Abstract
Development of evolutionary hypotheses about the brain or central nervous system (CNS) in any particular taxon depends on solid comparative neurobiological data. Differences among closely related species are likely to be quantitative, and in comparative neuroanatomy a histological technique amenable for quantitative comparisons is a Nissl stain that colors all neuronal perikarya and glial nuclei. Nissl-stained serial sections throughout the brain permit identification of discrete populations of neurons according to their cytoarchitecture, i.e., the arrangement, orientation, density, and coloring features of the nerve cells. Measurements on and within architecturally distinct regions called nuclei or laminae can then be made (Armstrong, 1979; Bauchot, this volume; Zilles et al., this volume; Galaburda and Pandya, this volume).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Amaral, D.G. and Cowan W.M., 1980, Subcortical afférents to the hippocampal formation in the monkey. J. Comp. Neurol., 189:573–591.
Andrew, J. and Watkins, E.S., 1969. A Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Thalamus and Adjacent Structures: a Variability Study, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.
Andy, O.J. and Stephan, H., 1976. Septum development in primates. In, The Septal Nuclei, J.F. De France, ed., Adv. in Behav. Bio., Vol. 20, Plenum, New York, pp. 3–36.
Armstrong, E., 1976. A quantitative comparison of the hominoid thalamus. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation: Columbia University.
Armstrong, E., 1979, A quantitative comparison of the hominoid thalamus: I. Specific sensory relay nuclei. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 52:405–419.
Armstrong, E., 1980a, A quantitative comparison of the hominoid thalamus: II. Limbic nuclei anterior principalis and lateralis dorsalis. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 52:43–54.
Armstrong, E., 1980b, A quantitative comparison of the hominoid thalamus: III. A motor substrate — the ventrolateral complex. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 52:405–419.
Armstrong, E., 1981, A quantitative comparison of the hominoid thalamus: IV. Posterior association nuclei — the pulvinar and lateral posterior nucleus. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., 55:369–383.
Bauchot, R., 1963. L’architectonique comparée, qualitative et quantitative, du diencéphale des insectivores. Mammalia, 27: Suppl. 1, pp. 1-400.
Bauchot, R., 1979, Indices encéphaliques et distances interspécifiques chez les insectivores et les primates. II. Diencéphale et thalamus. Mammalia, 43:407–426.
Blinkov, S.M., and Glezer, I.I., 1968. The Human Brain in Figures and Tables, Plenum Press, New York, p. 227.
Blinkov, S., and Zvorykin, V.P., 1950. Dimensions of the auditory cortex and the medial geniculate body in man and monkeys. Referred to in, The Human Brain in Figures and Tables, S.M. Blinkov and I.I. Glezer, eds., Basil Haigh, trans., Plenum Press, New York, 1968, pp. 225-226 and 410-412.
Bok, S.T., 1959. Histonomy of the Cerebral Cortex, Van Nostrand-Rinehold, Princeton, N.J.
Brady, J.V., 1960. Emotional behavior. In, Handbook of Physiology, Section I, J. Field, ed., Neurophysiology, Vol. III, American Physiological Society, Washington, D.C., pp. 1529–1552.
Chalupa, L.M., 1977, A review of cat and monkey studies implicating the pulvinar in visual function. Behav. Biol., 20:149–167.
Chow, K.L., 1951, Numerical estimates of the auditory central nervous system of the rhesus monkey. J. Comp. Neurol., 95:159–175.
Chow, K.L., Blum, J.S., and Blum, K.A., 1950, Cell ratios in the thalamocortical visual system of Macaca mulatta. J. Comp. Neurol., 92:227–239.
Curtiss, S., 1977. Genie: A Psycholinguistic Study of a Modern Day “Wild Child,” Academic Press, New York.
Elder, J.H., 1934, Auditory acuity of the chimpanzee. J. Comp. Psychol., 17:157–183.
Farrer, D.N., and Prim, M.M., 1965. A preliminary report on auditory frequency threshold comparison of humans and pre-adolescent chimpanzees. Aeromedical Research Laboratory Technical Report, Holloman AFB, New Mexico, pp. 65-66.
Farrer, D.N., and Young, F.A., 1970. Chimpanzee color vision, acuity, and ocular components. In, The Chimpanzee, Vol. 2, G. Bourne, ed., Karger, Basel, pp. 16-25.
Feremutsch, K., 1963, Thalamus. Primatologia, 2:1–226.
Freud, S., 1930. Civilization and Its Discontents, Hogarth Press, London.
Gould, J.C., and Gould, C.G., 1981, The instinct to learn. Science 81, 2:44–50.
Grether, W.F., 1941, Spectral saturation curves for chimpanzees and man. J. Exp. Psychol., 28:419–427.
Grether, W.F., 1942, The magnitude of simultaneous color contrast and simultaneous brightness contrast for chimpanzee and man. J. Exp. Psychol., 30:69–83.
Harting, J.K., Hall, W.C., and Diamond, I.T., 1972, Evolution of the pulvinar. Brain Behav. Evol., 6:424–452.
Hassler, R., 1959. Anatomy of the thalamus. In, Introduction to Stereotaxis with an Atlas to the Human Brain. Grune and Stratton, New York, pp. 230–290.
Haug, H., 1972, Stereological methods in the analysis of neuronal parameters in the central nervous system. J. Micros., 95:165–180.
Heiner, J.R., 1960, A reconstruction of the diencephalic nuclei of the chimpanzee. J. Comp. Neurol., 114:217–238.
Hirsh, R., Davis, R.E., and Holt, L., 1979, Fornix-thalamus fibers motivational states, and contextual retrieval. Exp. Neurol., 65:373–390.
Holloway, R.L., Jr., 1968, The evolution of the primate brain: some aspects of quantitative relations. Brain Res., 7:121–172.
Holloway, R.L., Jr., 1970. Neural parameters, hunting, and the evolution of the human brain. In, The Primate Brain, C.R. Noback and W. Montagna, eds., Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, pp. 299–310.
Holloway, R.L., Jr., 1975. The Role of Human Social Behavior in the Evolution of the Brain. 43rd James Arthur Lecture, 1973, American Museum of Natural History, New York.
Holloway, R.L., Jr., 1979. Brain size allometry and reorganization: toward a synthesis. In, Development and Evolution of Brain Size, M.E. Hahn, C. Jensen and B.C. Dudek, eds., Academic Press, New York, pp. 61–88.
Hopf, A., 1965, Volumetrische Untersuchungen zur vergleichenden Anatomie des Thalamus. J. f. Hirnforschung, 8:25–38.
Hsu, F.L.K., 1979, The cultural problem of the cultural anthropologist. Am. Anthrop., 81:517–532.
Jerison, H.J., 1973. Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence, Academic Press, New York.
Kanagasuntheram, J. and Wong, W.C., 1968, Nuclei of the diencephalon of Hylobatidae. J. Comp. Neurol., 134:265–286.
Kievit, J., and Kuypers, H.G.J.M., 1977, Organization of the thalamocortical connexions to the frontal lobe in the rhesus monkey. Exp. Brain Res., 29:299–322.
Krayniak, P.F., Siegel, A., Meibach, R.C., Fruchtman, D., and Scrimenti, M., 1979, Origin of the fornix system in the squirrel monkey. Brain Res., 160:401–411.
Kuhlenbeck, H., 1954. The Human Diencephalon, Karger, New York.
Kurepina, M.M., 1938. Structure and phylogenetic development of the thalamus in primates. Arkh. Biol. Nasuk., 49:116. In, The Human Brain in Figures and Tables, S.M. Blinkov and I.I. Glezer, eds., B. Haigh, trans., 1968, Plenum Press, New York.
Le Gros Clark, W.E., 1941, The laminar organization and cell content of the lateral geniculate body in the monkey. J. Anat., 75:419–433.
Le Gros Clark, W.E., 1959. The Antecedents of Man, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
Lovejoy, C.O., 1981, The origin of man. Science, 21:341–350.
MacLean, P.D., 1952, Some psychiatric implications of physiological studies on the frontotemporal portion of the limbic system (visceral brain). Electroencep. Clin. Neurol., 4:407–418.
MacLean, P.D., 1973. A triune concept of the brain and behavior. In, The Hincks Memorial Lectures, T. Boag and D. Campbell, eds., University of Toronto Press, Toronto, pp. 6–66.
Mayer, O., 1912. Mikrometrische Untersuchungen über Zelldichtigkeit der Grosshirnrinde bei den Affen. Jahrb. u. Psychol. Neurol., 17. Reprinted in, The Human Brain in Figures and Tables, S.T. Blinkov and I.I. Glezer, eds., B. Haigh, trans., 1968, Plenum Press, New York, p. 402.
McDonnell, M.F., and Flynn, J.P., 1968, Attack elicited by Stimulation of the thalamus and adjacent structures of cats. Behav., 31:185–202.
McGuinness, C.M., and Krauthamer, G.M., 1980, The afferent connections to the centrum medianum of the cat as demonstrated by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Brain Res., 184:255–269.
McHenry, H., 1975, Fossils and the mosaic nature of human evolution. Science, 190:425–431.
Mesulam, M.-M., and Geschwind, N., 1978, On the possible role of neocortex and its limbic connections in the process of attention and schizophrenia: Clinical cases of inattention in man and experimental anatomy in monkey. J. Psychiat. Res., 14:249–259.
Mesulam, M.-M., Van Hoesen, G.W., Pandya, D.N., and Geschwind, N., 1977, Limbic and sensory connections of the inferior parietal lobule (Area PG) in the rhesus monkey: A study with a new method for horseradish peroxidase histochemistry. Brain Res., 136:393–414.
Mikol, J., Brian, S., Derome, P., De Pommery, J., and Gallissot, M.C., 1977, Connections of latero-dorsal nucleus of the thalamus. II. Experimental study in Papio papio. Brain Res., 138:1–16.
Mirsky, A., Rosvold, H.E., and Pribram, K.H., 1957, Effects of cingulectomy on social behavior in monkeys. J. Neurophys., 20:588–601.
Morison, R.S., and Dempsy, E.W., 1942, A study of thalamo-cortical relations. Am. J. Physiol, 135:281–292.
Namba, M., 1958, Uber die feineren Strukturen des Medio-dorsalen Supranucleus und der Lamella Medialis des Thalamus beim Menschen. J. f. Hirnforsch., 4:1–42.
Niimi, K., and Kuwahara, E., 1973, The dorsal thalamus of the cat and comparison with monkey and man. J. f. Hirnforsch., 14:303–325.
Niimi, K., Katayama, K., Karaseki, T., and Morimoto, K., 1960, Studies on the derivation of the centremedian nucleus of Luys. Tokushima J. Exp. Med., 6:261–268.
Ojemann, G.A., 1974. Speech and short-term verbal memory alterations evoked from stimulation in pulvinar. In, The Pulvinar-LP Complex, I.S. Cooper, M. Riklan, and P. Rakic, eds., Charles C Thomas, Springfield, pp. 173–184.
Olszewski, J., 1952. The Thalamus of the Macaca Mulatta, Karger, New York.
Papez, J.W., 1937, A proposed mechanism of emotion. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 38:725–744.
Passingham, R.E., 1973, Changes in the size and organization of the brain in man and his ancestors. Brain Behav. Evol., 11:73–90.
Passingham, R.E., 1979. Specialization in the language areas. In, Neurobiology of Social Communication in Primates, H.O. Steklis and M.J. Raleigh, eds., Academic Press, New York, pp. 221–256.
Phillips, C.G., and Porter, R., 1977. Corticospinal neurons: Their role in movement. In, Monographs of the Physiol. Soc., Vol. 34, Academic Press, New York.
Radinsky, L.B., 1979. The Fossil Record of Primate Brain Evolution. 49th James Arthur Lecture on the Evolution of the Human Brain, American Museum of Natural History, New York.
Rakic, P., 1974. Embryonic development of the pulvinar-LP complex in man. In, The Pulvinar-LP Complex, I.S. Cooper, M. Riklan, and P. Rakic, eds., Charles C Thomas, Springfield, pp. 3–30.
Rakic, P., and Sidman, R.L., 1969, Telencephalic origin of pulvinar neurons in the fetal human brain. Z. Anat. Entwickl.-Gesch., 129:53–82.
Reynolds, V., 1976. The Biology of Human Action, Freeman, San Franscisco.
Riesen, A.H., 1970. Chimpanzee visual perception. In, The Chimpanzee, Vol. 2, G. Bourne, ed., Karger, Basel, pp. 1–15.
Riss, W., Halpern, M., and Scalia, F., 1969, Anatomical aspects of the evolution of the limbic and olfactory systems and their potential significance for behavior. In, Experimental Approaches to the Study of Emotional Behavior, E. Toback, ed., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 159:1096-1111.
Rockel, A.J., Nivens, R.W., and Powell, T.P.S., 1980, The basic uniformity in structure of the neocortex. Brain, 103:221–244.
Shariff, G.A., 1953, Cell counts in the primate cerebral cortex. J. Comp. Neurol., 98:381–400.
Singer, M., 1980, Signs of the self: an exploration in semiotic anthropology. Am. Anthrop., 82:485–507.
Spiegel, E.A., Wycis, H.I., Freed, H., Orchinik, C., 1951, The central mechanisms of the emotions. Am. J. Psychiat., 108:426–431.
Stebbins, W.C., 1971. Hearing. In, Behavior of Nonhuman Primates, Vol. 3, A.M. Schrier and Stollnitz, eds., Academic Press, New York, pp. 159–192.
Stephan, H., 1969, Quantitative investigations on visual structure in primate brains. Proc. 2nd Int. Congr. Primat., 3:34–42.
Stephan, H., and Andy, O.J., 1964, Quantitative comparisons of brain structures from insectivores to primates. Am. Zool., 4:59–74.
Stephan, H., and Andy, O.J., 1974. Comparative primate neuroanatomy of structures relating to aggressive behavior. In, Primate Aggression Territoriality and Xenophobia: A Comparative Perspective, R. Holloway, ed., Academic Press, New York, pp. 305–330.
Stephan, H., Bauchot, R., and Andy, O.J., 1970. Data on size of the brain and of various brain parts in insectivores and primates. The Primate Brain, C.R. Noback and W. Montagna, eds., Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, pp. 289–298.
Sullivan, P.R., Kuten, J., Atkinson, M.S., Angevine, J.B., and Yakovlev, P.I., 1958, Cell count in the lateral geniculate nucleus of man. Neurol., 8:566–567.
Thompson, R., Gates, C.E., and Gross, S.A., 1979, Thalamic regions critical for retention of skilled movements in the rat. Physiol. Psychol., 7:7–21.
Tower, D.B., 1954, Structural and functional organization of the mammalian cerebral cortex. The correlation of neuron density with brain size. Cortical density in the finwhale with a note on the cortical neurone density in the Indian elephant. J. Comp. Neurol., 101:19–53.
Tower, D.B., and Young, O.M., 1973, The activities of butyrylcholinesterase and carbonic anhydrase, the rate of anaerobic glycolysis, and the question of a constant density of glial cells in cerebral cortices of mammalian species from mouse to whale. J. Neurochem., 20:269–278.
Tsubokawa, T., and Moriyasu, N., 1978, Motivational slow negative potential shift (CNV) related to thalamotomy. Appl. Neurophysiol., 41:202–208.
Van Buren, J., and Borke, R., 1972. Variations and Connections of the Human Thalamus, Vol. I, II, Springer-Verlag, New York.
Victor, M., Adams, R.D., and Collins, H.G., 1971. The Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome, E. A. Davis Co., Philadelphia.
Vinagradova, O.S., 1975. Functional organization of the limbic system in the process of registration of information: Facts and hypotheses. In, The Hippocampus, II, R.L. Isaacson and K.H. Pribram, eds., Plenum Press, New York, pp. 3–69.
Vogt, O.H., Rosene, D.L., and Pandya, D.N., 1979, Thalamic and cortical afferents differentiate anterior from posterior cingulate cortex in the monkey. Science, 204:205–207.
Vyshinskaya, G.A., 1961. Personal communication. In, The Human Brain in Figures and Tables, S.M. Blinkov and I.I. Glezer, eds., B. Haigh, trans., Plenum Press, New York, p. 44.
Walker, A.E., 1938. The Primate Thalamus, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Wilson, W.P., 1975. Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, Belknap Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1982 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Armstrong, E. (1982). Mosaic Evolution in the Primate Brain: Differences and Similarities in the Hominoid Thalamus. In: Armstrong, E., Falk, D. (eds) Primate Brain Evolution. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4148-2_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4148-2_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-4150-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-4148-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive