Abstract
Some of the basic characteristics of titanium and its alloys are listed in Table 2.1 and compared to those of other structural metallic materials based on Fe, Ni, and Al. Although titanium has the highest strength to density ratio it is the material of choice only for certain niche application areas because of its high price. This high price is mainly a result of the high reactivity of titanium with oxygen. The use of inert atmosphere or vacuum is required during the production process of titanium sponge from titanium tetrachloride as well as during the melting process. Additional major cost elements are energy and the initial high cost of titanium tetrachloride. On the other hand, the high reactivity with oxygen leads to the immediate formation of a stable and adherent oxide surface layer when exposed to air, resulting in the superior corrosion resistance of titanium in various kinds of aggressive environments, especially in aqueous acid environments. The much higher melting temperature of titanium as compared to aluminum, the main competitor in light weight structural applications, gives titanium a definite advantage above application temperatures of about 150°C. The high reactivity of titanium with oxygen limits the maximum use temperature of titanium alloys to about 600°C. Above this temperature the diffusion of oxygen through the oxide surface layer becomes too fast resulting in excessive growth of the oxide layer and embrittlement of the adjacent oxygen rich layer of the titanium alloy (see Sect. 2.9.3).
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(2007). Fundamental Aspects. In: Titanium. Engineering Materials, Processes. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73036-1_2
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