Abstract
Plant diseases are one of the major factors that can limit crop productivity and have a serious impact on the economic output of a farm. They cause 14% yield losses to agriculture in the world. Nanotechnology is emerging in agriculture, and it provides efficient and sustainable food production by improving rapid diagnosis and detection of different diseases and pest incidence in plants using nanoformulations, enhancing the ability of plants to control diseases and environmentally safe application of chemicals and increasing the efficacy of pesticides by using only minor doses through nano-based materials. Recently, several studies have reported that nanoformulations can be used for improving the yield and quality of several crops by reducing the amount of chemicals released in the environment. This chapter provides a compilation of technologies involved in synthesis of nanoparticles and then an overview of the application of nanotechnology in agriculture with special focus on plant protection products and nanopesticides. In fact, the nanotechnologies potency was discussed in an integrated pest management issue as cost-effective and eco-friendly methodologies. The advantages and limitations of nanotechnologies were also discussed in order to provide a support in making decision.
Access provided by Autonomous University of Puebla. Download chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
13.1 Introduction
Crop losses due to plant disease and pests are a major threat to food security worldwide (Savary and Willocquet 2014). Plant diseases are caused by viruses, bacteria, insects, bacteria, and nematodes. Worldwide, insect pests and plant diseases are responsible for losses ranging between 14% and 13%, respectively (Agrios 2005). Recently, pathologists determined top ten list of scientifically and economically important plant pathogens including plant parasitic nematodes, fungi, viruses, and bacteria (Jones et al. 2013; Mansfield et al. 2012; Scholthof et al. 2011; Dean et al. 2012) (Table 13.1).
The correct identification and quantification of pathogen causing disease is of major importance in plant health monitoring. However, the detection of plant pathogens based on traditional laboratory techniques such as cultural techniques and microscopy is time-consuming and requires complex sample handling and specialized skills. Because of the importance of the damage caused by plant pathogens, many strategies have been widely developed for diagnosing plant pathogens with a high degree of specificity and sensitivity including DNA-based methods and immunological techniques (Kashyap et al. 2016). In spite of these advantages, most of these technologies have some limitations in detecting pathogens and cannot be applied directly on site detection (Kashyap et al. 2016). Another limitation is related to the high price of some molecular biology reagents, such as primers and enzymes.
By 2050, the population growth is expected to increase from 6 billion to 9 billion, and the global demand for food is expected to grow over the next 40 years due to climate change; limited natural resources such as soil fertility, water, and land; and environmental issues such as the excessive accumulation of pesticides in agricultural soils (Chen and Yada 2011). Traditional plant protection strategies such as integrated pest management often prove insufficient, and application of chemical pesticides leads to various environmental and human health issues. In addition, the resistance of some plant pathogens and pests against the indiscriminate use of pesticides is rapidly becoming a serious problem (Sangeetha et al. 2017a). To preserve biodiversity, there is an urgent need to achieve pest and disease management by alternate strategies such as nanotechnology. “Nano” word originated from Latin word, which means dwarf. According to International Standards Organization (ISO), nanomaterial is defined as a material with an external dimension in the nanoscale or having an internal structure or surface structure in the nanoscale (1–100 nm). Then the nanotechnology was defined as the science of materials and devices whose structures and constituents demonstrate novel and considerably altered physical, chemical, and biological phenomena due to their nanoscale size (Bhatia 2016). Recently, nanotechnology in agriculture has been increasingly applied to promote food security, food safety, and food production throughout the world (Sangeetha et al. 2017b). In agriculture, nanotechnology has a broad range of applications including nanoparticles (NPs) to manage different plant diseases and pests (Sangeetha et al. 2017b).
Nano-based materials have been widely used to increase the efficacy of pesticides during their applications by allowing minor doses to be used (Abd-Elsalam 2013). In agriculture, particularly, numerous publications and patents have shown the potential benefits of nanotechnological strategies for disease management and crop productivity (Prasad et al. 2012; Parisi et al. 2015; Kah and Hofmann 2014; Mishra and Singh 2016), such as nanofertilizer for enhanced crop productivity, nanopesticides for pest and plant disease management, and nanosensors for detection of plant pathogens and soil monitoring (Barik et al. 2008; Wilson et al. 2008; Oliveira et al. 2015; Prasad et al. 2014, 2017a, b, c; Bhattacharyya et al. 2016; Ismail et al. 2017; Gupta et al. 2018). In this review, we highlighted the potential of nanotechnology applications in the control of plant diseases through the use of metallic nanoparticles and nanosensors for the detection of pests and plant pathogens in different agricultural situations.
13.2 Nanotechnology in Agriculture
With the advancement of industrialization and urbanization, the use of cutting-edge technologies such as nanotechnology and new materials to promote the original innovation of agricultural science and technology is conducive to the sustainable development of agriculture. Recently, nanotechnology has been applied in agriculture and shows good prospects. The development of nanotechnology has led to many new disciplines related to nanometers, such as nanomedicine, nanochemistry, nanoelectronics, nanomaterials, nanobiology, etc., which naturally gave birth to nano-agriculture. Conceptually, nanotechnology agriculture is a material in the field of nanotechnology and agriculture, scientific innovation, and agricultural application of nanomaterial research. Indeed, the application and potency of nanotechnology in agriculture seem to be promising; however, some technical and economic issues should be dealt with. Nanotechnology enables to produce higher yields with lower input costs by streamlining agricultural management and by this way reducing waste and labor costs (increase the level of production at low cost) (Sheykhbaglou et al. 2010). Nevertheless, there is a need to deal with these aims adopting precision farming practices and effective application of nanotechnology (Chowdappa and Gowda 2013).
In fact, the application of integrated innovation and nanotechnology in agriculture is not new. In order to overcome food security, resource scarcity, and environmental issues, in 2000, the National Nanotechnology Innovation Initiative officially incorporated agricultural nanotechnology into the research agenda. In 2003, the US Department of Agriculture launched a special study on the application of nanotechnology in agriculture and food. In the past 10 years, the European Union, Brazil, Canada, China, and other major agricultural countries have strengthened research and development in nano-agriculture. FAO, WHO, and other international organizations are also very concerned about nanotechnology for global agriculture and food security. Practically, nanotechnology can be used to improve the production process and to improve the effectiveness of the new varieties in organic crop cultivation. It is also adopted to enjoy targeted delivery and controlled release of functional nanomaterials in order to improve chemical fertilizers and pesticides and for effective use of other agricultural inputs such as veterinary drugs and animal feeds to reduce residues and pollution. In addition, it can also benefit from the use of nanotechnology to improve monitoring and diagnostic analysis capabilities for major agricultural “epidemics,” food safety, and food nutrition. At a quality scale, the content, flavor, and external quality can be improved using nanomaterials in the agricultural production process.
Applications of nanotechnology in the research filed related to agriculture have made important strides especially in reducing pesticide particles from the traditional 5 microns to 100 nm. The small size effect can reduce the shedding of pesticides on the foliage and advance the application of pesticides. Concurrently, the use of nanomaterials to load pesticide particles can achieve controlled release through microencapsulation technology according to the aging characteristics of crop control and extend the duration of application, thus reducing the number of pesticide application times, thereby avoiding food safety issues caused by pesticide abuse. Nanotechnology can also enhance the water solubility and dispensability of poorly soluble pesticides and reduce the use of organic solvents in pesticide formulations (Zhao 2014). The process of nanomaterial production involves cut-edge technologies to engineer nanostructure devices with minimum dimensions less than 100 nm. Several studies report that nanoprocessing methods are based on an unprecedented growth of knowledge and deep understanding of the characteristics, properties, and their integration with engineered nanomaterials into multifunctional devices (Schäffer et al. 2000; Lee et al. 2003; Smith et al. 2003; Ginger et al. 2004; Gates et al. 2005; Biswas et al. 2006; Acharya et al. 2008; Ariga et al. 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011; Rogers and Lee 2008; Sakakibara et al. 2011; Ando et al. 2010; Kraemer et al. 2009; Li et al. 2009; Mailly 2009; Marrian and Tennant 2009; Schmid et al. 2009; Yaman et al. 2011).
Based on the ultrasmall size of nanomaterials, nanotechnology could be less harmful to the environment and human health; however, there are studies showing the potential health hazards and toxic effects since these nanomaterials when entered into a human body lead to tissue damage by the easiness to reach all vital organs.
13.3 Nanotechnology for Plant Disease Detection
A rapid and reliable diagnostic test to identify and quantify pathogens in samples is an essential step toward managing plant disease. However, the diagnostic of these pathogens based on traditional method is time-consuming, lacks high sensitivity, and requires specialized skills. Therefore, molecular tools have been widely used for diagnosing plant diseases including DNA-based molecular diagnostics (PCR with species-specific primers, quantitative PCR, sequencing, etc.) and immunoassays for the detection of pathogen nucleic acid and proteins extracted from infected plants (Lopez et al. 2003; Khater et al. 2017). Several previous studies addressed pathogen detection using immunoassays (serological assays) and nucleic acid-based methods (Nolasco et al. 2002; Anwar Haq et al. 2003; Teixeira et al. 2005; Lacava et al. 2006; Li et al. 2006; Ruiz-Ruiz et al. 2009). Despite these advantages, molecular techniques have some limitations in detecting pathogens directly in the field. Moreover, another limitation is related to false-negative results which can be produced by PCR failure due to degraded DNA, presence of inhibitors, or other reasons (Louws et al. 1999; Lopez et al. 2003; Waeyenberge et al. 2009; Martinelli et al. 2015). To overcome such limitations, there is an urgent need for accurate and early detection of pathogens with the help of effective application of nanotechnology in agriculture. An early diagnosis of disease plays a significant role in health monitoring. It allows to reduce the risk of disease transmission and spread, prevent introduction of new pathogens at country border, and minimize crop loss (Strange and Scott 2005; Miller et al. 2009). Several previous studies addressed rapid diagnostic tools for the detection of plant pathogens using quantum dots, nanoparticles, nanosensors, and nano-based kits (Khiyami et al. 2014; Fan et al. 2003; Arya et al. 2005; Yao et al. 2009; André Lévesque 2001; Duhan et al. 2017; Abd-Elsalam and Prasad 2018). Quantum dots have been widely used to detect different plant pathogens (Arya et al. 2005; Khiyami et al. 2014). Quantum dots are semiconductor nanoparticles which are rapid than organic fluorescent dyes used as proteins for visual detection or markers on nucleic acids (Duhan et al. 2017). A method was developed to identify vector of beet necrotic yellow vein virus using quantum dots-fluorescence resonance energy (Safarpor et al. 2012). Rad et al. (2012) used the same method “Quantum dots-fluorescence resonance energy transfer based sensors” to detect Phytoplasma aurantifolia on lime with high sensitivity.
In the last years, biosensors have been widely used as diagnostic tools in food to improve pathogen and environmental analyses. They allow to improve pathogen detection techniques in different crop systems (Khater et al. 2017). Biosensor strategies are applied through different receptors including DNA probe and antibody-based biosensors (Singh et al. 2013; Khiyami et al. 2014). Moreover, nanosensors can detect rapidly the presence of plant viruses, bacteria, and crop pathogens with precise quantification (Otles and Yalcin 2010; Brock et al. 2011; Khater et al. 2017). Several previous studies addressed plant disease detection such as fungi (Chartuprayoon et al. 2010), virus (Yao et al. 2009), and bacteria (Boonham et al. 2008) using nanoparticles. Recently, gold nanoparticle (AuNP) aggregation-based DNA analyses have widely been used for the detection of plant pathogens’ DNA (Khater et al. 2017). Various studies reported the application of DNA-based biosensors for diagnosing plant pathogens with high degree of sensitivity and specificity (Table 13.2)
13.4 Application of Nanotechnology for Controlling Pest and Pathogens
Nanotechnology has been provisionally defined as relating to materials, systems, and processes which operate at a scale of 100 nm or less. A nanometer is one billionth of a meter. Overall nano refers to a size scale between 1 and 100 nm. For comparison, the wavelength of visible light is between 400 and 700 nm. A leukocyte has the size of 10,000 nm, a bacteria 1000–10,000 nm, virus 75–100 nm, protein 5–50 nm, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ~2 nm (width), and an atom ~0.1 nm. Nanotechnology considers the topics with viruses and other pathogens scale. So, it has the high potential to identify and eliminate pathogens (Predicala 2009; Prasanna 2007). The utilization of nanomaterials as a pesticide to control and prevent plant disease is an effective tool that may be adopted, meaning several methods and the evident methods would be the direct application in soil and on seeds and foliage (Khan and Rizvi 2014). The mode of action of nanomaterials for direct application is the same as conventional pesticides. However, the physicochemical characteristics are strictly different from conventional pesticides to formulated ones as nanomaterials. Based on this finding, the effect on pathogens (bacteria, fungi, and virus) evolved more attention to test and evaluate the effect on these nanopesticides. To elucidate this particularity, Khan and Rizvi (2014) reported that the use of silver at its normal form has no effect on the microorganisms. However, a formulated silver at nanoform was shown to be toxic on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumonia. The possible explanation according to the same study was that the nanoform of silver has a definite effect on the inhibition of colonization of bacteria and fungi.
In recent years, several plant pathologists harnessed the benefits of nanomaterials for controlling pests and plant diseases. A number of exciting results were obtained for controlling plant pests, especially nematodes, insects, bacteria, and fungi by application of different techniques of nanomaterials.
13.4.1 Plant-Parasitic Nematodes
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are one of the main biotic causes of plant stress and yield loss in world agriculture (Nicol and Rivoal 2008). Global yield losses due to damage by plant-parasitic nematodes are estimated at 7%, representing annual monetary losses of 5.8 billon US $ (Sasser and Freckman 1987). Many attempts are being developed for managing PPNs, including chemical control, cultural practices, and development of resistant varieties which cause reduction of nematode population densities to levels below damage thresholds (McSorley and Duncan 1995). Since the1950s, synthetic pesticides have been traditionally used by farmers for managing nematodes. However, the indiscriminate and unsafe use of pesticides is hazardous to environment and agro-ecosystems. To expand the choice of effective management methods, the search for benefits of nanomaterials against PPNs is gaining interest.
13.4.1.1 Nanosilver-Silicon
Silver nanoparticle (AgNP) has shown a great potential as an effective nematicide for controlling PPNs (Roh et al. 2009), and its nematicide effect is related with induction of oxidative stress in the cells of PPNs and disrupting cellular mechanism of membrane permeability and ATP synthesis (Ahamed et al. 2010; Lim et al. 2012). Cromwell et al. (2014) evaluated the nematicidal effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in laboratory and field experiments. They concluded that high application doses (≥90.4 mg/m2) of AgNP have been found to be effective in reducing the number of juveniles of Meloidogyne graminis in turfgrass. In addition, several researchers reported the effect of high concentrations of AgNP in reducing the entomopathogenic nematodes including Steinernema abbasi, S. arenarium, and Heterorhabditis indica (Taha and Shady 2016). Nasar (2016) evaluated the efficacy of Ag-nanoformulations of extracts of Urtica urens against root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita), and he revealed that the effect of petroleum ether extract and its Ag nanoparticles offers a satisfactory and environmentally friendly way of reducing Meloidogyne incognita. Abdellatif et al. (2016) reported that the use of green silver nanoparticles reduced significantly root galls caused by root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) in eggplant. They concluded that 12.75 mg 100 mL−1 of green silver nanoparticles was effective for controlling M. javanica without any phytotoxicity in eggplants. Moreover, Taha (2016) evaluated the effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against Meloidogyne incognita in screen house and laboratory. The same author concluded that the nematode populations of M. incognita associated with tomato were lower in soil treated with the concentration (1500 ppm) of AgNP. Finally, Goswami (1993) showed that the nematode populations of Meloidogyne incognita associated with cowpeas were lower in soil amended with Azadirachta indica than in dried and autoclaved soils
13.4.1.2 Plant Virus Nanoparticle (PVN)
Recently, several biological nanoparticles based on plant virus have been used for controlling PPNs. This method allows to deliver more pesticides to the roots by using plant virus and shows promising results for controlling crop diseases including nematodes (Chariou and Steinmetz 2017). Cao et al. (2015) developed a new method for increasing the mobility of Abamectin (biological pesticide) within the soil by loading it into a Red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV) -derived plant virus nanoparticle (PVN), and they showed egg masses and root galling caused by Meloidogyne hapla in tomato seedlings. Moreover, Charioui and Steinmetz (2017) evaluated the effect of a nematicide called crystal viol that encapsulated a Tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV) -derived plant virus nanoparticle. The authors showed that the virus allowed to obtain more diffusion of the pesticide to the root level, which causes a reduction of nematodes.
13.4.1.3 Iron Nanoparticles
Iron nanoparticles are a prominent example among nanomaterials due to their wide scope of application in health care, wastewater, medicine, agriculture and food, and energy (Ali et al. 2016). Iron NPs (FeNPs) were used in medicine and biology due to their strong magnetic properties including the magnetic guidance for drug delivery and separation of cells and biological products (Estelrich et al. 2015). Recently, Sharma et al. (2017) evaluated the potential of FeNPs as nematicides against Meloidogyne incognita associated with Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), and they concluded that the FeNPs reduced significantly the number of M. incognita in Okra due to their high reactivity.
13.4.1.4 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)
For centuries, gold nanoparticles have found their importance as important components for biomedical applications (Yeh et al. 2012). The range of application of the AuNPs has been growing rapidly and includes electronics, photodynamic therapy, therapeutic agent delivery, sensors, probes, diagnostics, and catalysis (Huang et al. 2007; Stuchinskaya et al. 2011; Brown et al. 2010; Ali et al. 2012; Perrault and Chan 2010; Peng et al. 2009; Thompson 2007). Recently, Kucharska et al. (2011) evaluated the effect of gold nanoparticles on the mortality of Steinernema feltiae (entomopathogenic nematodes), and they concluded that the concentration of AuNP (5 ppm) caused 78% mortality of nematode after 5 days of experiment.
13.4.2 Insect Pest
Nanoparticles have a great potential for the management and control of pests in modern agriculture. Several previous studies addressed the applications of different nanoparticles (NPs) for controlling insect pests (Yasur and Rani 2015; Murugan et al. 2016; Buhroo et al. 2017). Yang et al. (2009) reported that garlic essential oil with polyethylene glycol-coated nanoparticles reduced significantly the number of Tribolium castaneum. Stadler et al. (2010) tested the effect of nanostructured alumina on two insect pests (Rhyzoperthadominica and Sitophilus oryzae L.). The same authors concluded that after 3 days of exposure, the mortality of both insects was significantly higher. Debnath et al. (2011) concluded that amorphous silica nanoparticles were found to be very effective and can be used as insecticides against rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae. Guan et al. (2008) developed a new photodegradable insecticide based on nanoparticles. Various studies reported the application of different nanocomposites and nanomaterials used against insect pests (Table 13.3).
13.4.3 Effect of Nanoparticles on Bacteria
Even though nanotechnology has many applications, cytotoxicity remains the potential concern currently (Chatterjee et al. 2011). The antibacterial effects of nanomaterials on several species of bacteria were confirmed (Fu et al. 2005; Prasad et al. 2016; Aziz et al. 2014, 2015), but the mechanism of action is still not yet understood. Indeed, Warheit (2008) reported that different factors (synthesis, shape, size, composition, and stabilizer) can lead to different results even for close nanosuspensions. Jayaseelan et al. (2012) reported that zinc as a nanoparticle has an antibacterial activity on P. aeruginosa, and the maximum diameter of inhibition obtained in this study was 22 mm by using 25 ng mL−1 ZnO as a nanoparticle. The nanomaterials composed of silver and PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone) showed a good control of three pathogenic bacteria, S. aureus (Gram-positive), E. coli (Gram-negative), and P. aeruginosa (Gram-negative), and one beneficial bacteria Bacillus subtilis (Bryaskova et al. 2011). The same effect was observed after using CuO as a nanomaterial (Azam et al. 2012; Guzman et al. 2009). Khan and Rizvi (2014) reported that nanomaterials were dependent on concentration, physiology, metabolism, intracellular permeability, and the type of microbial cell.
13.4.4 Effect of Nanoparticles on Fungi
Fungicidal activity of nanomaterials was reported on fungi (Bryaskova et al. 2011; Sharma et al. 2009; Sondi and Salopek-Sondi 2004; Aziz et al. 2016). Singh et al. (2013) have found among 15 micronutrients in their nanoforms, only CuSO4 and Na2B4O7 were found to have fungicidal activity on rust disease of peas (Uromyces sp.). In sunflower crop, the damping off and charcoal diseases were suppressed by nanoforms of manganese and zinc (Abd El-Hai et al. 2009). Other nanoparticles have been reported to cause a deformation in the hyphae of B. cinerea and prevented the development of conidiophores and conidia in P. expansum which eventually led to the death of fungal hyphae (Prasad et al. 2017b). Krishnaraj et al. (2012) tested the effect of silver nanoparticles on plant pathogenic fungi, Alternaria alternata, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani, B. cinerea, and Curvularia lunata, and found that 15 mgL−1 concentration has a fungicidal activity on all the tested pathogens.
13.5 Future Prospects and Conclusion
In recent decades, the fast development of nanotechnology has paved the way for developing new approaches for various agricultural problems including plant protection and detection of diseases. Indeed, with a wide range of applications of nanotechnology in the future, we might expect nanoparticles will be extensively used for the management and control of plant pathogens. Nanomaterials can be used in plant protection and management of farm practices based on their small size.
Despite the wide application scope of nanotechnology and its benefits in plant disease management, there are several challenges in the field, about the potential risk in the use of nanoparticles in managing plant pathogens which is required to be solved prior to use in agricultural systems. The most pressing problem is the phytotoxicity of nanomaterials in the plant pathogen management which needs to be ascertained during plant growth.
References
Abd El-Hai KM, El-Metwally MA, El-Baz SM, Zeid AM (2009) The use of antioxidants and microelements for controlling damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani and charcoal rot caused by Macrophomina phasoliana on sunflower. Plant Pathol J 8:79–89
Abdellatif KF, Hamouda RA, El-Ansary MSM (2016) Green nanoparticles engineering on root-knot nematode infecting eggplant plants and their effect on plant DNA modification. Iran J Biotechnol 14:250–259
Abd-Elsalam KA (2013) Fungal genomics and biology nanoplatforms for plant pathogenic fungi management. Fungal Genomics Biol 2:e107
Abd-Elsalam KA, Prasad R (2018) Nanobiotechnology applications in plant protection. Springer International Publishing (ISBN 978-3-319-91161-8). https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319911601
Acharya S, Hill JP, Ariga K (2008) Soft Langmuir–Blodgett technique for hard nanomaterials. Adv Mater 21(29):2959–2981
Agrios GN (2005) Plant pathology, 5th edn. Elsevier Academic Press, Burligton/London, UK
Ahamed M, Posgai R, Gorey TJ, Nielsen M, Hussain SM, Rowe JJ (2010) Silver nanoparticles induced heat shock protein 70, oxidative stress and apoptosis in Drosophila melanogaster. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 242:263–269
Ali ME, Hashim U, Mustafa S, Chen Man YB, Islam KH (2012) Gold nanoparticle sensor for the visual detection of pork adulteration in meatball formulation. J Nanomater 2012:103607
Ali A, Zafar H, Zia M, Ul hap I, Phull AR, Ali JS, Hussain A (2016) Synthesis, characterization, applications and challenges of iron oxide nanoparticles. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 9:49–67
Ando Y, Miyake K, Mizuno A, Korenaga A, Nakano M, Mano H (2010) Fabrication of nano stripe surface structure by multilayer film deposition combined with micropatterning. Nanotechnology 21(9):095304
André Lévesque C (2001) Molecular methods for detection of plant pathogens-what is the future. Can J Plant Pathol 24:333–336
Anjali CH, Khan SS, Margulis-Goshen K, Magdassi S, Mukherjee A, Chandrasekaran N (2010) Formulation of water-dispersible nanopermethrin for larvicidal applications. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 73:1932–1936
Anwar Haq M, Collin MA, Brian Tomsett A, Jones MG (2003) Detection of Sclerotium cepivorum within onion plants using PCR primers. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 62:185–189
Ariga K, Hill JP, Ji Q (2007) Layer-by-layer assembly as a versatile bottom-up nanofabrication technique for exploratory research and realistic application. Phys Chem Chem Phys 9(19):2319–2340
Ariga K, Hill JP, Lee MV, Vinu A, Charvet R, Acharya S (2008) Challenges and breakthroughs in recent research on self-assembly. Sci Technol Adv Mater 9:104–109
Ariga K, Lee MV, Mori T, Yu X-Y, Hill JP (2010) Two-dimensional nanoarchitectonics based on self-assembly. Adv Colloid Interf Sci 154:20–29
Ariga K, Li M, Richards GJ, Hill JP (2011) Nanoarchitectonics: a conceptual paradigm for design and synthesis of dimension-controlled functional nanomaterials. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 11(1):1–13
Arvind Bharani RS, Karthick Raja Namasivayam S, Shankar S (2014) Biocompatible chitosan nanoparticles incorporated pesticidal protein beauvericin (Csnp-Bv) preparation for the improved pesticidal activity against major groundnut defoliator Spodoptera Litura (Fab.) (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae). Int J Chem Tech Res 6:5007–5012
Arya H, Kaul Z, Wadhwa R, Taira K, Hirano T, Kaul SC (2005) Quantum dots in bio-imaging: revolution by the small. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 329(4):1173–1177
Azam A, Ahmed AS, Oves M, Khan MS, Memic A (2012) Antimicrobial activity of metal oxide nanoparticles against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria: a comparative study. Int J Nanomedicine 7:6003–6009
Aziz N, Fatma T, Varma A, Prasad R (2014) Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Scenedesmus abundans and evaluation of their antibacterial activity. J Nanopart:689419. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/689419
Aziz N, Faraz M, Pandey R, Sakir M, Fatma T, Varma A, Barman I, Prasad R (2015) Facile algae-derived route to biogenic silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, antibacterial and photocatalytic properties. Langmuir 31:11605−11612. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03081
Aziz N, Pandey R, Barman I, Prasad R (2016) Leveraging the attributes of Mucor hiemalis-derived silver nanoparticles for a synergistic broad-spectrum antimicrobial platform. Front Microbiol 7:1984. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01984
Baghat D, Samanta SK, Bhattacharya S (2013) Efficient management of fruit pests by pheromone nanogels. Sci Rep 3:1984. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep0129
Bansal P, Bubel K, Agarwal S, Greiner A (2012) Water-stable all-biodegradable microparticles in nanofibers by electrospinning of aqueous dispersions for biotechnical plant protection. Biomacromolecules 13(2):439–444. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm2014679
Barik TK, Sahu B, Swain V (2008) Nanosilica-from medicine to pest control. Parasitol Res 103:253–258
Bhatia S (2016) Nanoparticles types, classification, characterization, fabrication methods and drug delivery applications. Natural Polymer Drug Delivery Systems 33–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41129-3_2
Bhattacharyya A, Duraisamy P, Govindarajan M, Buhroo AA, Prasad R (2016) Nano-biofungicides: emerging trend in insect pest control. In: Prasad R (ed) Advances and applications through fungal nanobiotechnology. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 307–319
Biswas A, Eilers H, Hidden F, Aktas OC, Kiran CVS (2006) Large broadband visible to infrared plasmonic absorption from Ag nanoparticles with a fractal structure embedded in a Teflon AF® matrix. Appl Phys Lett 88:103–113
Boonham N, Walsh K, Smith P, Madagan K, Graham I, Barker I (2003) Detection of potato viruses using microarray technology: towards a generic method for plant viral disease diagnosis. J Virol Methods 108:181–187
Boonham N, Glover R, Tomlinson J, Munford R (2008) Exploiting generic platform technologies for the detection and identification of plant pathogens. Eur J Plant Pathol 121:355–363
Borei HA, Zl Samahy MFM, Galal OA, Thabet AF (2014) The efficiency of silica nanoparticles in control cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis Boisd. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in soybean under laboratory conditions. Glob J Agric Food Safety Sci 2:161–168
Brock DA, Douglas TE, Queller DC, Strassmann JE (2011) Primitive agriculture in a social amoeba. Nature 469:393–396
Brown SD, Nativo P, Smith JA, Stirling D, Edwards PR, Venugopal B, Flint DJ, Plumb JA, Graham D, Wheate NJ (2010) Gold nanoparticles for the improved anticancer drug delivery of the active component of oxaliplatin. J Am Chem Soc 132:4678–4684
Bryaskova R, Pencheva D, Nikolov S, Kantardjiev T (2011) Synthesis and comparative study on the antimicrobial activity of hybrid materials based on silver nanoparticles (AgNps) stabilized by polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). J Chem Biol 4:185–191
Buteler M, Sofie SW, Weaver DK, Driscoll D, Muretta J, Stadler T (2015) Development of nanoalu- mina dust as insecticide against Sitophilus oryzae and Rhyzopertha dominica. Inter J Pest Manage 6:80–89
Buhroo AA, Nisa G, Asrafuzzaman S, Prasad R, Rasheed R, Bhattacharyya A (2017) Biogenic silver nanoparticles from Trichodesma indicum aqueous leaf extract against Mythimna separata and evaluation of its larvicidal efficacy. J Plant Protect Res 57(2):194–200
Bystricka D, Lenz O, Mraz I, Dedic P, Sip M (2003) DNA microarray: parallel detection of potato viruses. Acta Virol 47:41–44
Cao J, Guenther RH, Sit TL, Lommel SA, Opperman CH, Willoughby JA (2015) Development of abamectin loaded plant virus nanoparticles for efficacious plant parasitic nematode control. Appl Mater Interfaces 7(18):9546–9553
Chakravarthy AK, Bhattacharyya A, Shashank PR, Epidi TT, Doddabasappa B, Mandal SK (2012) DNA-tagged nano gold: a new tool for the control of the armyworm, Spodoptera litura Fab. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Afr J Biotechnol 11:9295–9301
Chang FP, Kuang LY, Huang CA, Jane WN, Hung Y, Hsing YIC, Mou CY (2013) A simple plant gene delivery system using mesoporous silica nanoparticles as carriers. J Mater Chem B 1:5279–5287
Chariou PL, Steinmetz NF (2017) Delivery of pesticides to plant parasitic nematodes using tobacco mild green mosaic virus as a nanocarrier. ACS Nano 11(5):4719–4730
Chartuprayoon N, Rheem Y, Chen W, Myung NV (2010) Detection of plant pathogen using LPNE grown single conducting polymer nanoribbon. In: Proceedings of the 218th ECS meeting. Las Vegas, October 10–15, pp 2278
Chatterjee S, Bandyopadhyay A, Sarkar K (2011) Effect of iron oxide and gold nanoparticles on bacterial growth leading towards biological application. J Nanobiotechnol 9:34
Chen H, Yada R (2011) Nanotechnologies in agriculture: new tools for sustainable development. Trends Food Sci Technol 22:585–594
Chowdappa P, Gowda S (2013) Nanotechnology in crop protection: status and scope. Pest Manage Hortic Ecosyst 19(2):131–151
Christenson LD, Foote RH (1960) Biology of fruit flies. Annu Rev Entomol 5:171–192
Christofoli M, Candida Costa EC, Bicalho KU, Cassia Domingues VD, Peixoto MF, Fernandes Alves CC, Araujo WL, Melo Cazal CD (2015) Insecticidal effect of nanoencapsulated essential oils from Zanthoxylum rhoifolium (Rutaceae) in Bemisia tabaci populations. Ind Crop Prod 70:301–308
Cromwell WA, Yang J, Starr JL, Young KJ (2014) Nematicidal effects of silver nanoparticles on Root-knot nematode in Burmudagrass. J Nematol 46(3):261–266
Czarnobai De Jorge B, Bisotto-de-Oliviera R, Pereira CN, Sant’Ana J (2017) Novel nanoscale pheromone dispenser for more accurate evaluation of Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) attract-and-kill strategies in the laboratory. Pest Manag Sci 73(9):1921–1926
Dean R, van Kan JAL, Pretorius ZA, Hammond-Kosack KE, Di Pietro A, Spanu PD, Rudd JJ, Dickman M, Kahmann R, Ellis J, Foster GD (2012) The top 10 fungal pathogens in molecular plant pathology. Mol Plant Pathol 13:414–430
Debnath N, Das S, Seth D (2011) Entomotoxic effect of silica nanoparticles against Sitophilus oryzae (L.). J Pest Sci 84:99–105
Debnath N, Mitra S, Das S, Goswami A (2012) Synthesis of surface functionalized silica nanoparticles and their use as entomotoxic nanocides. Powder Technol 221:252–256
Deyoung Z, Willingmann P, Heinze C, Adam G, Pfunder M, Frey B, Frey JE (2005) Differentiation of cucumber mosaic virus isolates by hybridization to oligonucleotides in a microarray format. J Virol Methods 123:101–108
Duhan JS, Kumar R, Kaur P, Nehra K, Duhan S (2017) Nanotechnology: the new perspective in precision agriculture. Biotechnol Rep 15:11–23
El Bendary HM, El Helaly AA (2013) First record nanotechnology in agricultural: silica nano- particles a potential new insecticide for pest control. App Sci Rep 4(3):241–246
Elek N, Hoffman R, Raviv U, Resh R, Ishaaya I, Magdassi S (2010) Novaluron nanoparticles: formation and potential use in controlling agricultural insect pests. Coll Surfac A: Physicochem Eng Asp 372:66–72
El-Helaly AA, El-Bendary HM, Abdel-Wahab AS, El-Sheikh MAK, Elnagar S (2016) The silica-nano particles treatment of squash foliage and survival and development of Spodoptera littoralis (Bosid.) larvae. J Entomol Zool Stu 4(1):175–180
Estelrich J, Escribano E, Queralt J, Busquets MA (2015) Iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetically-guided and magnetically-responsive drug delivery. Int J Mol Sci 16(4):8070–8101
Fan C, Wang S, Hong JW, Bazan GC, Plaxco KW, Heeger AJ (2003) Beyond superquenching: hyper-efficient energy transfer from conjugated polymers to gold nanoparticles. Proc Natl Acad Sci 100(11):6297–6301
Forim MR, Costa ES, Fernandes da Silva MFG, Fernandes JB, Mondego JM, Boiça Junior AL (2013) Development of a new method to prepare nano−/microparticles loaded with extracts of Azadirachta indica, their characterization and use in controlling Plutella xylostella. J Agric Food Chem 61(38):9131–9139
Fu G, Vary PS, Lin CT (2005) Anatase TiO2 nanocomposites for antimicrobial coatings. J Phys Chem B 109:8889–8898
Gates BD, Xu Q, Stewart M, Ryan D, Willson CG, Whitesides GM (2005) New approaches to nanofabrication: molding, printing, and other techniques. Chem Rev 105:1171–1196
Ginger DS, Zhang H, Mirkin CA (2004) The evolution of dip-pen nanolithography. Angew Chem Int Ed 43(1):30–45
Gopal M, Kumar R, Goswami M (2012) Nano pesticides -a recent approach for pest control. J Plant Prot Sci 4(2):1–7
Goswami BK (1993) Effect of different soil amendments with neem cake on root knot nematode and soil mycoflora in cowpea rhizosphere. Indian J Plant Prot 21(1):87–89
Goswami A, Roy I, Sengupta S, Debnath N (2010) Novel applications of solid and liquid formulations of nanoparticles against insect pests and pathogens. Thin Solid Films 519:1252–1257
Guan H, Chi D, Yu J, Li X (2008) A novel photodegradable insecticide: preparation, characterization and properties evaluation of nano-Imidacloprid. Pest Biochem Physiol 92:83–91
Gupta N, Upadhyaya CP, Singh A, Abd-Elsalam KA, Prasad R (2018) Applications of silver nanoparticles in plant protection. In: Abd-Elsalam K, Prasad R (eds) Nanobiotechnology applications in plant protection. Springer International Publishing Switzerland AG 247–266
Guzman MG, Dille J, Godet S (2009) Synthesis of silver nanoparticles by chemical reduction method and their anti bacterial activity. Int J Chem Biomol Eng 2(3):104–111
Hua KH, Wang HC, Chung RS, Hsu JC (2015) Calcium carbonate nanoparticles can enhance plant nutrition and insect pest tolerance. J Pestic Sci 40:208–213
Huang X, Jain PK, El-Sayed IH et al (2007) Gold nanoparticles: interesting optical properties and recent applications in cancer diagnostics and therapy. Nanomed 2:681–693
Ismail M, Prasad R, Ibrahim AIM, Ahmed ISA (2017) Modern prospects of nanotechnology in plant pathology. In: Prasad R, Kumar M, Kumar V (eds) Nanotechnology. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. Singapore 305–317
Jayaseelan C, Rahuman AA, Rajakumar G, Vishnu Kirthi A, Santhoshkumar T, Marimuthu S, Bagavan A, Kmaraj C, Zahir AA, Elango G (2011) Synthesis of pediculocidal and larvicidal silver nanoparticles by leaf extract from heartleaf moonseed plant, Tinospora cordifolia Miers. Parasitol Res 109(1):185–194
Jayaseelan C, Rahuman AA, Kirthi AV, Marimuthu S, Santhoshkumar T et al (2012) Novel microbial route to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles using Aeromonas hydrophila and their activity against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Spectrochim. Acta A: Mol Biomol Spectrosc 90:78–84
Jones JT, Haegeman A, Danchin EGJ, Gaur HS, Helder J, Jones MGK, Kikuchi T, Manzanilla-López R, Palomares-Rius J, Wesemael WML et al (2013) Top 10 plant-parasitic nematodes in molecular plant pathology. Mol Plant Pathol 14:946–961
Kah M, Hofmann T (2014) Nanopesticides research: current trends and future priorities. Environ Int 63:224–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.11.015
Kashyap PL, Rai P, Sharma S, Chakdar S, Pandiyan K, Srivastava AK (2016) Nanotechnology for the detection and diagnosis of plant pathogens. In: Ranjan S, Dasgupta N, Lichfouste E (eds) Nanoscience in food and agriculture. Sustainable agriculture reviews 21, vol 2. Springer, Cham
Khan MN, Rizvi TF (2014) Nanotechnology: scope and application in plant disease management. Plant Pathol J 13(3):214–231
Khater M, Escosura-Muñiz A, MerkoçI A (2017) Biosensors for plant pathogen detection. Biosens Bioelectron 93:72–86
Khiyami MA, Almoammar H, Awad YM, Alghuthaymi MA, Abd-Elsalam KA (2014) Plant pathogen nanodiagnostic techniques: forthcoming changes? Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip 28(5):775–785
Kraemer S, Fuierer RR, Gorman CB (2009) Scanning probe lithography using self-assembled monolayers. Chem Rev 103:4367–4418
Krishnaraj C, Jagan EG, Ramachandran R, Abirami SM, Mohan N, Kalaichelvan PT (2012) Effect of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles on Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Wettst. plant growth metabolism. Process Biochem 47:651–658
Kucharska K, Tumialis D, Pezowicz E, Skrzecz I (2011) The effect of gold nanoparticles on the mortality and pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes from Owinema biopreparation. Insect pathogens and entomopathogenic nematodes IOBC/wprs Bulletin vol. 66, str. 347–349
Lacava PT, Araujo WL, Azevedo JL, Hartung JS (2006) Rapid, Speicific and quantitative assays for detection of the endophytic bacterium methylobacterium mesophilicum in plants. J Microbial Methods 65:535–541
Lee KB, Lim JH, Mirkin CA (2003) Protein nanostructures formed via direct-write dip-pen nanolithography. J Am Chem Soc 125:5588–5589
Li W, Hartung JS, Levy L (2006) Quantitative real-time PCR for detection and identification of Candidatus Liberibacter species associated with citrus huanglongbing. J Microbiol Methods 66:104–115
Li L, Rafael RG, Gershgoren E, Hwang H, Fourkas JT (2009) Achieving lambda/20 resolution by one-color initiation and deactivation of polymerization. Science 324:910–913
Lim D, Roh J-Y, Eom H-J, Hyun JW, Choi J (2012) Oxidative stress-related PMK-1 P38 MAPK activation as a mechanism for toxicity of silver nanoparticles to reproduction in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Environ Toxicol Chem 31:585–592
López MM, Bertolini E, Olmos A, Caruso P, Gorris MT, Llop P, Penyalver R, Cambra M (2003) Innovative tools for detection of plant pathogenic viruses and bacteria. Int Microbiol 6:233–243
Louder JK (2015) Nanotechnology in agriculture: interactions between nanomaterials and cotton agrochemicals. Ph.D. Thesis, Texas Tech University, Texas, USA
Louws FJ, Rademaker JLW, de Bruijn FJ (1999) The three Ds of PCR-based genomic analysis of phytobacteria: diversity, detection and disease diagnosis. Annu Rev Phytopathol 37:81–125
Mailly D (2009) Nanofabrication techniques. Eur Phys J Special Topics 172:333–342
Mansfield J, Genin S, Magori S, Citovsky V, Sriariyanum M, Ronald P, Dow MAX, Verdier V, Beer SV, Machado MA, Toth IAN (2012) Top 10 plant pathogenic bacteria in molecular plant pathology. Mol Plant Pathol 13:614–629
Marrian CRK, Tennant DM (2009) Nanofabrication. J Vac Sci Technol A 21:S207–S215
Martinelli F, Scalenghe R, Davino S, Panno S, Scuderi G, Ruisi P, Villa P, Stroppiana D, Boschetti M, Goulart LR (2015) Advanced methods of plant disease detection. A review. Agron Sustain Dev 35:1–25
McSorley R, Duncan LW (1995) Economic thresholds and nematode management. Adv Plant Pathol 11:147–171
Miller SA, Beed FD, Harmon CL (2009) Plant disease diagnostic capabilities and networks. Annu Rev Phytopathol 47:15–38
Mishra S, Singh HB (2016) Preparation of biomediated metal nanoparticles. Indian Patent Filed 201611003248
Murugan K, Panneerselvam C, Subramaniam J, Madhiyazhagan P, Hwang JS, Dinesh D, Suresh U, Roni M, Higuchi A, Nicoletti M, Benelli G (2016) Eco-friendly drugs from the marine environment: sponge weed-synthesized silver nanoparticles are highly effective on Plasmodium falciparum and its vector Anopheles stephensi, with little non-target effects on predatory copepods. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 23(16):16671–16685
Nassar AMK (2016) Effectiveness of silver nano-particles of extracts of Urtica urens (Urticaceae) against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognit. Asian J Nematol 5:12–19
Nicol JM, Rivoal R (2008) Global knowledge and its application for the integrated control and management of nematodes on wheat. In: Ciancio A, Mukerji KG (eds) Integrated management and biocontrol of vegetable and grain crops nematodes, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp 243–287
Nitai D (2012) Entomotoxic surface functionalized nanosilica: design, efficacy, molecular mechanism of action and value addition studies. PhD. School of Biotechnology & Biological Science. West Bengal University of Technology, India
Nolasco G, Sequeira Z, Soares C, Mansinho A, Bailey AM, Niblett CL (2002) Asymmetric PCR ELISA: increased sensitivity and reduced costs for the detection of plant viruses. Eur J Plant Pathol 108(4):293–298
Oliveira JL, Campos EV, Goncalves CM, Pasquoto T, de Lima R, Fraceto LF (2015) Solid lipid nanoparticles co-loaded with simazine and atrazine: preparation, characterization, and evaluation of herbicidal activity. J Agric Food Chem 63:422–432
Otles S, Yalcin B (2010) Nano-biosensors as new tool for detection of food quality and safety. Log Forum 6:67–70
Parisi C, Vigani M, Rodriguez-Cerezo E (2015) Agricultural nanotechnologies: what are the current possibilities? Nano Today 10:124–127
Peng G, Tisch U, Adams O, Hakim M, Shehada N, Broza Y, Bilan S, Abdah-Bortnyak R, Kuten A, Haick H (2009) Diagnosing lung cancer in exhaled breath using gold nanoparticles. Nature Nanotech 4:669–673
Perrault SD, Chan WCW (2010) In vivo assembly of nanoparticle components to improve targeted cancer imaging. Proc Nat Acad Sci 107:11194–11199
Prasad R, Bagde US, Varma A (2012) An overview of intellectual property rights in relation to agricultural biotechnology. Afr J Biotechnol 11(73):13746–13752
Prasad R, Kumar V, Prasad KS (2014) Nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture: present concerns and future aspects. Afr J Biotechnol 13(6):705–713
Prasad R, Pandey R, Barman I (2016) Engineering tailored nanoparticles with microbes: quo vadis. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 8:316–330. https://doi.org/10.1002/wnan.1363
Prasad R, Bhattacharyya A, Nguyen QD (2017a) Nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture: recent developments, challenges, and perspectives. Front Microbiol 8:1014. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01014
Prasad R, Kumar M, Kumar V (2017b) Nanotechnology an agricultural paradigm. Springer, Singapore, p 371
Prasad R, Gupta N, Kumar M, Kumar V, Wang S, Abd-Elsalam KA (2017c) Nanomaterials act as plant defense mechanism. In: Prasad R, Kumar M, Kumar V (eds) Nanotechnology. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd., pp 253–269
Prasanna BM (2007) Nanotechnology in agriculture. ICAR National Fellow, Division of Genetics, I.A.R.I., New Delhi, India, pp 111–118
Predicala B (2009) Nanotechnology: potential for agriculture. In: Proceedings of the 78th annual southern states communication association national convention, April 2–6, 2008, Savannah, GA, USA, pp 123–134
Rad F, Mohsenifar A, Tabatabaei M, Safarnejad MR, Shahryari F, Safarpour H, Foroutan A, Mardi M, Davoudi D, Fotokian M (2012) Detection of Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia with a quantum dots fret-based biosensor. J Plant Pathol 94:525–534
Rogers JA, Lee HH (2008) Unconventional nanopatterning techniques and applications. Wiley, Weinheim
Roh JY, Sim SJ, Yi J, Park K, Chung KH, Ryu D-Y, Choi J (2009) Ecotoxicity of silver nanoparticles on the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans using functional ecotoxicogenomics. Environ Sci Technol 43:3933–3940
Rouhani M, Samih MA, Kalantari S (2012) Insecticide effect of silver and zinc nanoparticles against Aphis nerii Boyer De Fonscolombe (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Chilean J Agric Res 72:590–594
Ruiz-Ruiz S, Moreno P, Guerri J, Ambros S (2009) Discrimination between mild and severe Citrus tristeza virus isolates with a rapid and highly specific real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method using TaqMan LNA probes. Phytopathology 99(3):307–315
Sabbour MM, Abd El-Aziz SE (2015) Efficacy of nano-diatomaceous earth against red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum and confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) under laboratory and storage conditions. Bull Env Pharmacol Life Sci 4(7):54–59
Safarpour H, Safarnejad MR, Tabatabaei M, Mohsenifar A, Rad F, Basirat M, Shahryari F, Hasanzadeh F (2012) Development of a quantum dots FRET-based biosensor for efficient detection of Polymyxa betae. Can J Plant Pathol 34:507–515
Sahab AF, Waly AL, Sabbour MM, Nawar LS (2015) Synthesis, antifungal and insecticidal potential of Chitosan (CS)-g-poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) nanoparticles against some seed borne fungi and insects of soybean. Int J Chem Tech Res 8(2):589–598
Sakakibara K, Hill JP, Ariga K (2011) Thin-film-based nanoarchitectures for soft matter: controlled assemblies into two-dimensional worlds. Small 7(10):1288–1308
Sangeetha J, Thangadurai D, Hospet R, Purushotham P, Karekalammanavar G, Mundaragi AC, David M, Shinge MR, Thimmappa SC, Prasad R, Harish ER (2017a) Agricultural nanotechnology: concepts, benefits, and risks. In: Prasad R, Kumar M, Kumar V (eds) Nanotechnology. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd, Singapore 1–17
Sangeetha J, Thangadurai D, Hospet R, Harish ER, Purushotham P, Mujeeb MA, Shrinivas J, David M, Mundaragi AC, Thimmappa AC, Arakera SB, Prasad R (2017b) Nanoagrotechnology for soil quality, crop performance and environmental management. In: Prasad R, Kumar M, Kumar V (eds) Nanotechnology. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd, pp 73–97
Sankar MV, Abideen S (2015) Pesticidal effect of green synthesized silver and lead nanoparticles using Avicennia marina against grain storage pest Sitophilus oryzae. Int J Nanomater Biostruct 5:32–39
Sasser JN, Freckman DW (1987) A world perspective on nematology: the role of the society. In: Veech JA, Dickson DW (eds) Vistas on nematology. Society of Nematologists, Inc, Hyattsville, pp 7–14
Savary S, Willocquet L (2014) Simulation modeling in botanical epidemiology and crop loss analysis. Plant Health Instructor (Online), 147, https://doi.org/10.1094/PHI-A-2014-0314-01
Schäffer E, Thurn-Albrecht T, Russell TP, Sakakibara K, Hill JP, Ariga K (2000) Electrically induced structure formation and pattern transfer. Let Nat 403:874–877
Schmid GM, Miller M, Brooks C, Khusnatdinov N, La Brake D, Resnick DJ, Sreenivasan SV, Gauzner G, Lee K, Kuo D, Weller D, Yang XM (2009) Step and flash imprint lithography for manufacturing patterned media. J Vac Sci Technol B 27:573
Scholthof KBG, Adkins S, Czosnek H, Palukaitis P, Jacquot E, Hohn T, Hohn B, Saundners K, Candresse T, Ahlquist P, Hemenway C, Foster GD (2011) Top 10 plant viruses in molecular plant pathology. Mol Plant Pathol 12:938–954
Schwenkbier L, Pollok S, Konig S, Urban M et al (2015) Towards on-site testing of phytophtora species. Anal Methods 7:211–217
Sharma VK, Yngard RA, Lin Y (2009) Silver nanoparticles: green synthesis and their antimicrobial activities. Adv Colloid Interf Sci 145(1–2):83–96
Sharma H, Dhirta B, Shirkot P (2017) Evaluation of biogenic iron nano formulations to control Meloidogyne incognita in okra. Int J Chem Stud 5(5):278–284
Sheykhbaglou R, Sedghi M, Tajbakhsh Shishevan M, Seyed Sharifi R (2010) Effects of nano-iron oxide particles on agronomic traits of soybean. Not Sci Biol 2(2):112–113
Singh A, Poshtiban S, Evoy S (2013) Recent advances in bacteriophage based biosensors for food-borne pathogen detection. Sensors 13:1763–1786
Smith JC, Lee KB, Wang Q, Finn MG, Johnson JE, Mrksich M, Mirkin CA (2003) Nanopatterning the chemospecific immobilization of cowpea mosaic virus capsid. Nano Lett 3(7):883–886
Sondi I, Salopek-Sondi B (2004) Silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial agent: a case study on E. coli as a model for Gram-negative bacteria. J Colloid Interface Sci 275(1):177–182
Stadler T, Buteler M, Weaver DK (2010) Novel use of nanostructured alumina as an insecticide. Pest Manag Sci 66:577–579
Strange RN, Scott PR (2005) Plant disease: a threat to global food security. Annu Rev Phytopathol 43:83–116
Stuchinskava T, Moreno M, Cook MJ, Edwards DR, Russell DA (2011) Targeted photodynamic therapy of breast cancer cells using antibody-phthalocyanine-gold nanoparticle conjugates. Photochem Photobiol Sci 10:822–831
Taha EH (2016) Nematicidal effects of silver nanoparticles on Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) in laboratory and screenhouse. J Plant Prot Path, Mansoura Univ 7(5):333–337
Taha EH, Abo-Shady NM (2016) Effect of silver nanoparticles on the mortality pathogenicity and reproductivity of entomopathogenic nematodes. Int J Zool Res 12:47–50
Tang YB, Xing D, Zhu DB, Liu JF (2007) An improved electrochemiluminescence polymerase chain reaction method for highly sensitive detection of plant viruses. Anal Chim Acta 582(2):275–280
Teixeira DC, Danet JL, Evellard S, Martins EC, de Jesus WC, Yamamoto PT, Lopez SA, Bassanezi RB, Ayres AJ, Saillard C, Nad A, Bové JM (2005) Citrus huanglongbing in São Paulo State, Brazil: PCR detection of the ‘Candidatus’ Liberibacter species associated with the disease. Mol Cell Probes 19(3):173–179
Thompson DT (2007) Using gold nanoparticles for catalysis. Nano Today 2(4):40–43
Vaseghi A, Safaie N, Bakhshinejad B, Mohsenifar A, Sadeghizadeh M (2013) Detection of pseudomonas syringae pathovars by thiol-linked DNA–gold nanoparticle probes. Sens Actuators B- Chem 181:644–651
Velayuthan K, Rahman AA, Rajakumar G, Santhoshkumar T, Marimuthu S, Jayaseelan C, Bagavan A, Kirthi AV, Kamaraj C, Zahir AA, Elango G (2012) Evaluation of Catharanthus roseus leaf extract-mediated biosynthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles against Hippobosca maculata and Bovicola ovis. Parasitol Res 111(6):2329–2337
Waeyenberge L, Viaene N, Moens M (2009) Species-specific duplex PCR for the detection of Pratylenchus penetrans. Nematology 11:847–857
Wang L, Li PC (2007) Flexible microarray construction and fast DNA hybridization conducted on a microfluidic chip for greenhouse plant fungal pathogen detection. J Agri Food Chem 55(26):10509–10516
Warheit DB (2008) How meaningful are the results of nanotoxicity studies in the absence adequate material characterization? Toxicol Sci 101:183–185
Wee EJH, Ngo TH, Trau M (2015) Colorimetric detection of both total genomic and loci-specific DNA methylation from limited DNA inputs. Clin Epigenetics. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13148-015-0100-6
Wilson MA, Tran NH, Milev AS, Kannangara GSK, Volk HLGHM (2008) Nanomaterials in soils. Geoderma 146:291–302
Yaman M, Khudiyev T, Ozgur E, Kanik M, Aktas O, Ozgur EO, Deniz H, Korkut E, Bayindir M (2011) Arrays of indefinitely long uniform nanowires and nanotubes. Nat Mater 10:494–591
Yan FL, Li XG, Zhu F, Lei CL (2009) Structural characterization of nanoparticles loaded with garlic essential oil and their insecticidal activity against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). J Agri Food Chem 57(21):10156–10163. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9023118
Yang FL, Li XG, Zhu F, Lei CH (2009) Structural characterization of nanoparticles loaded with garlic essential oil and their insecticidal activity against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). J Agric Food Chem 57(21):10156–10162
Yao KS, Li SJ, Tzeng KC, Cheng TC, Chang CY, Chiu CY, Liao CY, Hsu JJ, Lin ZP (2009) Fluorescence silica nanoprobe as a biomarker for rapid detection of plant pathogens. Multi-Funct Mater Struct II Parts 1 and 2:79–82:513–516
Yasur J, Rani PU (2015) Lepidopteran insect susceptibility to silver nanoparticles and measurement of changes in their growth, development and physiology. Chemosphere 124:92–102
Yeh YC, Creran B, Rotello VM (2012) Gold nanoparticles: preparation, properties, and applications in bionanotechnology. Nanoscale 4:1871–1880
Zahir AA, Bagavan A, Kamaraj C, Elango G, Rahuman AA (2012) Efficacy of plant-mediated synthesized silver nanoparticles against Sitophilus oryzae. J Biopest 5:95–102
Zaiee M, Moharramipour S, Mohsenifar A (2014) MA-Chitosan nanogel loaded with Cuminum cyminum essential oil for efficient management of two stored product beetle pests. J Pest Sci 87:691–699
Zhang L, Hong F, Lu S, Liu C (2005) Effect of nano-TiO2 on strength of naturally aged seeds and growth of spinach. Biol Trace Elem Res 104:83–91
Zhao RY (2014) design synthesis and property of azo-polymer with photo-responsive function. Ph.D. Thesis, Jilin University, Jilin, China
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mokrini, F., Bouharroud, R. (2019). Application of Nanotechnology in Plant Protection by Phytopathogens: Present and Future Prospects. In: Prasad, R. (eds) Microbial Nanobionics. Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16534-5_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16534-5_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-16533-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-16534-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)