Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Oral Self-Administration of Alcohol: A Valid Approach to the Study of Drug Self-Administration and Human Alcoholism

  • Chapter
Methods of Assessing the Reinforcing Properties of Abused Drugs

Abstract

The purpose of the present paper is to examine the use of animal models in psychopharmacology with particular emphasis on oral self-administration of drugs. As most of the studies in this area involve alcohol, the bulk of this paper will deal with questions related to this abused drug. Various techniques of oral self-administration are reviewed and their utility as methods of investigation in the area of psychopharmacology are examined. It is concluded that the question under investigation is critical in determining the validity of any animal model and that the use of oral paradigms may be the most appropriate method to examine the question of alcohol self-administration.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Amir, S. (1977). Brain and liver aldehyde dehydrogenase. Relations to ethanol consumption in Wistar rats. Neuropharmacology, 16, 781–784.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amir, S. (1978). Brain aldehyde dehydrogenase: Adaptive increase following prolonged ethanol administration in rats. Neuropharmacology, 17, 463–467.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amir, S., & Stern, M. H. (1978). Electrical stimulation and lesions of the medial forebrain bundle in the rat: Changes in voluntary ethanol consumption and brain aldehyde dehydrogenase activity. Psychopharmacology, 57, 167–174.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amit, Z., Brown, Z. W., Levitan, D. E., & Ogren, S-O. (1977). Noradrenergic mediation of the positive reinforcing properties of ethanol: I. Suppression of ethanol consumption in laboratory rats following dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibition. Archives Internationale de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie, 230, 65–75.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amit, Z., & Stern, M. H. (1969). Alcohol ingestion without oropharyngeal sensations. Psychonomic Science, 15, 162–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amit, Z., & Stern, M. H. (1971). A further investigation of alcohol preference in the laboratory rat induced by hypothalamic stimulation. Psychopharmacology, 21, 317–327.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amit, Z., Stern, M. H., & Wise, R. A. (1970). Alcohol preference in the laboratory rat induced by hypothalamic stimulation. Psychopharmacology, 17, 367–377.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amit, Z., & Sutherland, E. A. (1976). The relevance of recent animal studies for the development of treatment procedures for alcoholics. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 1, 3–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amit, Z., Sutherland, E. A., & White, N. (1976). The role of physical dependence in animal models of human alcoholism. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 1, 435–440.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, W. W., & Thompson, T. (1974). Ethanol self-administration in water satiated rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, 2, 367–377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beardsley, P. M., Lemaire, G. A., & Meisch, R. A. (1978). Ethanol reinforced behavior of rats with concurrent access to food and water. Psychopharmacology, 59, 7–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bigelow, G., & Liebson, I. (1972). Cost factors controlling alcoholic drinking. Psychological Record, 22, 305–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, E. L., & Martin, G. L. (1972). Extinction of alcohol drinking in rats following acquisition on a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement. Psychonomic Science, 29, 152–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, Z. W., Amit, Z., h Smith, B. (1980). Intraventricular self-administration of acetaldehyde and voluntary consumption of ethanol in rats. Behavioral and Neural Biology, 28, 150–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, B., Taylor, J. T., & Haslett, W. L. (1967) Anti-alcohol properties of metronidazole in rats. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 124, 191–195

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carey, R. J. (1972). A decrease in ethanol preference in rats resulting from forced ethanol drinking under fluid deprivation. Physiology & Behavior, 8, 373–375.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cicero, T. J. (1980). Animal models of alcoholism? In K. Eriksson, J. D. Sinclair, & K. Kilanmaa (Eds.), Animal models in alcohol research (pp. 99–117). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corcoran, M. E., & Amit, Z. (1974); Reluctance of rats to drink hashish suspensions: Free-choice and forced consumption and the effects of hypothalamic stimulation. Psychopharmacology, 35, 129–147.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coulson, G. E., Koffer, K. B., & Coulson, U. (1971). Reinforcement of ethanol consumption in rats by an increase in the frequency of food pellet delivery. Psychonomic Science, 23, 103–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, W. M., Werner, T. E., & Smith, S. G. (1979). Reinforcement with intragastric infusions of ethanol: Blocking effect of FLA-57. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, 11, 545–548.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elmer, E. O., & Senter, R. J. (1968). Alcohol consumption in domestic and wild rats. Psychonomic Science, 10, 319–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson, K. (1968). Genetic selection for voluntary alcohol consumption in the albino rat. Science, 159, 739–741.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Everett, P. B., & King, R. A. (1970). Schedule-induced alcohol ingestion. Psychonomic Science, 18, 278–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ewing, J. A., Rouse, B. A., & Pellizzari, E. D. (1974). Alcohol sensitivity and ethnic background. American Journal of Psychiatry, 131, 206–210.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falk, J. L. (1961). Production of polydipsia in normal rats by an intermittent food schedule. Science, 133, 195–196.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falk, J. L., Samson, H. H., & Winger, G. (1972). Behavioral maintenance of high concentration of blood ethanol and physical dependence in the rat. Science, 177, 811–813.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freed, E. X. (1972). Alcohol polydipsia in the rat as a function of caloric need. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 33, 504–507.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freed, E. X., Carpenter, J. A., & Hymowitz, N. (1970). Acquisition and extinction of schedule-induced polydipsia consumption of alcohol and water. Psychological Reports, 26, 915–922.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freed, E. X., & Lester, D. (1970). Schedule-induced consumption of ethanol: Calories or chemotherapy? Physiology & Behavior, 5, 555–560.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, D. W. (1979). Alcoholism & heredity: A review and a hypothesis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 57–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haranda, S., Agarwal, D. P., Goedde, H. W., & Ishikawa, B. (1983). Aldehyde dehydrogenase isoenzyme variation and alcoholism in Japanese. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, l8(Suppl. 1), 151–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, B. E., Walker, D. W., & Riley, J. N. (1974). Dissociation between physical dependence and volitional ethanol consumption: Role of multiple withdrawal episodes. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, 2, 523–529.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, M., & Stellar, E. (1960). Alcohol preference in normal and anosmic rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 53, 571–575.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamback, M. C. (1973). Drinking as an avoidance response by pigtail monkey (Macac nemistrina). Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 34, 943–946.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keehn, J. D. (1969). “Voluntary” consumption of alcohol by rats. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 30, 320–329.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keehn, J. D., & Coulson, G. E. (1970). Ethanol consumption by rats on a differential probability of reinforcement schedule. Psychonomic Society, 19, 283–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrin, M., Naranjo, C. A., & Sellers, E. M. (1983). Studies on the mechanism of zimeli dine-induced decrease in alcohol consumption in rats. Proceedings Canadian Federation of Biological Societies, 26, 116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lester, D. (1961). Self-maintenance of intoxication in the rat. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 22, 223–231.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lester, D., & Freed, E. (1972). The rat views alcohol nutrition or nirvana? In O. Forsander & K. Eriksson (Eds.), Biological aspects of alcohol consumption (pp. 51–57). Helsinki: Finnish Foundation for Alcohol Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lester, D., & Freed, E. X. (1973). Criteria for an animal model of alcoholism. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, 1, 103–107.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, T. K., & Lumeng, L. (1977). Alcohol metabolism of inbred strains of rats with alcohol preference and non-preference. In R. G. Thurman, J. R. Williamson, H. Drott, & B. Chance (Eds.), Alcohol and aldehyde metabolizing systems (pp. 625–633). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ludwig, A. M., Wikler, A., & Stark, L. H. (1974). The first drink: Psychological aspects of craving. Archives of General Psychiatry, 30, 539–547.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lumeng, L., Hawkins, T. C., & Li, T. K. (1977). New strains of rats with alcohol preference and non-preference. In R. G. Thurman, J. R. Williamson, H. Drott, & B. Chance (Eds.), Alcohol and aldehyde metabolizing systems, (pp. 537–544). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, G. E., & Myers, R. D. (1972). Ethanol ingestion in the rat induced by rewarding brain stimulation. Physiology & Behavior, 8, 1151–1160.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meisch, R. A. (1977). Ethanol self-administration: Infrahuman studies. In T. Thompson & P. B. Dews (Eds.), Advances in behavioral pharmacology (Vol. I, pp. 35–84). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meisch, R. A. (1980). Ethanol as a reinforcer for rats, monkeys and humans. In K. Eriksson, J. D. Sinclair & K. Kiianmaa (Eds.), Animal models in alcohol research (pp. 153–158). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meisch, R. A., & Beardsley, P. (1975). Ethanol as a reinforcer for rats: Effects of concurrent access to water and alternate positions of water and ethanol. Psychopharmacology, 43, 19–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meisch, R. A., & Thompson, T. (1971). Ethanol intake in the absence of concurrent food reinforcement. Psychopharmacology, 22, 72–79.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meisch, R. A., & Thompson, T. (1972). Ethanol intake during schedule-induced polydipsia. Physiology & Behavior, 8, 471–475.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meisch, R. A., & Thompson, T. (1973). Ethanol as a reinforcer: Effects of fixed-ratio size and food deprivation. Psychopharmacology, 28, 171–183.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meisch, R. A., & Thompson, T. (1974). Rapid establishment of ethanol as a reinforcer for rats. Psychopharmacology, 37, 311–321.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mello, N. K. (1973). A review of methods to induce alcohol addiction in animals. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, 1, 89–101.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mello, N. K., & Mendelson, J. H. (1965a). Operant drinking of alcohol on a rate-contingent ration schedule of reinforcement. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 3, 145–152.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mello, N. K., & Mendelson, J. H. (1965b). Operant analysis of drinking patterns of chronic alcoholics. Nature, 206, 43–46.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mello, N. K., & Mendelson, J. H. (1972). Drinking patterns during work-contingent alcohol acquisition. Psychosomatic Medicine, 34, 139–164.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendelson, J. H., & Mello, N. K. (1964). Ethanol and whiskey drinking patterns in rats under free-choice and forced-choice conditions. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 25, 1–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mirone, L. (1952). The effect of ethyl alcohol on growth, fecundity and voluntary consumption of alcohol by mice. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 13, 365–369.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mirone, L. (1957). Dietary deficiency in mice in relation to voluntary alcohol consumption. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 18, 552–560.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mizoi, Y., Ijiri, I., Tatsumo, Y., Kijima, T., Fujiwara, S., Adachi, J., & Hishida, S. (1979). Relationship between facial flushing and blood acetaldehyde levels after alcohol intake. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, 10, 303–311.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mizoi, Y., Tatsumo, Y., Adachi, J., Kogame, M., Fukunasa, T., Fujiwara, S., Hishida, S., & Ijiri, I. (1983). Alcohol sensitivity related to polymorphism of alcohol-metabolizing enzymes in Japanese. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, l8(Suppl. 1), 127–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myers, R. D. (1961). Changes in learning, extinction and fluid preferences as a function of alcohol consumption in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 54, 510–516.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Myers, R. D. (1968). Ethyl alcohol consumption: Valid measurement in albino rats. Science, 161, 76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naranjo, C. A., Lawrin, M., Addison, D., Roach, C. A., Harrison, M., Sanchez-Craig, M., & Sellers, E. M. (1983). Zimelidine (Z) decreases alcohol consumption (AC) in non-depressed heavy drinkers. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 33, 241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naranjo, C. A., Sellers, E. M., Roach, C. A., Woodley, D. V., Sanchez-Craig, M., & Sykora, K. (1983). Zimelidine induced variations in ethanol intake in non-depressed heavy drinkers. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 35, 374–381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogata, H., Ogata, F., Mendelson, J. H., & Mello, N. K. (1972). A comparison of techniques to induce alcohol dependence and tolerance in the mouse. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 180, 216–230.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parisella, R. M., & Pritham, G. H. (1964). Effect of age on alcohol preference by rats. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 25, 248–252.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penn, D. E., McBride, W. S., Lumeng, L., Gaff, T.M, & Li, T. K. (1978). Neurochemical and operant behavioral studies of a strain of alcohol preferring rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, 8, 475–481.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perensky, J. J., Senter, R. J., & Jones, R. B. (1968). Induced alcohol consumption through positive reinforcement. Psychonomic Science, 11, 109–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinel, J. P. J., Mucha, R. F., & Rovner, L. I. (1976). Temporary effects of periodic alcohol availability. Behavioral Biology, 16, 227–232.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, B. J., Kamano, D. K., & Martin, L. K. (1966). Multiple factors affecting volitional consumption of alcohol in the Abrams Wistar rat. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 27, 7–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramsey, R. W., & Van Dis, H. (1967). The role of punishment in the aetiology and continuance of alcohol drinking in rats. Behavioral Research and Therapy, 5, 229–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ratcliffe, F. (1972). Ethanol dependence in the rat: Its production and characteristics. Archives Internationale de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie, 196, 146–156.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reed, T. E., Kalant, H., Gibbons, R. J., Kapur, B. M., & Rankin, J. C. (1976). Alcohol and acetaldehyde metabolism in Caucasians, Chinese and Amerinds. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 115, 851–855.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richter, C. P., & Campbell, K. (1940). Alcohol taste thresholds and concentration of solution preferred by rats. Science, 91, 507–508.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rick, J. T., & Wilson, C. W. M. (1966). Alcohol preference in the rat: Its relationship to total fluid consumption. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 27, 447–458.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rockman, G. E., Amit, Z., Carr, G., Brown, Z. W., & Ogren, S-O. (1979). Attenuation of ethanol intake by 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake blockade in laboratory rats: I. Involvement of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine in the mediation of the positive reinforcing properties of ethanol. Archives Internationale de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie, 241, 245–259.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodgers, D. A., & McClearn, G. E. (1962). Alcohol preference of mice. In E. L. Bliss (Ed.), Roots of behavior (pp. 68–95). New York: Harper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodgers, D. A., Ward, P. A., Thiessen, D. D., & Whitworth, N. S. (1967). Pathological effects of prolonged voluntary consumption of alcohol by mice. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 28, 618–630.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samson, H. H., & Falk, J. L. (1974). Alteration of fluid preference in ethanol-dependent animals. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 190, 365–376.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, R. M., Nathan, P. E., & O’Brien, J. S. (1976). The performance of adult alcoholics working for alcohol: A detailed operant analysis. British Journal of Addiction, 71, 307–319.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlesinger, K., Kakihana, R., & Bennett, E. L. (1 966). Effects of tetraethylthiuram disulfide (Antabuse) on the metabolism and consumption of ethanol in mice. Psychonomic Science, 28, 514–520.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuckit, M. A., & Rayses, V. (1979). Ethanol ingestion: Differences in blood acetaldehyde concentrations in relatives of alcoholics and controls. Science, 203, 54–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Senter, R. J., & Sinclair, J. D. (1967). Self-maintenance of intoxication in the rat: A modified replication. Psychonomic Science, 9, 291–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Senter, R. J., Smith, F. W., & Lewin, S. (1967). Ethanol ingestion as an operant response. Psychonomic Science, 8, 291–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard, J. E., Albersheim, P., & McClearn, G. E. (1968). Enzyme activities and ethanol preference in mice. Biochemical Genetics, 2, 205–212.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, J. D. (1980). Comparison of the factors which influence voluntary drinking in humans and animals. In K. Eriksson, J. D. Sinclair, & K. Kiianmaa (Eds.), Animal models in alcohol research (pp. 119–137). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, J. D., & Senter, R. J. (1968). Development of an alcohol deprivation effect in rats. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 29, 863–867.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, J. E. (1974). Rats learning to work for alcohol. Nature, 244, 590–592.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Socaransky, S. M., Aragon, C. M. G., Amit, Z., & Blander, A. (1984). Higher correlation of ethanol consumption with brain than liver ALDH in three strains of rats. Psychopharmacology, 84, 250–253.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, E. A., Amit, Z., Sossanpour, M., & Selvaggi, N. (1983). A new psychopharmacological approach to treatment of alcoholism: Blockade of positive reinforcement with zimelidine. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 7, 123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallgren, H., & Forsander, O. (1963). Effect of adaptation to alcohol and of age on voluntary consumption of alcohol by rats. British Journal of Nutrition, 17, 453–457.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wayner, M. J., Gawronski, D., Roubie, C., & Greenberg, I. (1971). Effect of ethyl alcohol on lateral hypothalamic neurons. In N. K. Mello & J. H. Mendelson (Eds.), Recent advances in studies of alcoholism (pp. 219–273). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wayner, M. J., & Greenberg, I. (1972). Effects of hypothalamic stimulation, acclimation and periodic withdrawal on ethanol consumption. Physiology & Behavior, 9, 737–740.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, C. W. M. (1972). The limiting factors in alcohol consumption. In O. Forsander & E. K. Eriksson (Eds.), Biological aspects of alcoholism (pp. 207–215). Helsinki: Finnish Foundation for Alcohol Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wise, R. A. (1973). Voluntary ethanol intake in rats following exposure to ethanol on various schedules. Psychopharmacology, 29, 203–210.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wise, R. A., & Bozarth, M. A. (1982). Action of drugs of abuse on brain reward systems: An update with specific attention to opiates. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, 17, 239–243.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeiner, A. R., Paredes, A., & Christianson, H. D. (1979). The role of acetaldehyde in mediating reactivity to an acute dose of ethanol among different racial groups. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 3, 11–18.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, H3G 1M8, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

    Z. Amit, B. R. Smith & E. A. Sutherland

Authors
  1. Z. Amit
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. B. R. Smith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. E. A. Sutherland
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, 14260, Buffalo, New York, USA

    Michael A. Bozarth

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1987 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Amit, Z., Smith, B.R., Sutherland, E.A. (1987). Oral Self-Administration of Alcohol: A Valid Approach to the Study of Drug Self-Administration and Human Alcoholism. In: Bozarth, M.A. (eds) Methods of Assessing the Reinforcing Properties of Abused Drugs. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4812-5_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4812-5_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9163-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-4812-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation