Abstract
One of the most consistent findings in the cardiovascular epidemiologic literature is the higher resting blood pressure and greater prevalence of essential hypertension among black compared to white adults (Folkow, 1982, 1987). The higher rate of hypertension among blacks has been documented for males between the aged of 25 and 64 years and for females aged 25 through 74 years (Obrist, 1981). Not surprisingly, given the extraordinarily high rate of hypertension morbidity among blacks, this group also suffers disproportionately higher rates of hypertension-related mortality from heart disease, cerebral vascular disease, and renal disease (Matthews, Weiss, Detre, Dembroski, Falkner, Manuck, & Williams, 1986; Obrist, 1981).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alpert, B. S., Dover, E. V., Booker, D. L., Martin, A. M., & Strong, W. B. (1981). Blood pressure response to dynamic exercise in healthy children—black versus white. Journal of Pediatrics, 99, 556–560.
Ambrosioni, E., Costa, F. V., Montebugnoli, L., Borghi, C., & Margnani, B. (1981). Intralymphocytic sodium concentration as an index of response to stress and exercise in young subjects with borderline hypertension. Clinical Science, 61(7), 25.
Ambrosioni, E., Costa, F. V., Borghi, C., Montebugnoli, L., Giordani, M. F., & Magnani, B. (1982). Effects of moderate salt restriction on intralymphocytic sodium and pressor response to stress in borderline hypertension. Hypertension, 4, 789–794.
Anderson, N. B. (1989). Racial differences in stress-induced cardiovascular reactivity and hypertension: Current status and substantive issues. Psychological Bulletin, 105(11), 89–105.
Anderson, N. B., Williams, R. B., Jr., Lane, J. D., Haney, T., Simpson, S., & Houseworth, S. J. (1986). Type A behavior, family history of hypertension, and cardiovascular responses among black women. Health Psychology, 5, 393–406.
Anderson, N. B., Williams, R. B., Lane, I. D., Houseworth, S., Muranaka, H. (1987). Parental history of hypertension and cardiovascular responses in young black women. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 31, 723–729.
Anderson, N. B., Lane, J. D., Monou, H., Williams, R. B., Jr., & Houseworth, S. J. (1988a). Racial differences in cardiovascular reactivity to mental arithmetic. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 6, 161–164.
Anderson, N. B., Lane, J. D., Muranaka, M., Williams, Jr., R. B., & Houseworth, S. J. (1988b). Racial differences in blood pressure and forearm vascular responses to the cold face stimulus. Psychosomatic Medicine, 50, 57–63.
Anderson, N. B., Myers, H., Pickering, T., & Jackson, J. (1989a). Hypertension in blacks: Psychosocial and biological perspectives. Journal of Hypertension, 7, 161–172.
Anderson, N. B., Lane, J. D., Taguchi, F., & Williams, R. B., Jr. (1989b). Patterns of cardiovascular responses to stress as a function of race and parental hypertension in men. Health Psychology, 8(5), 525–540.
Anderson, N. B., Lane, J. D., Taguchi, F., Williams, R. B., Jr., & Houseworth, S. J. (1989c). Race, parental history of hypertension, and patterns of cardiovascular reactivity in women. Psychophysiology, 26(1), 39–47.
Anderson, N. B., McNeilly, M., & Myers, H. (1991). Autonomic reactivity and hypertension in blacks: A review and proposed model. Ethnicity & Disease, 1, 154–170.
Arensman, F. W., Trieber, F. A., Gruber, M. P., & Strong, W. B. (1989). Exercise induced differences in cardiac output, blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance in a healthy biracial population of ten-year-old boys. American Journal Disorders of Children, 143, 212–216.
Armstead, C. A., Lawler, K. A., Gorden, G., Cross, J., & Gibbons, J. (1989). Relationship of racial Stressors to blood pressure responses and anger expression in black college students. Health Psychology, 8(5), 541–556.
Bassett, J. R., Strand, F. L., & Cairncross, K. D. (1978). Glucocorticoids, adrenocorticotropic hormone and related polypeptides on myocardial sensitivity to noradrenaline. European Journal of Pharmacology, 49, 243–249.
Baum, A., Gatchel, R. J., & Schaeffer, M. A. (1983). Emotional, behavioral, and physiological effects of chronic stress at Three Mile Island. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 565–572.
Berenson, G. S., Voors, A. W., Webber, L. S., Dalferes, E. R., Jr., & Harsha, D. W. (1979). Racial differences of parameters associated with blood pressure levels in children—the Bogalusa Heart Study. Metabolism, 28(12), 1218–1228.
Blackwell, J. E. (1975). The black community: Diversity and unity. New York: Harper & Row.
Clark, V., & Harreil, J. (1982). The relationship among Type A behavior, styles used in coping with racism, and blood pressure. Journal of Black Psychology, 8, 89–99.
Cooper, R., & David, R. (1986). The biological concept of race and its application to public health and epidemiology. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 11(1), 97–116.
Davidson, L. M., Fleming, R., & Baum, A. (1987). Chronic stress, catecholamines, and sleep disturbance at Three Mile Island. Journal of Human Stress, 13, 75–83.
Dimsdale, J. E., Graham, R., Ziegler, M. G., Zusman, R., & Berry, C. C. (1987). Age, race, diagnosis, and sodium effects on the pressor response to infused norepinephrine. Hypertension, 10, 564–569.
Dixon, V. J. (1976). World views and research methodology. In L. King, F. J. Dixon, & W. Nobles (Eds.), African philosophy: Assumptions and paradigms for research on black persons Los Angeles: Fanon Center.
Durel, L. A., Carver, C. S., Spitzer, S. B., Llabre, M. M., Weintraub, J. K., Saab, P. G., & Schneiderman, N. (1989). Associations of blood pressure with self-report measures of anger and hostility among black and white men and women. Health Psychology, 8(5), 557–575.
Falkner, B., & Kushner, H. (1989). Race differences in stress-induced reactivity in young adults. Health Psychology, 8(5), 613–627.
Falkner, B., Onesti, G., & Angelakos, E. T. (1981). Effect of salt loading on the cardiovascular response to stress in adolescents. Hypertension, 3 (II), II195–II199.
Falkner, B., Kushner, H., Khalsa, D. K., Canessa, M., & Katz, S. (1986). Sodium sensitivity, growth and family history of hypertension in young blacks. Journal of Hypertension, 4(S), S381–S383.
Farley, R. (1984). Blacks and whites: Narrowing the gap?. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Farley, R., & Allen, W. R. (1989). The color line and the quality of life in America, New York: Oxford University Press.
Fleming, I., Baum, A., & Wess, L. (1987a). Social density and perceived control as mediators of crowding stress in high-density residential neighborhoods. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 899–906.
Fleming, I., Baum, A., Davidson, L. M., Rectanus, E., & McArdle, S. (1987b). Chronic stress as a factor in psychologic reactivity to challenge. Health Psychology, 6, 221–238.
Folkow, B. (1982). Physiological aspects of primary hypertension. Physiological Review, 62, 347.
Folkow, B. (1987). Psychosocial and central nervous influences in primary hypertension. Circulation, 76(1), 110–119.
Fredrikson, M. (1986). Racial differences in reactivity to behavioral challenges in essential hypertension. Journal of Hypertension, 4, 325–331.
Fredrikson, M., & Matthews, K. A. (1990). Cardiovascular responses to behavioral stress and hypertension: A meta-analytic review. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 12, 30–39.
Friedman, M., Byers, S. O., Diamant, J., & Rosenman, R. H. (1975). Plasma catecholamine response of coronary prone subjects (Type A) to a specific challenge. Metabolism, 24, 205–210.
Gentry, W. D., Chesney, A. P., Gary, H. E., Jr., Hall, P. P., & Harburg, E. (1982). Habitual anger-coping styles. I. Effect on mean blood pressure and risk for essential hypertension. Psychosomatic Medicine, 44, 195–202.
Glass, B., & Li, C. C. (1953). The dynamics of racial intermixture: An analysis based on the American Negro. American Journal of Human Genetics, 5, 1–20.
Goldstein, D. S. (1983). Plasma catecholamines and essential hypertension: An analytical review. Hypertension, 5, 86–99.
Graham, T. W., Kaplan, B. H., Cornoni-Huntley, J. C., James, S. A., Becker, C., Hames, C. G., & Heyden, S. (1978). Frequency of church attendance and blood pressure elevation. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 1(1), 37–43.
Grim, C. E., Luft, F. C., Miller, J. Z., Meneely, G. R., Battarbee, H. D., Hames, C. G., & Dahl, L. K. (1980). Racial differences in blood pressure in Evans County, Georgia: Relationship to sodium and potassium intake and plasma renin activity. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 83, 87–94.
Grim, C., Luft, F., Weinberger, M., Miller, J., Rose, R., & Christia, J. (1984). Genetic, familial, and racial influences on blood pressure control systems in man. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine, 14, 453–457.
Gringnolo, A., Koepke, J. P., & Obrist, P. A. (1982). Renal function, heart rate and blood pressure during exercise and shock avoidance in dogs. American Journal of Physiology, 242, R482.
Guillemin, R., Vargo, T., Rossier, J., Minick, S., Ling, N., Rivier, C., Vale, W., & Bloom, F. (1977). Beta-endorphin and adrenocorticotropin are secreted concomitantly by the pituitary gland. Science, 197, 1367–1369.
Harburg, E., Erfurt, J. C., Hauenstein, L. S., Chape, C., Schull, W. J., & Schork, M. A. (1973a). Socioecological stress, suppressed hostility, skin color and black-white male blood pressure: Detroit. Psychosomatic Medicine, 35, 276–296.
Harburg, E., Erfurt, J., Hauenstein, L., Chape, C., Schull, W., & Schork, M. (1973b). Socioecological stress, suppressed hostility, skin color, and black-white blood pressure: Detroit. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 26, 595–611.
Harburg, E., Blakelock, E. H., & Roper, P. J. (1979). Resentful and reflective coping with arbitrary authority and blood pressure: Detroit. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41, 189–202.
Harris, W. H. (1982). The harder we run: Black workers since the Civil War. New York: Oxford.
Hiernaux, J. (1975). The people of Africa. New York: Scribner’s Press.
Hohn, A. R., Riopel, D. A., Keol, J. E., Loadholt, C. B., Margolius, H. S., Halushka, P. V., Privitera, P. J., Webb, J. G., Medley, E. S., Schuman, S. H., Rubin, M. I., Pantell, R. H., & Braustein, M. L. (1983). Childhood familial and racial differences in physiologic and biochemical factors related to hypertension. Hypertension, 5, 56–70.
Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group (1977). Race, education and prevalence of hypertension. American Journal of Epidemiology, 106, 351–361.
James, S. A. (1985). Psychosocial and environmental factors in black hypertension. In W. Hall, E. Saunders, & N. Schulman (Eds.), Hypertension in blacks: Epidemiology, pathophysiology and treatment (pp. 132–143). Chicago: Year Book Publishers.
James, S. A., & Kleinbaum, D. G. (1976). Socioecological stress and hypertension-related mortality rates in North Carolina. Journal of Public Health, 66, 354–358.
James. S. A., Hartnett, S. A., & Kalsbeek, W. D. (1983). John Henryism and blood pressure differences among black men. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 6, 259–278.
James, S. A., LaCroix, A. Z., Kleinbaum, D. G., & Strogatz, D. S. (1984). John Henryism and blood pressure differences among black men. II. The role of occupational Stressors. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 7, 259–275.
James, S. A., Strogatz, D. S., Wing, S. B., & Ramsey, D. L. (1987). Socioeconomic status, John Henryism, and hypertension in blacks and whites. American Journal of Epidemiology, 126, 664–673.
Jaynes, G. D., & Williams, R. M., Jr. (1989). A common destiny: Blacks and American society. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Johnson, E. H. (1989). Cardiovascular reactivity, emotional factors, and home blood pressure in black males with and without a parental history of hypertension. Psychosomatic Medicine, 51, 390–403.
Johnson, E. H., Schork, N. J., & Spielberger, C. D., (1978). Emotion and familial determinants of elevated blood pressure in black and white adolescent females. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 31, 731–741.
Johnson, E. H., Spielberger, C. D., Worden, T. J., & Jacobs, G. A. (1987). Emotional and familial determinants of elevated blood pressure in black and white adolescent males. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 31, 287–300.
Katz, P., & Taylor, D. (Eds.). (1988). Eliminating racism. New York: Plenum Press.
Kessler, R. C., & Neighbors, H. W. (1986). A new perspective on the relationships among race, social class, and psychological distress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 27, 107–115.
Kochman, T. (1981). Black and white styles in conflict. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Koepke, J. P., & DiBona, G. F. (1985). High sodium intake enhances renal nerve and antinatriuretic responses to stress in SHR. Hypertension, 7, 357.
Koepke, J. P., Light, K. C., & Obrist, P. A. (1983). Neural control of renal excretory function during behavioral stress in conscious dogs. American Journal of Physiology, 245, R251.
Koolen, M. I., & Van Brummelen, P. (1984). Adrenergic activity and peripheral hemodynamics in relation to sodium sensitivity in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension, 6, 820–825.
Kurland, G. S., & Freeberg, A. S. (1951). The potentiating effect of ACTH and of cortisone on pressor response to intravenous infusion of L-nor-epinephrine. Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 78, 28.
Lawrence, G. (Ed.). (1981). The black male. Beverly Hills: Sage.
Lewontin, R. C. (1973). The appointment of human diversity. Evolutionary Biology, 6, 381–398.
Lewontin, R. C., Rose, S., & Kamin, L. J. (1984). Not in our genes: Biology, ideology, and human nature. New York: Pantheon Books.
Light, K. C. (1987). Psychosocial precursors of hypertension: Experimental evidence. Circulation, 76(I), 167–176.
Light, K. C., & Sherwood, A. (1989). Race, borderline hypertension, and hemodynamic responses to behavioral stress before and after beta-adrenergic blockage. Health Psychology, 8, 577–596.
Light, K. C., Koepke, J. P., Obrist, P. A., & Willis, P. W. (1983). Psychological stress induces sodium and fluid retention in men at high risk for hypertension. Science, 220, 429.
Light, K. C., Obrist, P. A., Sherwood, A., James, S., & Strogatz, D. (1987). Effects of race and marginally elevated blood pressure on cardiovascular responses to stress in young men. Hypertension, 10, 555–563.
Lohmeier, T. E., & Carroll, R. G. (1985). Adrenocortical hormones and their interaction with angiotensin II and catecholamines in the production of hypertension. In F. Mantero, E. G. Biglieri, J. W. Funder, & B. A. Scoggins (Eds.), The adrenal gland and hypertension, 27, (pp. 159–176). New York: Raven Press.
Luft, F. C., Grim, C. E., Fineberg, N., & Weinberger, M. H. (1979a). Effects of volume expansion and contraction in normotensive whites, blacks, and subjects of different ages. Circulation, 59, 643–650.
Luft, F. C., Rankin, L. I., Henry, D. P., Bloch, R., Grim, C. E., Weyman, A. E., Murry, R. H., & Weinberger, M. H. (1979b). Plasma and urinary norepinephrine values at extremes of sodium intake in normal man. Hypertension, 1, 261.
Luft, F., Grim, C., & Weinberger, M. (1985). Electrolyte and volume homeostasis in blacks. In W. Hall, E. Saunders, & N. Shulman (Eds.), Hypertension in blacks: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment (pp. 115–131). Chicago: Yearbook Medical.
McAdoo, W. G., Weinberger, M. H., Miller, J. Z., Fineberg, N. S., & Grim, C. E. (in press). Race and gender influence hemodynamic responses to psychological and physical stimuli. Journal of Hypertension.
McCarthy, R., Horwatt, K., & Konarska, M. (1988). Chronic stress and sympathetic-adrenal medullary responsiveness. Social Science in Medicine, 26, 333–341.
McCubbin, J. A., Surwit, R. S., & Williams, R. B. (1985). Endogenous opiates, stress reactivity, and risk for hypertension. Hypertension, 7, 808–811.
McCubbin, J. A., Surwit, R. S., & Williams, R. B. (1988). Opioid dysfunction and risk for hypertension: Naloxone and blood pressure responses during different types of stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 50, 8–14.
McCubbin, J. A., Surwit, R. S., Williams, R. B., Nemeroff, C. B., & McNeilly, M. (1989). Altered pituitary hormone response to naloxone in hypertension development. Hypertension, 14, 636–644.
McNeilly, M., & Zeichner, A. (1989). Neuropeptide and cardiovascular responses to intravenous catheterization in normotensive and hypertensive blacks and whites. Health Psychology, 5(5), 487–501.
Mark, A. L., Lawton, W. J., Abboud, F. M., Fitz, A. E., Cannor, W. E., & Heistad, D. D. (1975). Effects of high and low sodium intake on arterial pressure and forearm vascular resistance in borderline hypertension. Circulation Research, 36(I), 1194–1198.
Matthews, K. A., & Rakaczky, C. J. (1986). Familial aspects of the Type A behavioral pattern and physiologic reactivity to stress. In T. H. Schmidt, T. M. Dembroski, & G. Blumchen (Eds.), Biological and psychological factors in cardiovascular disease (pp. 228–245). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Matthews, K., Weiss, S., Detre, T., Dembroski, T. M., Falkner, B., Manuck, S. B., & Williams, R. B. (Eds.). (1986). Handbook of stress, reactivity, and cardiovascular disease. New York: Wiley.
Morrell, M. A., Myers, H., Shapiro, D., Goldstein, I., & Armstrong, M. (1988). Cardiovascular reactivity to psychological Stressors in black and white normotensive males. Health Psychology, 7, 479–496.
Mourant, A. E. (1983). Blood relations: Blood groups and anthropology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Murphy, J. K., Alpert, B. S., Moses, D. M., & Somes, G. W. (1986). Race and cardiovascular reactivity: A neglected relationship. Hypertension, 8, 1075–1083.
Murphy, J. K., Alpert, B. S., Walker, S. S., & Willey, E. S. (1988a). Race and cardiovascular reactivity: A replication. Hypertension, 11, 308–311.
Murphy, J. K., Alpert, B. S., Willey, E. S., & Somes, G. W. (1988b). Cardiovascular reactivity to psychological stress in healthy children. Psychophysiology, 25, 144–152.
Myers, H. F., Shapiro, D., McClure, F., & Daims, R. (1989). Impact of caffeine and psychological stress on blood pressure in black and white men. Health Psychology, 5(5), 597–612.
Nicholls, M. G., Kiows W, W., Zweifler, A. J., Julius, S., Schork, M. A., & Greenhouse, J. (1980). Plasma norepinephrine variations with dietary sodium intake. Hypertension, 2, 29.
Nilsson, H., Fly, D., Friberg, P., Kalstrom, G. E., & Folkow, B. (1985). Effects of high and low sodium diets on the resistance vessels and their adrenergic vasoconstrictor fibre control in normotensive (WKY) and hypertensive (SHR) rats. Acta Physiolagica Scandinavica, 125, 323–334.
Nobles, W. (1974). Africanity: Its role in black families. Black Scholar, (June), 10-16.
Nobles, W. (1980a). African philosophy: Foundations for black psychology. In R. L. Jones (Ed.), Black psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Harper & Row.
Nobles, W. (1980b). Extended self: Rethinking the so-called Negro self concept. In R. L. Jones (Ed.), Black psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Harper & Row.
Obrist, P. A. (1981). Cardiovascular psychophysiology: A perspective. New York: Plenum Press.
Pollitzer, W. S. (1958). The Negroes of Charleston, SC: A study of hemoglobin types, serology, and morphology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 16, 241–263.
Rankin, L. I., Luft, F. C., Henry, D. P., Gibbs, P. S., & Weinberger, M. H. (1981). Sodium intake alters the effects of norepinephrine on blood pressure. Hypertension, 3, 650–656.
Reed, T. (1969). Caucasian genes in American Negroes. Science, 165, 762–768.
Rossier, J., French, E. D., Rivier, C., Ling, N., Guillemin, R., & Bloom, R. E. (1977). Foot-shock induced stress increases B-endorphin levels in blood but not brain. Nature, 270, 618–620.
Rowlands, D., De Givanni, J., McLeay, R., Watson, R., Stallard, T., & Littler, W. (1982). Cardiovascular response in black and white hypertensives. Hypertension, 4, 817–820.
Schaeffer, M. A., & Baum, A. (1984). Adrenal cortical response to stress at Three Mile Island. Psychosomatic Medicine, 46, 227–237.
Schomig, A., Luth, B., Dietz, R., & Gross, F. (1976). Changes in vascular smooth muscle sensitivity to vasoconstrictor agents induced by corticosteroids, adrenalectomy and differing salt intake in rats. Clinical Science Molecular Medicine, 51(3), 61.
Smith, E. J. (1981). Cultural and historical perspectives in counseling blacks. In D. W. Sue (Ed.), Counseling the culturally different: Theory and practice (pp. 141–185). New York: Wiley.
Stamler, R., Stamler, J., Riedlinger, W. F., Algera, G., & Roberts, R. H. (1979). Family (parental) history and prevalence of hypertension: Results of a nationwide screening program. Journal of the American Medical Association, 241, 43–47.
Strand, F. L., & Smith, C. M. (1980). LPH, ACTH, MSH and motor system. Pharmacological Therapy, 11, 509–533.
Strickland, T. L., Myers, H. F., & Lahey, B. B. (1989). Cardiovascular reactivity with caffeine and stress in black and white normotensive females. Psychosomatic Medicine, 51, 381–389.
Takeshita, A., Imaizumi, T., Ashihara, T., & Nakamura, M. (1982). Characteristics of responses to salt loading and deprivation in hypertensive subjects. Circulation Research, 51, 457–464.
Tischenkel, N. J., Saab, P. G., Schneiderman, N., Nelesen, R. A., Pasin, R. D., Goldstein, D. A., Spitzer, S. B., Woo-Ming, R., & Weidler, D. J. (1989). Cardiovascular and neurohumoral responses to behavioral challenge as a function of race and sex. Health Psychology, 8(5), 503–524.
Trieber, F. A., Musante, L., Strong, W. B., & Levy, M. (1989). Racial differences in young children’s blood pressure. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 143, 720–723.
Trieber, F. A., Musante, L., Braden, D., Arensman, F., Strong, W. B., Levy, M., & Leverett, S. (1990). Racial differences in hemodynamic responses to the cold face stimulus in children and adults. Psychosomatic Medicine, 52, 286–296.
Voors, A. W., Webber, L. S., & Berenson, G. S. (1980). Racial contrasts in cardiovascular response tests for children from a total community. Hypertension, 2, 686–694.
Weinberger, M., Luft, F., & Henry, D. (1982). The role of the SNS in the modulation of sodium excretion. Clinical Experimental Hypertension, A4, 719–735.
White, J. L. (1980). Toward a black psychology. In R. L. Jones (Ed.), Black psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Harper & Row.
Whitworth, J. A., Coghlan, J. P., Denton, D. A., Hardy, K. J., & Scoggins, B. A. (1979). Effect of sodium loading and ACTH on blood pressure of sheep with reduced renal mass. Cardiovascular Research, 13, 9.
Wilson, W. (1973). Power, racism, and privilege. New York: Free Press.
Wilson, W. J. (Ed.). (1989). The ghetto underclass: Social science perspectives. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 501, 8–231.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Anderson, N.B., McNeilly, M., Myers, H. (1992). Toward Understanding Race Difference in Autonomic Reactivity. In: Turner, J.R., Sherwood, A., Light, K.C. (eds) Individual Differences in Cardiovascular Response to Stress. Perspectives on Individual Differences. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0697-7_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0697-7_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-0699-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-0697-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive