Keywords

1 Introduction

Tunjungan, an old district of downtown Surabaya, is one of the areas affected by the conurbation phenomenonFootnote 1 of Greater Surabaya. This phenomenon has triggered the unplanned rapid growth and development of Central Business Districts (CBDs) which are scattered throughout several new axes of Surabaya City and the convergence of public transportation systems with the result that the CBDs of Tunjungan are experiencing agglomeration and its spatial pattern is transformed from linear to rhizomeFootnote 2 and is not evolved in an integrated manner. The identity problem affecting Tunjungan arises when the attractiveness as a commercial, heritage, and heroic site that it once enjoyed is lost (Patriajaya & Kusliansjah, 2019) along with the development of Surabaya. As such, it follows the general architectural trends in commercial areas (contemporary architecture styles in universal CBDs), substituted with the multi-level typology of mixed-use commercial clusters, such as Tunjungan Plaza, Surabaya Plaza, Grand City, and others. This research paper explains the exploration process and the conceptual steps in an effort to integrate the uniqueness of Tunjungan’s identity in its development process in line with the Urban Land-use Plan of Greater Surabaya. Its objective is to provide an integrated design concept solution for the revitalisation of the Tunjungan district of Surabaya as an identifiable commercial heritage tourism site. The benefits of this study are the referenced integrated design concept that can be used to embody the form of adaption and resilience of Surabaya in order to conserve the architectural order of its historic environment and persevere in the fighting spirit values in the midst of the digital era.

2 Theoretical and Methodological Approach

The term “urban” is analogised to a living organism (Corbusier, 1967). As a living organism, an urban area experiences birth, development, disintegration, or even death (Bally & Marshall, 2009). Urban development involves a complete change in urban society socially, economically, culturally, and physically in a planned or unplanned manner (Kostof & Tobias, 1991).

Physical-spatial changes in urban space are considered as a transformation that can occur because of the power that controls its order configuration (Habraken, 1983). The transformation in urban space is dominated by the merger or division of the order configuration of building lots that can change or even eliminate their past building typology. Based on the Form and Control theory (Habraken, 1998), transformation can be identified from physical order (urban form), territorial order (place hierarchy), and cultural order (understanding that the behaviour and habit in urban space form a heritage that embraces physical artefacts and intangible characteristics of society that are passed down from previous generations, valuable, preserved in the present, and entrusted to future generations (UNESCO, 1972).

This is based on the values and memories of the uniqueness of the context that are certain and significant (by experiencing activities, artefacts, and the site itself) and genuinely stand for the reminiscences and society of the past and present through heritage tourism (National Trust for Historic Preservation, 2015). Three key factors that determine the success of a tourism site (Samsuridjal & Kaelany, 1997) are as follows: attractions, accessibility, and amenity.

This research focuses on the problems and opportunities in a commercial urban space that has the potential for development into a heritage tourism site, based on local values. Employing qualitative methods, this study explores the urban form through history that has undergone a transformation due to its development in a case study and explains the form and control of commercial, heritage, and tourism-related elements to arrive at a conclusion that provides concepts, solutions, and design alternatives to give feedback on goals and benefits of the research conducted (Fig. 1.1).

Fig. 1.1
A block diagram with 3 parts, input, process, and output. The input consists of the phenomena, issues, problems, objectives, and benefits. The process involves analysis and synthesis. The output involves conclusion.

Source Authors (2019)

Research framework.

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3 Result and Discussion

Surabaya, the capital city of East Java province in Indonesia, is one of the oldest port cities (established in 1513) in Southern Asia which is still growing and developing rapidly in the present (Borschberg, 2001; Ricklefs, 1993). The Tunjungan district is located in the centre of the north–south axis of Surabaya towards the Tanjung Perak port which serves as a CBD (Fig. 1.2).

Fig. 1.2
Two maps labeled as a and b. a. A map of Indonesia highlighting the location of Surabaya, East Java Province. b. The location of Tunjungan district is marked in Surabaya city.

Source Bappeda, Surabaya (2017) Illustration Authors (2019)

a Location of Surabaya city. Illustration Authors (2019). b Location of Tunjungan district in Surabaya city.

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3.1 History of Tunjungan

The history of Tunjungan can be traced from three milestones, namely the Pre-Colonial era (from the late fifteenth to the early nineteenth century), the Colonial era (1808–1945), and the Post-Colonial era (1945–present) (Santoso, 2006).

According to various historical sources of Surabaya, during the Pre-Colonial era (around the sixteenth century), Tunjungan was known as the southern entrance of the Duchy of Surabaya (Kadipaten Surabaya), decorated with a white lotus flower, in the time of the Mataram Kingdom era. As a local toponym, the white lotus flower is called tunjung which later became the etymological forerunner to the naming of Tunjungan (Silas, 1994).

Under Colonial rule, Surabaya was established as a Gemeente (Dutch for Township) from early 1900 to late 1940. Tunjungan was a city centre and built with all the amenities and ease of use in terms of accessibility so that it attracted the bourgeoisie as a Colonial élite pedestrian shopping street area (Fig. 1.3) (Oswan & Arifin, 2013; Poerbantanoe, 1999).

Fig. 1.3
Two photographs of the old Tunjungan city in 1905 and 1955. a. Old buildings with pillars, cars are parked near them and also go on the road. b. A building named Aurora at the square of a busy street.

a Old Tunjungan in 1905. Source KITLV and b old Tunjungan in 1955. Source KITLV

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The Tunjungan district is known as the site of two historical incidents for the people of Surabaya, namely.

  • 1942, the Allied bombing of the Siola building during the Japanese occupation.

  • 1945, the Hotel Yamato Incident where Indonesian youth revolutionaries tore down the Colonial flag at the Yamato Hotel (now Hotel Majapahit) which led to the Battle of Surabaya.

These three milestones of the Tunjungan described above have become an indelible memory, attracting domestic and foreign tourists alike to visit this area.

3.2 Contemporary Architecture of CBD Tunjungan

The CBD of Tunjungan is located in the core and inner ring of the Tunjungan district with areas of 216 ha (covering the Genteng, Embong Kaliasin, and Kedungdoro sub-districts), whose main axis is Tunjungan Street to the south towards the Gubernur Suryo street and to the north towards Ketabang Kali street and is edged with the Kalimas River. The CBD Tunjungan area has been growing and developing with characteristics of agglomeration and conurbation (change in land-use and regulation of FAR, Building Coverage, and Building Height) (Fig. 1.4). The development of Tunjungan’s CBD can be seen from the transformation of the type of building lots, building forms, access and changes in the concept of technology and materials, and urban architecture style, following the recent trends in contemporary architecture. As a result, the old identity of the Tunjungan district as a heroic site and a pedestrian shopping street area, with the characteristics of pedestrian streets and storefront-friendly spaces, has been lost.

Fig. 1.4
Two maps compare land usage in 1905 and the present for commercial, residential, open space, public facilities, core, and inner rings in Tunjungan districts. A graphical image of buildings of old and contemporary Tunjungan is illustrated at the bottom.

a Land-use of Tunjungan in 1905. Source KITLV Illustration Authors (2019), b land-use of Tunjungan present. Source Bappeda (2017), and (c) Change in FAR, Building Coverage, and Building Height in Tunjungan district can be seen from the transformation of the buildings. Source Research document (2019)

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3.3 Integrated Design Concept

The proposed integrated design concept is an academic-based research notion for the future development of the Tunjungan district. The identification of historical and present values is a crucial prospective in finding solutions to the problems that this area is facing.

3.3.1 Potentials of the Area to Solve the Problems

The potentials of the Tunjungan district, provided they are explored and managed in an integrated manner, can be the key solutions to the problems and make this area into an identifiable commercial heritage tourism site (Table 1.1).

Table 1.1 Potentials and problems of Tunjungan district
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3.3.2 Design Criteria

The spirit of an integrated identifiable commercial heritage tourism concept is to create adaptive and resilient built environments for the Tunjungan district by understanding the form and setting through its historical potentials and cultural values of the place, so that it becomes productive, effective, and efficient in a sustainable manner and makes this place an educational laboratory for visitors and future generations. Thus, the design criteria for the commercial heritage tourism design of the Tunjungan district are as follows:

Attractiveness

  1. 1.

    Major commercial buildings are designated to be the main attractions.

  2. 2.

    Objects and potentials of the site that have historical values are introduced in an integrated manner with the main attractions through digital information advances.

Accessibility

  1. 1.

    Provide various public transportation systems and build adequate public transportation stops.

  2. 2.

    Provide parking spaces in the specific areas to maintain the continuity of the pedestrian-way and enhance its convenience for the users.

  3. 3.

    Facilitate the pedestrian-way with a pedestrian bridge and/or an underground crossing.

Amenity

  1. 1.

    Clarify the lanes division to create a sense of comfort and security for the users.

  2. 2.

    Equip the pedestrian-way with adequate elements of streetscape and digital spaces.

  3. 3.

    Provide spaces for seasonal festivals or events.

3.3.3 Model

The delineation of the proposed identifiable commercial heritage tourism area in the Tunjungan district is determined from four commercial function nodes which form the main attractions of this area (Fig. 1.5a). From the determined boundaries, the supporting function nodes are positioned as secondary attractions (Fig. 1.5b). Thus, the combination of these two attractions becomes a tourist activity generator (Fig. 1.5c).

Fig. 1.5
Two maps of the Tunjungan district depict the proposed main and secondary attractions. The chart below points out the photographs of various primary and secondary attractions on the map.

Source Authors (2019)

a Proposed main attractions map, b proposed secondary attractions map, and c attractions in Tunjungan as identifiable commercial tourism.

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Tunjungan Street, located on the north-west side, is positioned as the main entrance to the corridor of the proposed identifiable commercial heritage tourism area in the Tunjungan district, which is formed from a row of Dutch East Indies heritage buildings in the Indies Empire style, the New Indies style, and the Nieuwe Bouwen style, some of which possess high historical value. The entrance gate is marked by two main heritage buildings, located at both ends of Tunjungan, namely the Siola Building (a) and Hotel Majapahit (2) (Fig. 1.6).

Fig. 1.6
A map of the Tunjungan district with the locations of the Siola building at the left and Hotel Majapahit at the right are marked with dots.

Source Authors (2019)

Entrance gate to commercial heritage tourism in Tunjungan district is marked by (1) Siola building and (2) Hotel Majapahit.

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The on-street parking system is replaced by the on-site parking system, centred on eight parking spaces in the proposed identifiable commercial heritage tourism area in the Tunjungan district (Fig. 1.7). The proposed parking system consists of the existing multi-storey car parks and underground car park, owned by the government and the private sector.

Fig. 1.7
A map of the Tunjungana district with private and government sites marked with dots and numbers. The sites include 8 places, the Siola building, Prestasi public park, Surabaya youth center, Tunjungan electronic centre, Sentral Tunjungan, Tunjungan plaza, Surabaya, and grand city.

Source Authors (2019)

Distribution map of proposed parking spaces for identifiable commercial heritage tourism in Tunjungan district.

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The public transportation system from outside the proposed identifiable commercial heritage tourism area in the Tunjungan district uses the existing transportation systems and routes, according to Surabaya City government regulations. Intended specifically for the mobility of the proposed area, three new transportation modes are suggested (Table 1.2).

Table 1.2 Proposed transportation modes for identifiable commercial heritage tourism in the Tunjungan district
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The pedestrian system is designed in line with the linearity of the roads in the Tunjungan district and is integrated with public transportation stops and equipped with a digital communication technology system to enhance the amenities in response to the demands of the digital era (Fig. 1.8 and Table 1.3).

Fig. 1.8
A map of the Tunjungan district depicts the route for public transportation. The dots are marked along the road. It includes the stops for Siola, Tunjungan, Pemuda, Taman Prestasi, Grand city, and Plaza Surabaya.

Source Authors (2019)

Distribution map of proposed public transportation stops in Tunjungan district.

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Table 1.3 Proposed types of transportation stops for identifiable commercial heritage tourism in the Tunjungan district
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The proposed model design includes the arrangement of vehicles and pedestrian-ways to increase the convenience and attractiveness of the Tunjungan district (Fig. 1.9). In principle, these two lanes are separated to serve the needs of all road users. This area is also equipped with special lanes for disabled users, which are provided with materials and colours according to international standards (Fig. 1.10). Classic street furniture has been chosen to restore the old atmosphere. The street landscape element of choice is a Tabebuia tree with white flowers to strengthen the identity of the Tunjungan district as a white flower garden, and it has been equipped with street lights that support the decoration theme of seasonal festivals.

Fig. 1.9
An illustration of a road with walking lanes, parking, outdoor restaurants, and buildings on either side. The sections are labeled as storefronts, outdoor store seating, walkways, laneways, and public transportation stops.

Source Authors (2019)

Proposed design of clear lane division in Tunjungan district.

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Fig. 1.10
An illustration of the road plan with walking lanes, parking, outdoor hotels, and buildings on either side. The proposed materials for the construction are mentioned at the top.

Source Authors (2019)

Proposed materials in Tunjungan district.

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4 Conclusions

The development of the Tunjungan district as a CBD requires an integrated design concept in order to turn this area into an identifiable commercial heritage tourism area in the midst of the digital era. An integrated design concept is a solution for the unintegrated transformation in the physical-spatial layout of the Tunjungan district. Thus, the necessary criteria and alternative design for Tunjungan district are as follows:

  • Four major commercial street and buildings in this area (Tunjungan Street, Tunjungan Plaza, Plaza Surabaya, and Grand City) are identified as the main attractions, and the supporting functions (Kalimas, Surabaya Youth Centre, and others) are regarded as the secondary attractions.

  • The gate to the commercial heritage tourism area in the Tunjungan district is Tunjungan Street which has the highest historical value derived from a set row of heritage buildings.

  • Public transportation stops, equipped with adequate elements of streetscape and digital spaces, aim to serve various public transportation systems and users.

  • Parking spaces are provided in specific areas to maintain the continuity of pedestrian-ways and to create sense of comfort for the pedestrian users, and a pedestrian bridge and/or underground crossing is provided.

  • The lanes are divided clearly and make use of materials, according to international requirements, to serve the needs of all road users and to provide spaces for seasonal festivals.