Abstract
Animal protection in general and as well as the protection of farm animals in particular is neither a value nor a target of the European Union (EU) and its Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). However, farm animal protection within the EU has become increasingly important within the last few years. Since 2009, contract law includes a horizontal clause for the protection of the welfare of animals as sentient beings in Article 13 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). For the EU and its Member States the horizontal clause is a commandment of consideration and optimization with respect to the determination and implementation of the agricultural policy. In order to draw attention to the protection of farm animals and primarily to secure the targets of the CAP, the EU harmonizes farm animal protection based on the ancillary competence of the CAP. Especially in the areas of animal keeping, transport and slaughtering, the national law systems shall be harmonized to avoid distortions due to economical competition. While adopting such law acts of harmonization, a balance between interests of agriculture on the one hand and as well as animal protection on the other hand has to be ensured. Adopting animal protection laws at the EU level is limited, though. These limitations cover among others the caveat for culture. Moreover, the EU legislator cannot be obliged to adopting harmonization laws, because of a wide margin of discretion. Due to the balance of interests among the Member States and the protection of farm animals, most law acts include a certain minimum harmonization from which the Member States can deviate by stricter animal protection measures. Finally, in some areas of animal keeping European harmonization processes are still missing completely. This chapter gives an overview of the status quo regarding the harmonization in farm animal protection based on the current secondary law situation in the EU. Several case studies are used to illustrate different EU law acts and their level of harmonization. General problems with respect to harmonization are explained and, finally, an outlook on farm animal protection in the EU is given.
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Notes
- 1.
Kluge, von Loeper. In: Bergmann (2015) p. 921.
- 2.
Weinberger, Knorr. In: Dombert and Witt (2011), § 22, n. 96.
- 3.
Cf. Härtel. In: Ruffert (2013), vol. 5, § 7, n. 81.
- 4.
Apel (2010), p. 215.
- 5.
Härtel (2012), chapter 25, n. 13.
- 6.
Cf. Härtel. In: Ruffert (2013), vol. 5, § 7, n. 76.
- 7.
Holzer (2014), p. 153.
- 8.
- 9.
Geiger. In: Geiger et al. (2010) Art. 47 TEU, n. 4.
- 10.
- 11.
Calliess. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 1 TEU, n. 5, 9 ff.
- 12.
Bieber et al. (2015), § 1 n. 1.
- 13.
Piepenschneider. In: Bergmann (2015), p. 538.
- 14.
- 15.
- 16.
Geiger. In:Geiger et al. (2010) Art. 2 TEU, n. 6 f.
- 17.
- 18.
Calliess. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 2 TEU, n. 2.
- 19.
Calliess. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 2 TEU, n. 3.
- 20.
Ruffert. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 3 TEU, n. 13.
- 21.
- 22.
Ruffert. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 3 TEU, n. 22.
- 23.
Synonymous “Common Market”, see Kahl. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 26 TFEU, n. 8 ff.
- 24.
Piepenschneider. In: Bergmann (2015), p. 170.
- 25.
Ruffert. In: Ruffert (2013), vol. 5, § 1, n. 1.
- 26.
Calliess. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 5 TEU, n. 6.
- 27.
See the name of the column 2 “Description of products” Annex I List referred to in Art. 38 TFEU, EU (2007).
- 28.
- 29.
Härtel. In: Ruffert (2013), vol. 5, § 7, n. 2.
- 30.
- 31.
- 32.
Martínez (2014), § 6, n. 73.
- 33.
Bittner. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 39 TFEU, n. 4.
- 34.
Düsing. In: Dombert and Witt (2011), § 26, n. 119.
- 35.
Martínez (2014), § 6, n. 27.
- 36.
Thiele. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 38 TFEU, n. 3.
- 37.
Düsing. In: Dombert and Witt (2011), § 26, n. 119.
- 38.
- 39.
- 40.
- 41.
Ruffert. In: Ruffert (2013), vol. 5, § 1, n. 47.
- 42.
- 43.
Remien. In: Schulze et al. (2015), § 14, n. 2.
- 44.
- 45.
Norer, Bloch. In: Dauses (2014), G n. 166.
- 46.
- 47.
- 48.
- 49.
Biervert. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 288 TFEU, n. 24.
- 50.
Crit. Calliess (2012) p. 820.
- 51.
- 52.
Biervert, in: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 288 TFEU, n. 20.
- 53.
- 54.
König. In: Schulze et al. (2015), § 2, n. 2.
- 55.
- 56.
- 57.
Calliess. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 2 TFEU, n. 2.
- 58.
- 59.
- 60.
- 61.
- 62.
EU (1992), p. 103.
- 63.
- 64.
- 65.
EU (1997), p. 110.
- 66.
- 67.
- 68.
- 69.
Nettesheim. In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 3.
- 70.
EU (2007).
- 71.
Calliess. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 1.
- 72.
- 73.
- 74.
Hirt et al. (2007), introduction, n. 35.
- 75.
Frenz (2011), p.(106).
- 76.
von Loeper. In: Kluge (2002), intro. n. 109.
- 77.
Breier. In: Lenz and Borchardt (2010), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 4.
- 78.
- 79.
- 80.
- 81.
- 82.
Epiney. In: Vedder and Heintschel von Heinegg (2012) Art. 13 TFEU, n. 3, Fn. 6.
- 83.
- 84.
Calliess (2012), p. 819, synonymous in German language: Berücksichtigungsgebot und Rücksichtnahmepflicht in: Müller-Graff. In: Vedder and Heintschel von Heinegg (2007) Art. III-121; Berücksichtigungsgebot: Schmidt. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 7; Rücksichtnahmegebot: ibid. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 2; Nettesheim. In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 9; Maisack (2012), 5 (5); cf. as already to the Prot. No 33: Hirt et al. (2007), introduction, n. 37.
- 85.
- 86.
Calliess. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 7.
- 87.
Calliess. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 7.
- 88.
- 89.
- 90.
Breier. In: Lenz and Borchardt (2010), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 7.
- 91.
Breier. In: Lenz and Borchardt (2010), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 7.
- 92.
- 93.
Cf. Käller. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 11 TFEU, n. 10.
- 94.
In detail Schmidt. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 5.
- 95.
Schmidt. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 2.
- 96.
At this point it will not be discussed whether the policies described in Art. 13 TFEU are listed exhaustively, since agriculture (and thus the production of animal products) belongs to the listed policies.
- 97.
- 98.
Calliess, in Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 7.
- 99.
Schmidt. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 7.
- 100.
Cf. Caspar (2001), S. 32 für das Prot. No 33.
- 101.
Schmidt. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 7.
- 102.
ECJ (2001), n. 80.
- 103.
Schmidt. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 7.
- 104.
Calliess, in Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 7.
- 105.
Cf. so already for Prot. No 33 the German terms: Lorz and Metzger (2008), intro., n. 80 (“Optimierung des Tierschutzes”); cf. Caspar (2001), p. 16 (“rechtsverbindliche Gestaltungsaufgabe zur Optimierung des Tierschutzes”; ibid., p. 32 und 77 (“Optimierungsgebot”). cf. for Art. 20a of the German constitutional law as an “Optimierungsgebot”: Schulze-Fielitz. In Dreier (2006), vol. 2, Art. 20a, n. 26.
- 106.
- 107.
Cf. Caspar (2001), p. 78 for Prot. No 33.
- 108.
- 109.
Cf. Caspar (2001), p. 77 for Prot. No 33.
- 110.
Schmidt. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 3.
- 111.
- 112.
Härtel. In: Ruffert (2013), vol. 5, § 7, n. 84.
- 113.
von Rintelen. In: Grabitz et al. (2014) Art. 43 TFEU, n. 1.
- 114.
von Rintelen. In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 43 TFEU, n. 2.
- 115.
- 116.
- 117.
Nentwich (1994), p. 88.
- 118.
Schulze-Fielitz. In: Dreier (2006) vol. 2, Art. 20a, n. 18.
- 119.
Lienbacher. In Schwarze (2012), Art. 5 TEU, n. 15.
- 120.
Lienbacher. In Schwarze (2012), Art. 5 TEU, n. 23, 26 f.
- 121.
- 122.
Wollenteit and Lemke (2013) p. 178, fn. 4.
- 123.
Apel (2010), p. 217.
- 124.
Cf. Caspar (2001), p. 18 to the Prot. No 33.
- 125.
Khan. In: Geiger et al. (2010), Art. 43 TFEU, n. 8.
- 126.
Cf. Bittner. In:Schwarze (2012), Art. 43 TFEU, n. 11.
- 127.
- 128.
Recital CD 98/58/EC.
- 129.
Nettesheim. In: Grabitz et al. (2014) Art. 13 TFEU, n. 16.
- 130.
EC (1998).
- 131.
EC (2007).
- 132.
EC (1999).
- 133.
EC (2008a).
- 134.
EC (2008b).
- 135.
EC (2005).
- 136.
EC (2009).
- 137.
A general overview of problems in the livestock sector can be found in Caspar (1999), p. 209 ff.
- 138.
Spindler and Hartung (2010), p. 11.
- 139.
- 140.
Kamphues (2014), p. 2, who refers to a study carried out in Germany.
- 141.
De Jong et al. (2012) p. 39.
- 142.
Spindler and Hartung (2010), p. 17 f.
- 143.
Spindler and Hartung (2010), p. 6.
- 144.
EFSA (2000); so probably still de Jong, Berg, Butterworth, Estevéz (2012), p. 39, 74.
- 145.
EFSA (2000) p. 64, 66, 107, No 25.
- 146.
Telle (2011), p. 12 ff.
- 147.
Telle(2011), p. 14 f.
- 148.
Windhorst (2013), p. 1 f.
- 149.
Wechsler (1997) p.175.
- 150.
- 151.
So in the year 1997 Wechsler (1997), p. 177.
- 152.
As one of ongoing research projects in Germany: Schrey “Studies on animal health, behavior and the performance of sows and piglets in a group housing system with free farrowing”, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover.
- 153.
LfL (2015).
- 154.
MSD (2015).
- 155.
MSD (2015).
- 156.
MSD (2015).
- 157.
Wechsler (1997), p. 182.
- 158.
Sambraus (1997), p. 122.
- 159.
As one of many: TVT (2012).
- 160.
BT (2006).
- 161.
ML (2011), p. 7.
- 162.
Recital No 18 CR (EC) No 1/2005.
- 163.
- 164.
COM (2011), p. 4.
- 165.
For example through Austria see Fikuart (1997), p. 496.
- 166.
COM (2011), p. 4, table 2.
- 167.
COM (2011), p. 4, table 2.
- 168.
COM (2011), p. 11.
- 169.
In some circles of Islam it is recognized that stunning by electric shock is reversible. Therefore, a stunning for a short time by electrocution is allowed.
- 170.
EFSA (2013), p. 11.
- 171.
Recitals and Art. 10 (2), (3) CD 98/58/EC; CD 1999/74/EC recital No 10, Art. 13(2), (3); CD 2008/119/EC Art. 11 and CD 2008/120/EC Art. 12; CD 2007/43/EC Art. 1(2) subpara 2.
- 172.
- 173.
BR (2011).
- 174.
- 175.
BML (1999).
- 176.
BMEL (2006).
- 177.
LWK (2014).
- 178.
Wing (2015).
- 179.
Especially in the areas of transport and slaughter see 9.3.3; Härtel (2012) chapter 25, n. 13.
- 180.
Holzer (2014), p. 476.
- 181.
Differenziated by Weikard (1992), p. 109 ff.
- 182.
Cf. Caspar (2001), p. 22.
- 183.
CD 2007/43/EC recital No 10; In contrast to CD 2007/43/EC, the CD 1999/74/EC states that a balance between the interest “must” be fulfilled instead of “should” be fulfilled in creating a balance (recital No 9); CD 2008/120/EC recital No 12; the CD 2008/119/EC does not mention such compensation in recitals.
- 184.
Lachmayer and Bauer (2008), p. 863.
- 185.
Caspar (2001), p. 78.
- 186.
Recital CD 98/58/EC; CD 2007/43/EC recital No 6; CD 1999/74/EC recital No 6; CD 2008/120/EC recitals No 6, 7; CD 2008/119/EC recitals No 5, 6; Caspar (2001), p. 23.
- 187.
Art. 3(1a) CD 2008/120/EC compared with § 29 (2) TierSchNutztV.
- 188.
Art. 3(2b) CD 2008/120/EC compared with §§ 29(2) sentence 2; 22(3) No 8 TierSchNutztV.
- 189.
Art. 3(4) subpara 1 sentence 1 CD 2008/120/EC and § 24(4) TierSchNutztV.
- 190.
Apel (2010), p. 216.
- 191.
EFSA (1998).
- 192.
- 193.
EFSA (1998), p. 69.
- 194.
Maisack (2012), p. 8.
- 195.
COM (2012).
- 196.
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Ovie, K. (2017). Harmonized Approaches in Intensive Livestock Production Systems in Europe. In: Steier, G., Patel, K. (eds) International Farm Animal, Wildlife and Food Safety Law. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18002-1_9
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