Abstract
Endogenous retroviruses have been recovered from reptiles, birds and mammals. Virtually all eucaryotic cells harbor DNA sequences that encode structural genes related to species-specific, RNA tumor viruses. Retroviral DNA sequences (proviruses) related to congenitally transmitted avian leukemia viruses (ALVs) occur in the Red jungle fowl, the progenitor of the domestic chicken (1). In this monograph the abbreviation ALV is used for both endogenous and exogenous avian leukemia viruses. During the evolution of Gallus gallus var. domesticus, endogenous viral (ev) sequences were presumably acquired through infection of the germ line with a progenitor to contemporary ALVs. Endogenous proviruses have persisted as single-copy genes in virtually all domestic chickens. Individual White Leghorns have been reported to carry as many as 10 ev genes (2), Currently, more than 20 ev genes, identified as distinct restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), have been phenotypically associated with various levels of ALV gene expression in inbred and commercial lines of chickens.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Weiss, R.A. and Biggs, P.M. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 49: 1713–1725, 1972.
Rovigatti, V.G. and Astrin, S.M. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 103: 1–21, 1983.
Crittenden, L.B., Witter, R.L., Okazaki, W. and Neiman, P.E. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 63: 191–199, 1979.
Crittenden, L.B., Witter, R.L. and Fadly, A.M. Avian Dis. 23: 646–653, 1979.
Robinson, H.R. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 83: 1–36, 1978.
Hayward, W.S. and Neel, B.G. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 91: 218–276, 1981.
Crittenden, L.B. Avian Pathol. 10: 101–112, 1981.
Coffin, J.M. In: Molecular Biology of Tumor Viruses: RNA Tumor Viruses, 2nd ed. (Eds. R. Weiss, N. Teich, H. Varmus and J. Coffin), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1982, pp. 1109–1203.
Temin, H.M. Virology 20: 577–582, 1963.
Temin, H.M. Virology 23: 486–494, 1964.
Temin, H.M. and Mizutani, S. Nature 266: 1211–1213, 1970.
Baltimore, D. Nature 226: 1209–1211, 1970.
Sarma, P.S., Turner, H.C. and Huebner, R.J. Virology 23: 313–321, 1964.
Dougherty, R.M. and DiStefano, H.S. Virology 29: 586–595, 1966.
Dougherty, R.M. and DiStefano, H.S. and Roth, F.K. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 58: 808–817, 1967.
Payne, L.N. and Chubb, R.C. J. Gen. Virol. 3: 379–391, 1968.
Weiss, R.A. and Payne, L.N. Virology 45: 508–515, 1971.
Hanafusa, H., Miyamoto, T. and Hanafusa, T. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 66: 312–321, 1970.
Hanafusa, T., Hanafusa, H. and Miyamoto, T. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 67: 1797–1803, 1970.
Vogt, P.K. and Friis, R.R. Virology 43: 223–234, 1971.
Crittenden, L.B., Motta, J.V. and Smith, E.J. Virology 76: 90–97, 1977.
Weiss, R.A., Friis, R.R., Katz, E. and Vogt, P.K. Virology 46: 920–938, 1971.
Robinson, H.R., Swanson, C.A., Hruska, J.F. and Crittenden, L.B. Virology 69: 63–74, 1976.
Neiman, P.E. Virology 53: 196–204, 1973.
Astrin, S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 75: 5941–5945, 1978.
Hughes, S.H., Payvar, R., Spector, D., Schimke, R.T., Robinson, H.L., Payne, G.S., Bishop, J.M. and Varmus, H.E. Cell 18: 347–359, 1979.
Panganiban, A.T. and Temin, H.M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 81: 7885–7889,1984.
Dorner, A.J., Stoye, J.P. and Coffin, J.M. J. Virol. 53: 32–39, 1985.
Hunter, E., Hill, E., Hardwick, M., Bhown, A., Schwartz, D. and Tizard, R. J. Virol. 46: 920–926, 1983.
Hughes, S.H., Vogt, P.K., Stubblefield, E., Bishop, J.M. and Varmus, H.E. Virology 108: 208–221, 1981.
Baker, B., Robinson, H.L., Varmus, H.E. and Bishop, J.M. Virology 114: 8–22, 1981.
Spector, D. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 91: 41–80, 1981.
Humphries, E.H., Danhoff, M.L. and Hlozanek, I. Virology 135: 125–138, 1984.
Tereba, A. J. Virol. 40: 920–926, 1981.
DeLorbe, W.J., Luciw, P.A.., Goodman, H.M., Varmus, H.E. and Bishop, J.M. J. Virol. 36: 50–61, 1980.
Hughes, S.H. In: Molecular Biology of Tumor Viruses: RNA Tumor Viruses, 2nd ed. (Eds. R. Weiss, N. Teich, H. Varmus and J. Coffin), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1982, p. 1295.
Varmus, H.E. Science 216: 812–820, 1982.
Skalka, A.M. and Leis, J. BioEssays 1: 206–210, 1984.
Hishinuma, F., DeBona, P.J., Astrin, S. and Skalka, A.M. Cell 23: 155–164, 1981.
Temin, H.M. Cell 21: 599–600, 1980.
Ju, G. and Skalka, A.M. Cell 22: 379–386, 1980.
Chen, H.R. and Barker, W.C. Nucleic Acids Res. 12: 1767–1777, 1984.
Soe, L.H., Devi, B.G., Mullins, J.I. and Burman, P.R. J. Virol. 46: 829–840, 1983.
Steele, P.E., Rabson, A.B., Bryan, T. and Martin, M.A. Science 225: 943–947, 1984.
Smith, E.J., Fadly, A.M. and Okazaki, W. Avian Dis. 23: 698–707, 1979.
Hanafusa, H., Miyamoto, T. and Hanafusa, T. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 66: 314–321, 1970.
Crittenden, L.B., Eagen, D.A. and Gulvas, F.A. Infect. Immun. 24: 379–386, 1979.
Wang, S.Y., Hayward, W.S. and Hanafusa, H. J. Virol. 24: 64–73, 1977.
Smith, E.J., Crittenden, L.B. and Brinsfield, T.H. Virology 61: 594–596, 1974.
Cooper, G. and Silverman, L. Cell 15: 573–577, 1978.
Groudine, M., Eisenman, R. and Weintraub, H. Nature 292: 311–317, 1981.
Hayward, W.S., Braverman, S.B. and Astrin, S.M. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 44: 1111–1121, 1980.
Hughes, S.H., Toyoshima, K., Bishop, J.M. and Varmus, H.E. Virology 108: 189–207, 1981.
Crittenden, L.B., Gulvas, F.A. and Eagen, D.A. Virology 103: 400–406, 1980.
Robinson, H.L., Eisenman, R., Senior, A. and Ripley, S. Virology 99: 21–30, 1979.
Smith, E.J., Bizub, D., Scholl, D.R. and Skalka, A.M. Virology 134: 493–496, 1984.
Hutchinson, K.W., Copeland, N.G. and Jenkins, N.A. Mol. Cell. Biol. 4: 2899–2904, 1984.
Hughes, S.H. J. Virol. 43: 191–200, 1982.
Coffin, J.M., Tsichlis, P., Conklin, K.F., Senior, A. and Robinson, H.L. Virology 126: 51–72, 1983.
Luciw, P.A., Bishop, J.M., Varmus, H.E. and Capecchi, M.R. Cell 33: 705–716, 1983.
Cullen, B.R., Skalka, A.M. and Ju, G. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 80: 2946–2950, 1983.
Laimins, L.A., Tsichlis, P. and Khoury, J. Nucleic Acids Res. 12: 6427–6442, 1984.
Schmidt, E.V., Keene, J.D., Linial, M. and Smith, R.E. Virology 116: 163–180, 1982.
Crittenden, L.B. and Astrin, S.M. Virology 110: 120–127, 1981.
Astrin, S.M., Crittenden, L.B. and Buss, E.G. Virology 99: 1–9, 1979.
Smith, E.J. and Crittenden, L.B. Virology 112: 370–373, 1981.
Tereba, A. and Astrin, S.M. J. Virol. 43: 737–740, 1982.
Tereba, A. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 107: 29–50, 1983.
Tereba, A., Crittenden, L.B. and Astrin, S.M. J. Virol. 39: 282–289, 1981.
Astrin, S.M., Buss, E.G. and Hayward, W.S. Nature 282: 339–340, 1979.
Hughes, S.H., Vogt, P.K., Bishop, J.M. and Varmus, H.E. Virology 108: 222–229, 1981.
Frisby, D.P., Weiss, R.A., Roussel, M. and Stéhelin, D. Cell 17: 623–634, 1979.
Gudkov, A.V., Obukh, I.B., Serov, S.M. and Naroditsky, B.S. J. Gen. Virol. 57: 85–94, 1981.
Schwartz, D.E., Tizard, R. and Gilbert, W. Cell 32: 853–869, 1983.
Neiman, P., Wright, S.E., McMillin, C. and MacDonnell, D. J. Virol. 13: 837–846, 1974.
Darlix, J.L. and Spahr, P.F. Nucleic Acids Res. 11: 5953–5967, 1983.
Rettenmier, C.W. and Hanafusa, H. Virol. 24: 850–864, 1977.
Shaikh, R., Linial, M., Brown, S., Sen, A. and Eisenman, R. Virology 93: 463–481, 1979.
Conklin, K.F. Coffin, J.M., Robinson, H.L., Groudine M. and Eisenman, R. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2: 638–652, 1982.
Bhown, A.S., Bennett, J.C. and Hunter, E. J. Biol. Chem. 255: 6962–6965, 1980.
Coffin, J.M., Champion, M. and Chabot, F. J. Virol. 28: 972–991, 1978.
Crittenden, L.B., Hayward, W.S., Hanafusa, H. and Fadly, A.M. J. Virol. 33: 915–919, 1980.
Robinson, H.L., Blais, B.M., Tsichlis, P.N. and Coffin, J.M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 79: 1225–1229, 1982.
Tsichlis, P.N., Donehower, L., Hager, G., Teller, N., Malavarca, R., Astrin, S. and Skalka, A.M. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2: 1331–1338, 1982.
Crittenden, L.B. Avian Dis. 19: 281–292, 1975.
Payne, L.N., Pani, P.K. and Weiss, R.A. J. Gen. Virol. 13: 455–462, 1971.
Robinson, H.L., Astrin, S.M., Senior, A.M. and Salazar, F.H. J. Virol. 40: 745–751, 1981.
Crittenden, L.B., Fadly, A.M. and Smith, E.J. Avian Dis. 26: 279–294, 1982.
Crittenden, L.B., Smith, E.J. and Fadly, A.M. Avian Dis. 28: 1037–1056, 1984.
Halpern, M.S., Ewert, D.L., Flores, L.J. and Crittenden, L.B. Virology 128: 502–504, 1983.
Crittenden, L.B., Smith, E.J., Gulvas, F.A. and Robinson, H.L. Virology 95: 434–444, 1979.
Weiss, R.A. and Frisby, D.P. In: Adv. Comp. Leukemia Res. (Eds. D.S. Yohn and J.R. Blakeslee), Elsevier/North-Holland, 1981, pp. 303–308.
Halpern, S. and Friis, R.R. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 75: 1962–1966, 1978.
Elmubarek, A.K., Sharma, J.M., Witter, R.L., Crittenden, L.B. and Sanger, V.L. Avian Pathol. 12: 235–245, 1983.
Spencer, J.L., Gavora, J.S. and Gowe, R.S. Poult. Sci. 58: 279–284, 1979.
Gavora, J.S., Spencer, J.L., Gowe, R.S. and Harris, D.L. Poult. Sci. 59: 2165–2178, 1980.
Gavora, J.S., Spencer, J.L. and Chambers, J.R. Avian Pathol. 11: 29–38, 1982.
Crittenden, L.B., Okazaki, W. and Smith, E.J. Poult. Sci. 62: 2383–2386, 1983.
Garwood, V.A., Okazaki, W., Crittenden, L.B. and Lowe, P.C. Poult. Sci. 60: 2619–2621, 1981.
Crittenden, L.B., Gavora, J.S., Gulvas, F.A. and Gowe, R.S. Avian Pathol. 8: 125–131, 1979.
Robinson, H.L. and Eisenman, R.N. Science 225: 417–419, 1984.
Crittenden, L.B. and Smith, E.J. Avian Dis. 28: 1057–1069, 1984.
Hayward, W.S., Neel, B.C. and Astrin, S.M. Nature 290: 475–480, 1981.
Astrin, S.M., Robinson, H.L., Crittenden, L.B., Buss, E.G., Wyman, J. and Hayward, W.S. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 44: 1105–1109, 1980.
Crittenden, L.B., Astrin, S.M. and Smith, E.J. Virology 129: 514–516, 1983.
Smith, E.J. and Crittenden, L.B. Virology 112: 370–373, 1981.
Bacon, L.D., Smith, E.J., Crittenden, L.B. and Havenstein, G.B. Poult. Sci. 64: supp. 1:10, 1985.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1986 Martinus Nijhoff Publishing, Boston
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Smith, E.J. (1986). Endogenous Avian Leukemia Viruses. In: De Boer, G.F. (eds) Avian Leukosis. Developments in Veterinary Virology, vol 4. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2059-3_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2059-3_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9223-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2059-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive