Abstract
This chapter illustrates the rights and duties of farmers under EU law in view of the realization of the common agricultural market. Since agricultural policies are developed in concomitance with science and economic objectives, the legal status of farmers has often changed. Recently, it has been enriched with new rights and obligations concerning the quantity and quality of farm produce as well as the use of natural resources for sustainability purposes.
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Notes
- 1.
Milk quotas were an important part of the CAP reform for 30 years before they were abolished in April 2015. For more, see European Union (2016), p. 113.
- 2.
This concept was coined at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro. For more, see http://www.un.org/geninfo/bp/enviro.html. Accessed 5 October 2017.
- 3.
Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No. 639/2014 of 11 March 2014, supplementing Regulation (EU) No. 1307/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council, establishing rules for direct payments to farmers under support schemes within the framework of the common agricultural policy and amending Annex X to that regulation.
- 4.
For Italy, see Article 2135 of the civil code. For France, see L. 311-1 of the Code Rural et de la Pêche Maritime, version consolidée au 7 Octobre 2017, available at https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000029593397&idSectionTA=LEGISCTA000006152225&idTexte=LEGITEXT000006071367&dateTexte=20171011. Accessed 11 October 2017. For an understanding of agricultural activities in France, refer also to Ministère de l’agriculture, de l’agroalimentaire et de la forêt (2015), pp. 15–18.
- 5.
Legge falimentare del 1942, d.l. 6 July 2011, n. 98 convertito con modificazioni in l. 15 July 2011, n. 111. http://www.altalex.com/documents/news/2016/10/19/fallimento.
- 6.
L. 351-1 Code Rural. For an analysis, see Guadagno (2012).
- 7.
Regulation (EC) No. 1166/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008, on farm structure surveys and the survey on agricultural production methods and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No. 571/88. Official Journal of the European Union, L 321/14 of 1 December 2008.
- 8.
For an explanation, see http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Glossary:Statistical_classification_of_economic_activities_in_the_European_Community_(NACE). Accessed 10 October 2017.
- 9.
For a thorough understanding of the activities that fall under the concept, see the Eurostat Glossary at http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Glossary:Agricultural_holding. Accessed 10 October 2017.
- 10.
See “Parliamentary Questions”, 26 October 2016, available at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+WQ+E-2016-008032+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&language=en. Accessed 10 October 2017. See also the answer dated 14 December 2016, available at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getAllAnswers.do?reference=E-2016-008032&language=EN. Accessed 10 October 2017.
- 11.
See “Agriculture”, available at https://europa.eu/european-union/topics/agriculture_en. Accessed 12 October 2017.
- 12.
The last Eurostat report is from 2016. For previous statistics, see http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Agricultural_production_-_crops. Accessed 10 October 2017.
- 13.
For an understanding of these terms, see page 64–65 of the Eurostat report.
- 14.
For a list of the relevant regulations, see http://eur-lex.europa.eu/search.html?textScope0=ti-te&qid=1507278641583&DTS_DOM=EU_LAW&type=advanced&lang=en&andText0=farmers&SUBDOM_INIT=LEGISLATION&DTS_SUBDOM=LEGISLATION. Accessed 10 October 2017.
- 15.
Some EU initiatives in these areas are a pilot project on exchange programs for young farmers, available at https://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/external-studies/young-farmers_en, and the European Council of Young Farmers, available at http://www.ceja.eu/about/. Accessed 10 October 2017.
- 16.
See Article 14 of the Council Regulation (EC) No. 2100/94 of 27 July 1994, on European Community plant variety rights, and Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1768/95 of 24 July 1995, implementing rules on the agricultural exemption provided for in Article 14 (3) of Council Regulation (EC) No. 2100/94 on European Community plant variety rights.
- 17.
Case C-305/00, Christian Schulin and Saatgut-Treuhandverwaltungsgesellschaft mbH, Press Release No. 32/02, 10 April 2003, available at https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2009-03/cp0332en.pdf. Accessed 12 October 2017.
- 18.
See, for example, commission delegated regulation (EU) 2017/1155 of 15 February 2017, available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32017R1155&from=EN. Accessed 10 October 2017. The new rules will enter into force in 2018.
- 19.
Council Regulation (EC) No. 834/2007, 28 June 2007, on organic production and labelling of organic products and repealing Regulation (EEC) No. 2092/91, available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2007:189:0001:0023:EN:PDF. Accessed 10 October 2017.
- 20.
Directive (EU) 2015/412 of the European Parliament and of the Council, 11 March 2015, amending Directive 2001/18/EC as regards the possibility for the Member States to restrict or prohibit the cultivation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in their territory. Text with EEA relevance available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32015L0412. Accessed 10 October 2017.
- 21.
Council Regulation (EC) No. 1184/2006, 24 July 2006, applying certain rules of competition to the production of, and trade in, agricultural products (codified version), available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32006R1184. Accessed 10 October 2017.
- 22.
Council Regulation (EC) No. 1234/2007, 22 October 2007, establishing a common organisation of agricultural markets and on specific provisions for certain agricultural products (Single CMO Regulation), available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2007:299:0001:0149:EN:PDF. Accessed 10 October 2017.
- 23.
For the purpose of the Eurostat study, farms are differentiated as follows based on their standard output: Very small farms: < EUR 2000; Small farms: EUR 2000 – < EUR 8000; Medium-sized farms: EUR 8000 – < EUR 25,000; Large farms: EUR 25,000 – < EUR 100,000; Very large farms: ≥ EUR 100,000. Based on their utilised agricultural area: Very small farms: < 2 ha; Small farms: 2 ha – < 20 ha; Medium-sized farms: 20 ha – < 100 ha; Large farms: ≥ 100 ha.
- 24.
As the Eurostat report explains, approximately three-quarters (76.5%) of EU-28’s agricultural labour force in 2013 was provided by family members. For more, see page 41 of the Eurostat report.
- 25.
For import and export rules in the EU, see https://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/organic/eu-policy/eu-rules-on-trade/import-export_en. Accessed 10 October 2017.
- 26.
See the pre-accession agricultural instrument (SAPARD), available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=legissum:l60023. Accessed 10 October 2017.
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Prifti, V. (2019). Farmer. In: Bartolini, A., Cippitani, R., Colcelli, V. (eds) Dictionary of Statuses within EU Law. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00554-2_34
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