Abstract
The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily is a large group of structurally related proteins that play various important roles during embryonic development, as well as in adult life. This superfamily in addition to TGF-βs also contains the inhibins, activins, Mullerian inhibiting substance, and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), as well as the various growth and differentiation factors (GDFs). Members of the TGF-β superfamily are highly conserved, secreted molecules whose biologically active C-terminal domains play a variety of roles in embryonic pattern formation, body plan establishment and organogenesis in numerous species fromDrosophilaand C.elegansthrough humans [1–3]. Animals and humans lacking or having mutations in various TGF-β family members exhibit a wide variety of phenotypes, ranging from early embryonic death due to lack of mesodermal development to viable, but severely compromised animals with a variety of skeletal defects, to human diseases such as fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva and dentinogenesis imperfecta. Among the TGF-ß family members, the BMPs form a large subgroup of proteins, which were originally named on the basis of their ability as components of demineralized bone matrix to induce ectopic bone formation. Subsequently , classical protein chemistry in conjunction with molecular biology resulted in the cloning and expression of a number of BMPs. Their extensive homology to each other, in addition to highly conserved structural features, places them in the TFG-β superfamily[4].
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kingsley DM (1994) The TGF-B superfamily: new members, new receptors, and new genetic tests of function in different organisms.Genes Dey8: 133–146
Graff JM (1997) Embryonic patterning: to BMP or not to BMP, that is the question.Cell89: 171–174
Reddi AH (1997) Bone Morphogenetic Proteins: an unconventional approach to isolation of first mammalian morphogens.Cytokine Growth Factor Rev8: 11–20
Wozney J, Rosen V, Celeste AJ, Mitsock LM, Kriz RW, Hewick RM, Wang EA (1988) Novel regulators of bone formation: molecular clones and activities.Science242: 1528–1534
Ebendal T, Bengtsson H, Söderströmet S (1998) Bone morphogenetic proteins and their receptors: potential functions in the brain.J Neuro Res51: 139–146
Lee SJ (1990) Identification of a novel member (GDF-1) of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily.Mol Endocrinol4: 1034–1040
Paralkar VM, Vail AL, Grasser WA, Brown, TA, Xu, H, Vukicevic S, Ke HZ, Qi H, Owen TA, Thompson DD (1998) Cloning and characterization of a novel member of the transforming growth factorβ/bone morphogenetic protein family.J Biol Chem273: 13760–13767
McPherron AC, Lawler AM, Lee SJ (1997) Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-beta superfamily member.Nature387: 83–90
Yokoyama-Kobayahi M, Saeki M, Sekine S, Kato S (1997) Human cDNA encoding a novel TGF-beta superfamily protein highly expressed in placenta.J Biochem122: 622–626.
Hromas R, Broxmeyer HE, Kim C, Christopherson K 2nd, Hou YH (1997) PLAB, a novel placental bone morphogenetic protein.Biochem Biophys Acta1354: 40–44
Bootcov MR, Bauskin AR, Valenzuela SM, Moore AG, Bansal M, He XY, Zhang HP, Donnellan M, Mahler S, Pryor K et al (1997) MIC-1, a novel macrophage inhibitory cytokine, is a divergent member of the TGF-beta superfamily.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA94: 11514–11519
Barrack E (1997) TGF beta in prostate cancer: a growth inhibitor that can enhance tumorigenicity.Prostate31 (1): 61–70
McPherron AC, Lee SJ (1997) Double muscling in cattle due to mutations in the myostatin gene.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA94: 12457–12461
Carlson CJ, Booth FW, Gordon SE (1999) Skeletal muscle myostatin mRNA expression is fiber-type specific and increases during hindlimb unloading. AmJ Physiol277: R601–R606
Wehling M, Cai B, Tidball JG (2000) Modulation of myostatin expression during modified muscle use.FASEB J14:103–110
Sakuma K, Watanabe K, Sano M, Uramoto I, Totsuka T (2000) Differential adaptation of growth and differentiation factor 8,myostatin, fibroblast growth factor 6 and leukemia inhibitory factor in overloaded, regenerating and denervated rat muscles.Biochem Biophys Acta1497:77–88
Yamanouchi K, Soeta C, Naito K, Tojo H (2000) Expression of myostatin gene in regenerating skeletal muscle of the rat and its localization.Biochem Biophys ResComm 270: 510–516
Gonzales-Cadavid NF, Taylor WE, Yarasheski K, Sinha-Hikim I, Ma K, Ezzat S, Shen R, Lalani R, Asa S, Mamita M et al (1998) Organization of the human myostatin gene and expression in healthy men and HIV-infected men with muscle wasting.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA95: 14398–14943
Sharma M, Kambadur R, Matthews KG, Somers WG, Devlin GP, Conaglen JV, Fowke PJ, Basset JJ (1999) Myostatin, a transforming growth factor-beta superfamily member, is expressed in heart muscle and is upregulated in cardiomyocytes after infarct.J Cellular Physiol180: 1–9
Ji S, Losinski RL, Cornelius SG, Frank GR, Willis GM, Gerrard DE, Depreux FF, Spurlock ME (1998) Myostatin expression in porcine tissues: tissue specificity and developmental and postnatal regulation. Am JPhysiol275 (2): R1265–R1273
Kambadur R, Sharma M, Smith TP, Bass JJ (1997) Mutations in myostatin (GDF8) in double-muscled Belgian Blue and Piedmontese cattle. GenomeRes7: 910–915
Thomas M, Langley B, Berry C, Sharma M, Kirk S, Bass J, Kambadur R (2000) Myostatin, a negative regulator of muscle growth, functions by inhibiting myoblast proliferation.J Biol Chem275 (51): 40235–40243
Taylor WE, Bhasin S, Artaza J, Byhower F, Azam M, Willard DH, Kull FC, Gonzalez Cadavid N (2001) Myostatin inhibits cell proliferation and protein synthesis in C2C12 muscle cells.Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab280: E221–E228
Rios R, Carneiro I, Arce VM, Devesa J (2001) Myostatin regulates cell survival during C2C12 myogenesis.Biochem Biophys ResComm 280: 561–566
Miyazono KI, ten Dijke P, Heldin CH (2000) TGF-beta signaling by Smad proteins.Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 11(1–2): 15–22
Zawel L, Dai JL, Buckhaults P, Zhou S, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Kern SE (1998) Human Smad3 and Smad4 are sequence-specific transcription activators.Molecular Cell1: 611–617
Dennler S, Itoh S, Vivien D, ten Dijke P, Huet S, Gauthier JM (1998) Direct binding of Smad3 and Smad4 to critical TGF beta-inducible elements in the promoter of human plasminogen activator inhibitor-type 1 gene.EMBO J17 (11): 3091–3100
Kusanagi K, Inoue H, Ishidou Y, Mishima HK, Kawabata M, Miyazono K (2000) Characterization of a bone morphogenetic protein-responsive Smad-binding element.Mol Biol Cell11:555–565
Baur ST, Mai JJ, Dymecki SM (2000) Combinatorial signaling through BMP receptor IB and GDFS: shaping of the distal mouse limb and the genetics of distal limb diversity.Development127:605–619
Lee SJ and McPherron AC (1999) Myostatin and the control of skeletal muscle mass.CurrOpGenet Devel9: 604–607.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer Basel AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Paralkar, V.M., Grasser, W.A., Baumann, A.P., Castleberry, T.A., Owen, T.A., Vukicevic, S. (2002). Prostate-derived factor and growth and differentiation factor-8: newly discovered members of the TGF-β superfamily. In: Vukicevic, S., Sampath, K.T. (eds) Bone Morphogenetic Proteins. Progress in Inflammation Research. Birkhäuser, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8121-0_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8121-0_2
Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Basel
Print ISBN: 978-3-0348-9446-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-0348-8121-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive