Access provided by Autonomous University of Puebla. Download to read the full chapter text
Chapter PDF
Keywords
References
Amalfi FA. 1999. Sudden impact: Monsoons and watershed biota cause rapid changes at Tempe Town Lake. Arizona Riparian Council Newsletter 12: 1–3.
Baker VR. 1977. Stream channel response to floods, with examples from central Texas. Geological Society of America Bulletin 88: 1057–1071.
Borden S. 1993. The human component of ecosystems. Pages 72–77 in McDonnell MJ, Pickett STA, eds. Humans and Components of Ecosystems: The Ecology of Subtle Human Effects and Populated Areas. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Bormann FH, Likens GE. 1967. Nutrient cycling. Science 155: 424–429.
Botsford LW, Castilla JC, Peterson C. 1997. The management of fisheries and marine ecosystems. Science 277: 509–515.
Boyden S, Millar S, Newcombe K, O’Neill B. 1981. The Ecology of a City and its People: The Case of Hong Kong. Canberra (Australia): Australian National University Press.
Boyle CA, Lavkulich L, Schreier H, Kiss E. 1997. Changes in land cover and subsequent effects on Lower Fraser Basin ecosystems from 1827 to 1990, Environmental Management 21: 185–196.
Brush GS. 1994. Human impact on estuarine ecosystems: An historical perspective. Pages 397–416 in Roberts N, ed. Global Environmental Change: Geographical Perspectives. New York: Blackwell.
Butzer KW. 1996. Ecology in the long view: Settlement, agrosystem strategies, and ecological performance. Journal of Field Archaeology 23: 141–150.
Carpenter S, Brock W, Hanson P. 1999. Ecological and social dynamics in simple models of ecosystem management. Conservation Ecology 32:4.
Available at, Chapin FS III, Walker BH, Hobbs RJ, Hooper DU, Lawton JH, Sala OE, Tilman D. 1997. Biotic control over the functioning of ecosystems. Science 277: 500–504.
Clay G. 1973. Close Up: How to Read the American City. New York: Praeger.
Ehrlich P. 1997. A World of Wounds: Ecologists and the Human Dilemma. Oldendorf/Luhe (Germany): Ecology Institute.
Flores A, Pickett STA, Zipperer WC, Pouyat RV, Pirani R. 1997. Application of ecological concepts to regional planning: A greenway network for the New York metropolitan region. Landscape and Urban Planning 39:295–308.
Folke CA, Jansson J, Costanza R. 1997. Ecosystem appropriation by cities. Ambio 26: 167–172.
Foresman TW, Pickett STA, Zipperer WC. 1997. Methods for spatial and temporal land use and land cover assessment for urban ecosystems and application in the greater Baltimore–Chesapeake region. Urban Ecosystems 1: 210–216.
Gober P, Burns EK, Knowles-Yanez K, James J. 1998. Rural to urban land conversion in metropolitan Phoenix. Pages 40–45 in Hall JS, Cayer NJ, Welch N, eds. Arizona Policy Choices. Tempe (AZ): Arizona State University, Morrison Institute for Public Policy.
Grimm NB. 1997. Opportunities and challenges in urban ecological research. Proceedings of the International LTER meeting; 10–14 Nov 1997; Taipei, Taiwan.
Grimm NB, Fisher SG. 1986. Nitrogen limitation in a Sonoran Desert stream. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 5: 2–15.
Groffman PM, Likens GE, eds. 1994. Integrated Regional Models: Interactions between Humans and their Environment. New York: Chapman&Hall.
Grossmann WD. 1993. Integration of social and ecological factors: Dynamic area models of subtle human influences on ecosystems. Pages 229–245 in McDonnell MJ, Pickett STA, eds. Humans and Components of Ecosystems: The Ecology of Subtle Human Effects and Populated Areas. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Grove JM, Burch WR Jr. 1997. A social ecology approach and applications of urban ecosystem and landscape analyses: A case study of Baltimore, Maryland. Urban Ecosystems 1: 259–275.
Hall JS, Cayer NJ, Welch N, eds. 1998. Arizona Policy Choices. Tempe (AZ): Arizona State University, Morrison Institute for Public Policy.
Jacobs J. 1962. The Death and Life of Great American Cities: The Failure of Town Planning. New York: Random House.
Likens GE, Bormann FH. 1995. Biogeochemistry of a Forested Ecosystem. 2nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag.
MacLeish WH. 1994. The Day before America: Changing the Nature of a Continent. New York: Henry Holt.
Matson PA, Parton WJ, Power AG, Swift MJ. 1997. Agricultural intensification and ecosystem properties. Science 277: 504–509.
McDonnell MJ, Pickett STA. 1990. Ecosystem structure and function along urban–rural gradients: An unexploited opportunity for ecology. Ecology 71: 1231–1237.
McDonnell MJ,. 1993. Humans as Components of Ecosystems: The Ecology of Subtle Human Effects and Populated Areas. New York: Springer-Verlag.
McDonnell MJ, Pickett STA, Pouyat RV. 1993. The application of the ecological gradient paradigm to the study of urban effects. Pages 175–189 in McDonnell MJ, Pickett STA, eds. Humans as Components of Ecosystems: The Ecology of Subtle Human Effects and Populated Areas. New York: Springer-Verlag.
McPherson EG, Nowak D, Heisler G, Grimmond S, Souch C, Grant R, Rowntree R. 1997. Quantifying urban forest structure, function, and value: The Chicago urban forest climate project. Urban Ecosystems 1: 49–61.
Morgan T. 1993. Wilderness at Dawn: The Settling of the North American Continent. New York: Simon&Schuster.
Noble IR, Dirzo R. 1997. Forests as human-dominated ecosystems. Science 277: 522–525.
O’Hara SL, Street-Perrott FA, Burt TP. 1993. Accelerated soil erosion around a Mexican lake caused by prehispanic agriculture. Nature 362: 48–51.
Padoch C. 1993. Part II: a human ecologist’s perspective. Pages 303–305 in McDonnell MJ, Pickett STA, eds. Humans as Components of Ecosystems: The Ecology of Subtle Human Effects and Populated Areas. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Pickett STA, McDonnell MJ. 1993. Humans as components of ecosystems: A synthesis. Pages 310–316 in McDonnell MJ, Pickett STA, eds. Humans as Components of Ecosystems: The Ecology of Subtle Human Effects and Populated Areas. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Pickett STA, Parker VT, Fiedler P. 1992. The new paradigm in ecology: Implications for conservation biology above the species level. Pages 65–88 in Fiedler P, Jain S, eds. Conservation Biology: The Theory and Practice of Nature Conservation, Preservation, and Management. New York: Chapman & Hall.
Pickett STA, Burch WR Jr, Dalton SE, Foresman TW, Grove JM, Rowntree R. 1997. A conceptual framework for the study of human ecosystems in urban areas. Urban Ecosystems 1: 185–199.
Pickett STA, Wu J, Cadenasso ML. 1999. Patch dynamics and the ecology of disturbed ground: A framework for synthesis. Pages 707–722 in Walker LR, ed. Ecosystems of the World: Ecosystems of Disturbed Ground. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
Redman CL. 1992. The impact of food production: Short-term strategies and long-term consequences. Pages 35–49 in Jacobsen JE, Firor J, eds. Human Impact on the Environment: Ancient Roots, Current Challenges. Boulder (CO): Westview Press.
Redman CL. 1999. Human Impact on Ancient Environments. Tucson (AZ): University of Arizona Press.
Rees WE, Wackernagel M. 1994. Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: Measuring the natural capital requirements of the human economy. Pages 362–390 in Jansson AM, Hammer M, Folke C, Costanza R, eds. Investing in Natural Capital: The Ecological Economics Approach to Sustainability. Washington (DC): Island Press.
Reiners WA. 1986. Complementary models for ecosystems. American Naturalist 127: 59–73
Rice DS. 1996. Paleolimnological analysis in the Central Pet’en, Guatemala. Pages 193–206 in Fedick SL, ed. The Managed Mosaic: Ancient Maya Agricultural and Resource Use. Salt Lake City (UT): University of Utah Press.
Rusk D. 1996. Baltimore Unbound. Baltimore: Abell Foundation and Johns Hopkins University Press.
Russell EWB. 1993. Discovery of the subtle. Pages 81–90 in McDonnell MJ, Pickett STA, eds. Humans as Components of Ecosystems: The Ecology of Subtle Human Effects and Populated Areas. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Stringer C, McKie R. 1996. African Exodus: The Origins of Modern Humanity. New York: Henry Holt.
Sukopp H. 1990. Urban ecology and its application in Europe. Pages 1–22 in Sukopp H, Hejny S, Kowarik I, eds. Urban Ecology: Plants and Plant Communities in Urban Environments. The Hague (The Netherlands): SPB Academic Publishers.
Sukopp H, Werner P. 1982. Nature in Cities: A Report and Review of Studies and Experiments Concerning Ecology, Wildlife, and Nature Conservation in Urban and Suburban Areas. Strasbourg (France): Council of Europe.
Tansley AG. 1935. The use and abuse of vegetational concepts and terms. Ecology 16: 284–307.
Turner BL II, Meyer WB. 1993. Environmental change: The human factor. Pages 40–50 in McDonnell MJ, Pickett STA, eds. Humans as Components of Ecosystems: The Ecology of Subtle Human Effects and Populated Areas. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Turner BL II, Clark WC, Kates RW, Richards JF, Matthews JT, Meyer WB, eds. 1990. The Earth as Transformed by Human Action: Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere over the Past 300 Years. New York: Cambridge University Press.
[UN] United Nations Population Division. 1997a. Urban and Rural Areas, 1950–2030 (the 1996 revision). New York: United Nations.
Turner BL II, 1997b. Urban Agglomerations, 1950–2015 (the 1996 revision). New York: United Nations.
van Andel TH, Zangger E, Demitrack A. 1990. Land use and soil erosion in prehistoric and historical Greece. Journal of Field Archaeology 17: 379–396.
Vitousek PM, Mooney HA, Lubchenco J, Melillo J. 1997. Human domination of Earth’s ecosystem. Science 277: 494–499.
Whyte WH. 1968. The Last Landscape. Garden City (NY): Doubleday.
Wu J. 1999. Hierarchy and scaling: Extrapolating information along a scaling ladder. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 25: 367–380.
Wu J, Loucks OL. 1995. From balance of nature to hierarchical patch dynamics: A paradigm shift in ecology. Quarterly Review of Biology, 70: 439–466.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Grimm, N.B., Grove, J.M., Pickett, S.T., Redman, C.L. (2008). Integrated Approaches to Long-Term Studies of Urban Ecological Systems. In: Marzluff, J.M., et al. Urban Ecology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73412-5_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73412-5_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-73411-8
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-73412-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)