Abstract
The synthesis, rheology, and spinning, as well as the mechanical and morphological properties of high-strength/high-modulus fibres made from lyotropic main chain liquid crystal polymers are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on those polymers that have attained (semi)-commercial status. Quantitative relations observed between the rheological and the spinning parameters, and between the structure and the mechanical properties, are extensively discussed. It is shown that these relations fit theoretical expectations as far as the modulus is concerned. A complete model for the strength of these fibers needs further development. A first attempt to provide a theoretical explanation of the long term properties, like creep and stress relaxation, is presented.
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Abbreviations
- a:
-
exponent Mark-Houwink equation
- c:
-
concentration
- c*:
-
critical concentration
- °C:
-
degree Celsius
- DSC:
-
differential scanning calorimetry
- DTA:
-
differential thermal analysis
- ec :
-
chain modulus
- E:
-
tensile modulus
- Ed :
-
delocalization energy
- ED:
-
electron diffraction
- f(ϕ):
-
orientation distribution
- f(τ):
-
retardation time spectrum
- g0 :
-
modulus for shear between adjacent chains
- gII :
-
lattice distortion parameter of the second kind
- G:
-
filament shear modulus
- ΔH♯ :
-
activation enthalpy
- IR:
-
infrared
- k:
-
Boltzmann constant
- K:
-
degree Kelvin
- Lc :
-
contour length
- L0 :
-
test length
- Lp :
-
persistence length
- LG :
-
critical Griffith length
- L(T):
-
contour projection length
- LC:
-
liquid crystalline
- LCP:
-
liquid crystal polymers
- m:
-
Weibull modulus
- M:
-
molecular weight
- Mw :
-
weight average molecular weight
- n∥ :
-
longitudinal refractive index
- n⊥ :
-
lateral refractive index
- na, nb, nc :
-
axes refractive index ellipsoid
- nr :
-
radial refractive index
- nt :
-
tangential refractive index
- Δn:
-
birefringence
- Δn1 :
-
lateral birefringence
- NMP:
-
N-methyl pyrrolidone
- NMR:
-
nuclear magnetic resonance
- p:
-
orientability parameter
- PBO:
-
poly(p-phenylene benzobisoxazole)
- PBT:
-
poly(p-phenylene benzobisthiazole)
- P2 :
-
second order Legendre polynomial
- \(\overline {P_2 }\) :
-
order parameter of the director field
- 〈P2〉:
-
order parameter inside the domains
- \(\overline {\left\langle {P_2 } \right\rangle }\) :
-
overall order parameter
- P(σ):
-
cumulative failure probability
- PmBA:
-
poly(m-benzamide)
- PmPTA:
-
poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide)
- PpBA:
-
poly(p-benzamide)
- PpBAT:
-
poly(4,4′-benzanilidylene terephthalamide)
- PpPTA:
-
poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide)
- PPA:
-
polyphosphoric acid
- PPD:
-
p-phenylene diamine
- q:
-
strength orienting potential
- r:
-
intermolecular distance
- s44, s55 :
-
diagonal elements compliance matrix
- S:
-
compliance
- ΔS♯ :
-
activation entropy
- SAXS:
-
small-angle X-ray scattering
- t:
-
time
- T:
-
temperature
- Tg :
-
glass transition temperature
- Tm :
-
melting temperature
- Tni :
-
clearing point or nematic-isotropic transition temperature
- TDC:
-
terephthaloyl chloride
- U:
-
anisotropic potential
- V:
-
volume
- w/w:
-
weight fraction
- WAXS:
-
wide-angle X-ray scattering
- Z:
-
partition function
- α β, γ:
-
mechanical relaxation peaks
- δ:
-
loss factor
- ε:
-
strain
- εb :
-
elongation at break
- εc :
-
chain stretching contribution to the strain
- ε0 :
-
imposed strain during stress relaxation
- εr :
-
rotational contribution to the strain
- Δε:
-
anisotropy of polarizability
- [η]:
-
intrinsic viscosity
- λ:
-
draw ratio
- λa :
-
draw ratio in the air gap
- λmax :
-
maximum draw ratio
- λ0 :
-
predraw ratio
- μ:
-
relaxation constant
- ϱc :
-
crystalline density
- σ:
-
stress
- σb :
-
tensile strength or tenacity
- σc :
-
compressive strength
- σn :
-
normal stress
- σ0 :
-
imposed stress during creep
- σs :
-
shear stress
- τ:
-
retardation time
- ϕ:
-
orientation angle with respect to director
- ω:
-
torsion angle
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Northolt, M.G., Sikkema, D.J. (1990). Lyotropic main chain liquid crystal polymers. In: Separation Techniques Thermodynamics Liquid Crystal Polymers. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 98. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-53135-1_6
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