TE (1996) Active cycling of organic carbon in the central Arctic Ocean. Nature 380:697–699
Wheeler PA, Watkins JM, Hansing RL (1997) Nutrients, organic carbon and organic nitrogen in the upper water column of the Arctic Ocean: implications for the sources of dissolved organic carbon. Deep-Sea Res II 44: 1571–1592
Whitehouse BG, Macdonald RW, Iseki K, Yunker MB, McLaughlin FA (1989) Organic carbon and colloids in the Mackenzie River and Beaufort Sea. Mar Chem 26:371–378
Whitledge TE, Blidiger RE, Zeeman SI, Sambrotto RN, Roscigno PF, Jensen PR, Brooks JM, Trees C, Veidt DM (1988) Biological measurements and related chemical features in Soviet and United States regions of the Bering Sea. Cont Shelf Res 8:1299–1319
Whitledge TE, Gorelbin MI, Cheryab SM (1992) Biogenic nutrient content. In: Nagel PA (ed) Results of the third joint US-USSR Bering and Chukchi Seas Expedition (BERPAC), summer 1988. USFWS, Washington DC, pp 39–49
Whitledge TE, Luchin VA (1999) Summary of chemical distributions and dynamics in the Bering Sea. In: Loughlin TR, Ohtani K (eds) The dynamics of the Bering Sea. Univ Alaska Seagrant AK-SG-03, Univ Alaska Fairbanks, pp 217–249
Whitledge TE, Reeburgh WS, Walsh JJ (1986) Seasonal inorganic nitrogen distributions and dynamics in the southeastern Bering Sea. Cont Shelf Res 5:109–132
Wilson JT (1963) Hypothesis of Earth’s behavior. Nature 198: 925–929
Winther J-G, Gerland S, Ørbæk JB, Ivanov B, Zachek AS, Bezgreshnov AM (2001) Effects on spectral reflectance from snow ageing. Mem Natl Inst Polar Res Tokyo Spec issue 54:193–201
Wlodarska-Kowalczuk M, Szymelfenig M, Kotwicki L (1999) Macro-and meiobenthic fauna of the Yoldiabukta glacial bay (Isfjorden, Spitsbergen). Polish Polar Res 20:367–386
Wlodarska-Kowalczuk M, Weslawski JM, Gromisz S (1996) A comparison of the macrofaunal community structure and diversity in two arctic glacial bays-a “cold” one off Franz Josef Land and a “warm” one off Spitsbergen. Oceanologia 38:251–283
Wlodarska-Kowalczuk M, Weslawski JM, Kotwicki L (1998) Spitsbergen glacial bays macrobenthos-a comparative study. Polar Biol 20:66–73
Wolfe S, Dallimore S, Solomon SM (1998) Coastal perma frost investigations along a rapidly eroding shoreline, Tuktoyaktuk, NWT. In: Lewkowicz AG, Allard M (eds) Proceedings of the Seventh International Permafrost Conference, 23-27 June, 1998, Yellowknife, NWT, Canada, pp 1125–1132
Wollast R (1991) The coastal organic carbon cycle: fluxes, sources, and sinks. In: Mantoura RFC, Martin JM, Wollast R (eds) Ocean margin processes in global change. Wiley, Chichester, pp 365–381
Wollenburg I (1993) Sediment transport by Arctic sea ice: The present-day lithogenic and biogenic particulate loading (in German). Reps Pol Res 127:1–159
Wollenburg JE, Spielhagen RF, Pirrung M, Knies J, Mackensen A (2002) High-resolution palaeoproductivity fluctuations since the Late Weichselian as indicated by benthic foraminifera in the marginal Arctic Ocean. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol, subm
Wong CS, Matear RJ (1999) Sporadic silicate limitation of phytoplankton productivity in the subarctic NE Pacific. Deep-Sea Res II 46:2539–2555
Woodgate R, Schauer U, Fahrbach E (1998) Moored current meters in Fram Strait at 79°N: Preliminary results with special emphasis on the West Spitsbergen current. AWI Berichte aus dem Fachbereich Physik, 28pp
Woodgate RA, Aagaard K, Muench RD, Gunn J, Björk G, Rudels B, Roach AT, Schauer U (2001) The Arctic Ocean boundary current along the Eurasian slope and adjacent Lomonosov Ridge: Water mass properties, transports and transformations from moored instruments. Deep-Sea Res I 48:1757–1792
Woodgate RA, Fahrbach E, Rohard G (1999) Structure and transports of the East Greenland Current at 75°N from moored current meters. J Geophys Res 104(C8): 18059–18072
Wyllie-Echeverria T, Wooster WS (1998) Year-to-year variations in Bering Sea ice cover and some consequences for fish distributions. Fish Oceanogr 7:159–170
Yackel JJ, Barber DG, Papakyriakou TN (2001) On the estimation of spring melt in the North Water Polynya using RADARSAT-1. Atmos-Ocean 39:195–208
Yashin DS (2000) Holocene sedimentation in the Arctic seas In: Geological-geophysical features of the litosphere of the Arctic Region. VNIIOkeangeologia, St. Petersburg 3: 57–67
Yayanos AA (1998) Empirical and theoretical aspects of life at high pressure in the deep-sea In: Horikoshi K, Grant WD (eds) Extremophiles: Microbial life in Extreme Environments. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp 47–92
Yndestad H (1999) Earth nutation influence on the temperature regime of the Barents Sea. ICES J Mar Sci 56:381–387
Yunker MB, Backus SM, Graf Pannatier E, Jeffries DS, Macdonald RW (2002) Sources and significance of alkane and PAH hydrocarbons in Canadian arctic rivers. Est Coast Shelf Sci 55:1–31
Yunker MB, Cretney WJ (1995) Chlorinated dioxin trends between 1987 and 1993 for samples of crab hepatopancreas from pulp and paper mill and harbour sites in British Columbia, Can Tech Rep Fish Oc Sci 2082, Sidney: Institute of Ocean Sciences
Yunker MB, Macdonald RW (1995) Composition and origins of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Mackenzie River and on the Beaufort Sea shelf. Arctic 48:118–129
Yunker MB, Macdonald RW, Cretney WJ, Fowler BR, McLaughlin FA (1993) Alkane, terpene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon geochemistry of the Mackenzie River and Mackenzie Shelf: Riverine contributions to Beaufort Sea coastal sediment. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 57:3041–3061
Yunker MB, Macdonald RW, Fowler BR, Cretney WJ, Dallimore SR, McLaughlin FA (1991) Geochemistry and fluxes of hydrocarbons to the Beaufort Sea shelf: A multivariate comparison of fluvial inputs and coastal erosion of peat using principal components analysis. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 55:255–273
Yunker MB, Macdonald RW, Veltkamp DJ, Cretney WJ (1995) Terrestrial and marine biomarkers in a seasonally ice-covered Arctic estuary-Integration of multivariate and biomarker approaches. Mar Chem 49:1–50
Yunker MB, McLaughlin FA, Fowler BR, Smyth TA, Cretney WJ, Macdonald RW et al. (1990) NOGAP B.6:Vol 7: Hydrocarbon determinations; Mackenzie River and Beaufort Sea shoreline peat samples. Canadian Data Report of Hydrography and Ocean Sciences 60:81
Zafiriou OC, Gagosian RB, Peltzer ET, Alford JB, Loder T (1985) Air-to-sea fluxes of lipids at Enewetak Atoll. J Geophys Res 90(D1):2409–2423
Zahn R, Markussen B, Thiede J (1985) Stable isotope data and depositional environments in the late Quaternary Arctic Ocean. Nature 314:433–435
Zdanowicz CM, Zielinski GA, Wake CP (1998) Characteristics of modern atmospheric dust deposition in snow on the Penny Ice Cap, Baffin Island, Arctic Canada. Tellus 50: 506–520
Zenkevitch L (1963) Biology of the seas of the USSR. George Allen and Unwin, London, 955 pp
Zenkovich VP (1962) Foundations of doctrine about the evolution of sea shores. AN USSR Press, Moscow, 710 pp (in Russian)
Zernova VV, Nöthig E-M, Shevchenko VP (2000) Vertical microalgae flux in the northern Laptev Sea. Oceanology 40:801–808
Zhang J, Rothrock D, Steele M (2000) Recent changes in the Arctic sea ice: The interplay between ice dynamics and thermodynamics. J Clim 13:3099–3114
Zheng Y, Schlosser P, Swift JH, Jones EP (1997) Oxygen utilization rates in the Nansen Basin, Arctic Ocean: implications for new production. Deep-Sea Res I 44:1923–1944
Zinchenko AG (2000) A new orographic scheme of the Arctic shelf of Russia. In: Geological-geophysical features of the lithosphere of the Arctic Region.VNIIOkeangeologia, St. Petersburg 3: 39–56
Zingone A, Chrétiennot-Dinet MJ, Lange M, Medlin L (1999) Morphological and genetic characterization of Phaeocystis cordata and P. jahnii (Prymnesiophyceae), two new species from the Mediterranean Sea. J Phycol 35:1322–1337
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Stein, R., Macdonald, R.W. (2004). References. In: Stein, R., MacDonald, R.W. (eds) The Organic Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18912-8_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18912-8_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-62351-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-18912-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive