Access provided by Autonomous University of Puebla. Download to read the full chapter text
Chapter PDF
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
Nicolas JF, Thivolet J (1988) Immunologic features of atopic dermatitis. Semin Dermatol 7:156–162
Strannegard O, Strannegard I-L (1991) Changes in cellmediated immunity in atopic eczema. In: Ruzicka T, Ring J, Przybilla B (eds) Handbook of Atopic eczema. Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 221–231
Bandmann H-J, Breit R, Leutgeb C (1972) Kontaktallergie und Dermatitis atopica. Arch Derm Forsch 244:332–334
Breit R (1981) Positive Epikutantestreaktionen bei Dermatitis atopica. Hautarzt 32[Suppl 5]:147–148
Blondeel A, Achten G, Dooms-Goossens A, Buekens P, Broeckx W, Oleffe J (1987) Atopie et allergie de contact. Ann Dermatol Venerol 114:203–209
Edman B, Möller H (1992) Contact allergy and contact allergens in atopic skin disease. Am J Contact Dermatitis 3:27–29
Cronin E, McFadden JP (1993) Patients with atopic eczema do become sensitized to contact allergens. Contact Dermatitis 28:225–228
Dotterud LK, Falk ES (1995) Contact allergy in relation to hand eczema and atopic diseases in north Norwegian schoolchildren. Acta Paediatr 84:402–406
Stables GI, Forsyth A, Lever RS (1996) Patch testing in children. Contact Dermatitis 34:341–344
Sanz-Ortega J, DeLaCuadra-Oyanguren J, Martorell-Aragones A, Torro-Demenech I, Cerda-Mir JC, Alvarez-Angel V (1990) Prevalencia de la sensibilisacion a alergenos de contacto entre la poblacion infantil atopica y no atopica sin dermatitis. Ann Esp Pediatr 33:339–342
Romaguera C, Vilaplana J (1998) Contact dermatitis in children: a 6-year experience (1992-1997). Contact Dermatitis 39:277–280
Bieber T (1995) Pathogenese des atopischen Ekzems und des allergischen Kontaktekzems. Plewig G, Korting HC (Hrsg), Fortschritte der praktischen Dermatologie und Venerologie, Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York 14:25–29
Guillet MH, Guillet G (1997) Overview of expected sensitizations in atopic dermatitis. In: Grob JJ, Stern RS, Mac RMKie, Weinstock WA (eds) Epidemiology, causes and prevention of skin diseases. Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp 245–248
Neumann C, Marghescu S (1991) Allergic contact eczema and atopic eczema. In: Ruzicka T, Ring J, Przybilla B (eds) Handbook of atopic eczema. Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 98–106
Rajka G (1989) Essential aspects of atopic dermatitis. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Ring J (1990) Atopisches Ekzem und Allergie. In: Braun O-Falco, Ring J (Hrsg), Fschr prakt Dermatol Venerol 12: 103–113
Ring J, Abeck D, Vieluf D (1995) Atopisches Ekzem und Kontaktekzem — Gemeinsamkeiten, Unterschiede und praktische Konsequenzen. Plewig G, Korting HC (Hrsg), Fortschritte der praktischen Dermatologie und Venerologie. Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York 14: 30–36
Akhavan A, Cohen SR (2003) The relationship between atopic dermatitis and contact dermatitis. Clin Dermatol 21:158–162
Skog E (1960) Primary irritant and allergic eczematous reactions induced in patients with different dermatoses. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 40:307–316
Jones HE, Lewis CW, McMartin SL (1973) Allergic contact sensitivity in atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 107:217–222
Forsbeck M, Hovmark A, Skog E (1976) Patch testing, tuberculin testing and sensitization with dinitrochlorobenzene and nitrosodimethylanilini of patients with atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 56:135–138
Rees J, Friedmann PS, Matthews JNS (1990) Contact sensitivity to dinitrochlorobenzene is impaired in atopic subjects — controversy revisited. Arch Dermatol 126:1173–1175
Uehara M, Sawai T (1989) A longitudinal study of contact sensitivity in patients with atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 125:366–368
Nielsen NH, Linneberg A, Menne T, Madsen F, Frolund L, Dirksen A, Jorgensen T (2002) Incidence of allergic contact sensitization in Danish adults between 1990 and 1998; the Copenhagen Allergy Study, Denmark. Br J Dermatol 147:487–492
Nielsen NH, Menné T (1996) The relationship between IgE-mediated and cell-mediated hypersensitivities in an unselected Danish population: The Glostrup Allergy Study, Denmark. Br J Dermatol 134:669–672
Mortz CG, Lauritsen JM, Bindslev-Jensen C, Andersen KE (2001) Prevalence of atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and hand and contact dermatitis in adolescents. The Odense Adolescence Cohort Study on Atopic Diseases and Dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 144:523–532
Schäfer T, Bohler E, Ruhdorfer S, Weigl L, Wessner D, Filipiak B, Wichmann HE, Ring J (2001) Epidemiology of contact allergy in adults. Allergy 56:1192–1196
Schnuch A, Geier J, Uter W, Frosch PJ, Lehmacher W, Aberer W, Agathos M, Arnold R, Fuchs T, Laubstein B, Lischka G, Pietrzyk PM, Rakoski J, Richter G, Rueff F (1997) National rates and regional differences in sensitization to allergens of the standard series. Population-adjusted frequencies of sensitization (PAFS) in 40,000 patients from a multicenter study (IVDK). Contact Dermatitis 37:200–209
Seidenari S, Manzini BM, Danese P, Motolese A (1990) Patch and prick test study of 593 healthy subjects. Contact Dermatitis 23:162–167
DeGroot AC (1990) The frequency of contact allergy in atopic patients with dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 22: 273–277
Brasch J, Schnuch A, Uter W (2003) Patch test reaction patterns in patients with a predisposition to atopic dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 49:197–201
Jappe U, Schnuch A, Uter W (2003) Frequency of sensitization to antimicrobials in patients with atopic eczema compared with non-atopic individuals: analysis of multicentre surveillance data, 1995-1999. Br J Dermatol 149:87–93
Wilkinson JD, Hambly EM, Wilkinson DS (1980) Comparison of patch test results in two adjacent areas of England. II. Medicaments. Acta Derm Venereol Stockh 60:245–249
Andersen KE, Veien NK (1985) Biocide patch tests. Contact Dermatitis 12:99–103
Guillet MH, Guillet G (1996) Enquêete allergologique chez 251 malades atteints de dermatite atopique modérée ou sévère — fréquence et intérêet du dépistage de l’eczéma de contact, de l’allergie alimentaire et de la sensibilisation aux aéroallergènes. Ann Dermatol Venereol 123:157–164
Lever R, Forsyth A (1992) Allergic contact dermatitis in atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 71[Suppl 176]:95–98
Giordano-Labadie F, Rance F, Pellegrin F, Bazex J, Dutau G (1997) Fréquence de l’allergie de contact au cours de la dermatite atopique de l’enfant: résultat d’une étude prospective de 137 cas (abstract C23). Ann Dermatol Venereol 124[Suppl 1]:S17
Giordano-Labadie F, Rance F, Pellegrin F, Bazex J, Dutau G, Schwarze HP (1999) Frequency of contact allergy in children with atopic dermatitis: results of a prospective study of 137 cases. Contact Dermatitis 40:192–195
Huber A, Fartasch M, Diepgen TL, Baurle G, Hornstein OP (1987) Auftreten von Kontaktallergien beim atopischen Ekzem. Zusammenhänge mit gleichzeitig gefundenen atopischen Merkmalen. Dermatosen 35:119–123
Lewis FM, Shah M, Gawkrodger DJ (1995) Contact sensitivity in atopic dermatitis. Am J Contact Dermatitis 6:150–152
Nielsen NH, Linneberg A, Menne T, Maden F, Frolund L, Dirksen A, Jorgensen T (2001) Allergic contact sensitization in an adult Danish population: two cross-sectional surveys eight years apart (The Copenhagen Allergy Study). Acta Derm Venereol 81:31–34
Christophersen J, Menne T, Tanghoj P, Andersen KE, Brandrup F, Kaaber K, Osmundsen PE, Thestrup Pedersen K, Veien NK (1989) Clinical patch test data evaluated by multivariate analysis. Danish Contact Dermatitis Group. Contact Dermatitis 21:291–299
Diepgen TL, Fartasch M, Hornstein OP (1989) Evaluation and relevance of atopic basic and minor features in patients with atopic dermatitis and in the general population. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) Suppl 144:50–54
Nethercott JR, Holness DL, Adams RM, Belsito DV, DeLeo VA, Emmett EA, Fowler JF, Fisher AM, Larsen WG, Maibach HI, Marks JG, Rietschel RL, Rosenthal L, Schorr W, Storrs FJ, Taylor JS (1994) Multivariate analysis of the effect of selected factors on the elicitation of patch test response to 28.common environmental contactants in North America. Am J Contact Dermatitis 5:13–18
Uter W, Gefeller O, Geier J, Lessmann H, Pfahlberg A, Schnuch A (2003) Untersuchungen zur Abhängigkeit der Sensibilisierung gegen wichtige Allergene von arbeitsbedingten sowie individuellen Faktoren. Schriftenreihe der Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin Wirtschaftsverlag NW, Bremerhaven, Fb 949
Uter W, Pfahlberg A, Gefeller O, Geier J, Schnuch A (2003) Risk factors for contact allergy to nickel — results of a multifactorial analysis. Contact Dermatitis 48:33–38
Mortz CG, Lauritsen JM, Bindslev-Jensen C, Andersen KE (2002) Contact allergy and allergic contact dermatitis in adolescents: prevalence measures and associations. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 82:352–358
Mattila L, Kilpeläinen M, Terho EO, Koskenvuo M, Helenius H, Kalimo K (2001) Prevalence of nickel allergy among Finnish university students in 1995. Contact Dermatitis 44:218–223
Szepietowski JC, McKenzie RC, Keohane SG, Aldrige RD, Hunter JAA (1997) Atopic and non-atopic individuals react to nickel challenge in a similar way. A study of the cytokine profile in nickel-induced contact dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 137:195–200
Buchvald D, Lundeberg L (2004) Impaired responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to nickel in patients with nickel-allergic contact dermatitis and concomitant atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 150:484–492
Uter W, Geier J, Fuchs T (2000) Contact allergy to polidocanol, 1992 to 1999. J Allergy Clin Immunol 106:1203–1204
Uter W, Schnuch A, Geier J, Pfahlberg A, Gefeller O (2001) Association between occupation and contact allergy to the fragrance mix: amultifactorial analysis of national surveillance data. Occup Environ Med 58:392–398
Singh P, Roberts MS (1996) Local deep tissue penetration of compounds after dermal application: structure-tissue penetration relationships. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 279:908–917
Pior J, Vogl T, Sorg C, Macher E (1999) Free hapten molecules are dispersed by way of the bloodstreamduring contact sensitization to fluorescein isothiocyanate. J Invest Dermatol 113:888–893
Schaefer H, Redelmeier TE (2001) Skin penetration. In: Rycroft RJG, Menne T, Frosch PJ, Lepoittevin J-P (eds), Textbook of contact dermatitis, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 209–225
Berard F, Marty JP, Nicolas JF (2003) Allergen penetration through the skin. Eur J Dermatol 13:324–330
Monteiro-Riviere NA (1996) Anatomical factors affecting barrier function. In: Marzulli FN, Maibach HI (eds), Dermatotoxicology, 5th edn. Taylor & Francis, Washington DC, pp 3–17
Madison KC (2003) Barrier function of the skin: “La Raison d’Etre” of the epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 121:231
Elias PM, Wood LC, Feingold KR (1999) Epidermal pathogenesis of inflammatory dermatoses. Am J Contact Dermatitis 10:119–126
Ashby J, Hilton J, Dearman RJ, Kimber I (1995) Streptozotocin: inherent but not expressed skin sensitizing activity. Contact Dermatitis 33:165–167
Bos JD, Meinardi MMHM (2000) The 500-Dalton rule for the skin penetration of chemical compounds and drugs. Exp Dermatol 9:165–169
Barratt MD (1995) Quantitative structure-activity relationships for skin permeability. Toxic in Vitro 9:27–37
Hostynek JJ (1995) Predicting absorption of fragrance chemicals through human skin. J Soc Cosmet Chem 46:221–229
Lahti A, Basketter D (2001) Immediate contact reactions. In: Rycroft RJG, Menne T, Frosch PJ, Lepoittevin J-P (eds), Textbook of contact dermatitis, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 111–132
Ale SI, Maibach HI (2000) Occupational contact urticaria. In: Kanerva L, Elsner P, Wahlberg JE, Maibach HI (eds) Handbook of occupational dermatology. Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 200–216
Ring J, Kunz B, Bieber T, Vieluf D, Przybilla B (1989) The References 195’ atopy patch test’ with aeroallergens in atopic eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol 82:195
Smith Pease CK, White IR, Basketter DA (2002) Skin as a route of exposure to protein allergens. Clin Exp Dermatol 27:296–300
Field EA (1998) Atopy and other risk factors for UK dentists reporting an adverse reaction to latex gloves. Contact Dermatitis 38:132–136
Porri F, Lemiere C, Birnbaum J, Guilloux L, Didelot R, Vervloet D, Charpin D (1995) Prevalence of latex allergy in atopic and non-atopic subjects from the general population (abstract 56). J Allergy Clin Immunol 95:154
Boxer M (1996) Hand dermatitis: a risk factor for latex hypersensitivity. J All Clin Immunol 98:855–856
Hotchkiss SAM (1998) Absorption of fragrance ingredients using in vitro models with human skin. In: Frosch PJ, Johansen JD, White IR (eds) Fragrances — beneficial and adverse effects. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 125–135
Baur X, Chen Z, Allmers H, Raulf-Heimsoth M (1998) Results of wearing test with two different latex gloves with and without the use of skin-protection cream. Allergy 53:441–444
Schaefer H, Redelmeier ThE (1996) Skin barrier. Principles of percutaneous absorption. Karger, Basel
Lademann J, Sterry W (eds) (2001) Structure and function of the stratum corneum as border organ. Skin Parmacol Appl Skin Physiol 14[Suppl 1]. Karger, Basel
Proksch E, Jensen JM, Elias PM (2003) Skin lipids and epidermal differentiation in atopic dermatitis. Clin Dermatol 21:134–144
Nakagawa N, Sakai S, Matsumoto M, Yamada K, Nagano M, Yuki T, Sumida Y, Uchiwa H (2004) Relationship between NMF (lactate and potassium) content and the physical properties of the stratum corneum in healthy subjects. J Invest Dermatol 122:755–763
Elias PM, Tsai J, Menon GK, Holleran WM, Feingold KR (2002) The potential of metabolic interventions to enhance transdermal drug delivery. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 7:79–85
Lademann J, Otberg N, Richter H, Jacobi U, Schaefer H, Blume-Peytavi U, Sterry W (2003) Follikuläre Penetration. Ein entscheidender Penetrationsweg von topisch applizierten Substanzen. Hautarzt 54:321–323
Schaefer H, Lademann J (2001) The role of follicular penetration. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 14:23–27
Elias PM, Feingold KR (2001) Coordinate regulation of epidermal differentiation and barrier homeostasis. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 4:28–34
Elias PM (2004) The epidermal permeability barrier: from the early days at Harvard to emerging concepts. J Invest Dermatol 122: xxxvi–xxxix
Kobayashi H, Aiba S, Yoshino Y, Tagami H (2003) Acute cutaneous barrier disruption activates epidermal p44/42 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases in human and hairless guinea pig skin. Exp Dermatol 12:734–746
Jensen JM, Schutze S, Forl M, Kronke M, Proksch E (1999) Roles for tumor necrosis factor receptor p55 and sphingomyelinase in repairing the cutaneous permeability barrier. J Clin Invest 104:1761–1770
Rivier M, Castiel I, Safonova I, Ailhaud G, Michel S (2000) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha enhances lipidmetabolismin skin equivalentmodel. J Invest Dermatol 114:681–687
Sheu MY, Fowler AJ, Kao J, Schmuth M, Schoonjans K, Auwerx J, Fluhr JW, Man MQ, Elias PM, Feingold KR (2002) Topical peroxisome proliferator activated receptoralpha activators reduce inflammation in irritant and allergic contact dermatitis models. J Invest Dermatol 118: 94–101
Sator P-G, Schmidt JB, Hönigsmann H (2003) Comparison of epidermal hydration and skin surface lipids in healthy individuals and in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 48:352 358
Bleck O, Abeck D, Ring J, Hoppe U, Vietzke JP, Wolber R, Brandt O, Schreiner V (1999) Two ceramide subfractions detectable in Cer(AS) position by HPTLC in skin surface lipids of non-lesional skin of atopic eczema. J Invest Dermatol 113:894–900
Fartasch M, Diepgen TL (1992) The barrier function in atopic dry skin. Disturbance of membrane-coating granule exocytosis and formation of epidermal lipids? Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) Suppl 176:26–31
Tupker RA, Pinnagoda J, Coenraads PJ, Nater JP (1990) Susceptibility to irritants: role of barrier function, skin dryness and history of atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 123:199–205
Loffler H, Effendy I (1999) Skin susceptibility of atopic individuals. Contact Dermatitis 40:239–242
Sakurai K, Sugiura H, Matsumoto M, Uehara M (2002) Occurrence of patchy parakeratosis in normal-appearing skin in patients with active atopic dermatitis and in patients with healed atopic dermatitis: a cause of impaired barrier function of the atopic skin. J Dermatol Sci 30: 37–42
Matsumoto M, Sugiura H, Uehara M (2000) Skin barrier function in patients with completely healed atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci 23:178–182
Stolz R, Hinnen U, Elsner P (1997) An evaluation of the relationship between’ atopic skin’ and skin irritability in metalworker trainees. Contact Dermatitis 36:281–284
Tupker RA, Coenraads PJ, Pinnagoda J, Nater JP (1989) Baseline transepidermal water loss (TEWL) as a prediction of susceptibility to sodium lauryl sulphate. Contact Dermatitis 20:265–269
Yoshiike T, Aikawa Y, Sindhvananda J, Suto H, Nishimura K, Kawamoto T, Ogawa (1993) Skin barrier defect in atopic dermatitis: increased permeability of the stratum corneum using dimethyl sulfoxide and theophylline. J Dermatol Sci 5:92–96
Junghans V, Gutgesell C, Jung T, Neumann C (1997) Epidermal cytokines IL-1-beta, TNF-alpha and IL-12 in patients with atopic dermatitis: response to application of house dust mite antigens. Arch Dermatol Res 289[Suppl] A45
Gfesser M, Rakoski J, Ring J (1996) The disturbance of epidermal barrier function in atopy patch test reactions in atopic eczema. Br J Dermatol 135:560–565
Rustemeyer T, van Hoogstraten IMW, von Blomberg BME, Scheper RJ (2001) Mechanisms in allergic contact dermatitis. In: Rycroft RJG, Menne T, Frosch PJ, Lepoittevin J-P (eds) Textbook of contact dermatitis, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 13–58
Dearman RJ, Kimber I (2003) Factors influencing the induction phase of skin sensitization. Am J Contact Dermatitis 14:188–194
Watanabe H, Unger M, Tuvel B, Wang B, Sauder DN (2002) Contact hypersensitivity: the mechanism of immune responses and T cell balance. J Interferon Cytokine Res 22:407–412
Lepoittevin JP, Basketter DA, Goossens A, Karlberg AT (eds) (1998) Allergic contact dermatitis. The molecular basis. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Sadhra S, Foulds IS, Gray CN (1998) Oxidation of resin acids in colophony (rosin) and its implications for patch testing. Contact Dermatitis 39:58–63
Karlberg A-T, Shao LP, Nilsson U, Gäfvert E, Nilsson JLG (1994) Hydroperoxides in oxidized delta-limonene identified as potent contact allergens. Arch Dermatol Res 286:97–103
Smith Pease CK, Basketter DA, Patlewicz GY (2003) Contact allergy: the role of skin chemistry and metabolism. Clin Exp Dermatol 28:177–183
Smith CK, Hotchkiss SHAM (2001) Allergic contact dermatitis. Chemical and metabolic mechanisms. Taylor & Francis, London
Cheung C, Hotchkiss SA, Pease CK (2003) Cinnamic compound metabolism in human skin and the role metabolism may play in determining relative sensitisation potency. J Dermatol Sci 31:9–19
Schnuch A, Westphal GA, Müller MM, Schulz TG, Geier J, Brasch J, Merk HF, Kawakubo Y, Richter G, Koch P, Fuchs Th, Gutgesell C, Reich K, Gebhardt M, Becker D, Grabbe J, Szliska C, Lischka G, Aberer W, Hallier E (1998) Genotype and phenotype of N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) polymorphism in patients with contact allergy. Contact Dermatitis 38:209–211
Westphal G-A, Schnuch A, Schulz T-G, Reich K, Aberer W, Brasch J, Koch P, Wessbecher R, Szliska C, Bauer A, Hallier E (2000) Homozygous gene deletions of the glutathione S-transferases M1 and T1 are associated with thimerosal sensitization. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 73:384–388
Staquet MJ, Piccardi N, Msika P, Schmitt D (2002) [Langerhans cellmigration. An essential step in the induction of contact hypersensitivity]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 129:1071–1077
Cumberbatch M, Dearman RJ, Griffiths CE, Kimber I (2003) Epidermal Langerhans cell migration and sensitisation to chemical allergens. APMIS 111:797–804
Sebastiani S, Albanesi C, De PO, Puddu P, Cavani A, Girolomoni G (2002) The role of chemokines in allergic contact dermatitis. Arch Dermatol Res 293:552–559
Kobayashi Y, Matsumoto M, Kotani M, Makino T (1999) Possible involvement of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in Langerhans cell migration and maturation. J Immunol 163:5989–5993
Zepter K, Häffner A, Soohoo LF, De-Luca D, Tang HP, Fisher P, Chavinson J, Elmets CA (1997) Induction of biologically active IL-1-beta-converting enzyme and mature IL-1 beta in human keratinocytes by inflammatory and immunologic stimuli. J Immunol 159:6203–6208
Enk AH (2003) Pathophysiologie der allergischen Kontaktdermatitis. Allergo J 12:501–507
Becke FM, Hehlgans T, Brockhoff G, Mannel DN (2001) Development of allergic contact dermatitis requires activation of both tumor necrosis factor receptors. Eur Cytokine Netw 12:45–50
Griffiths CEM, Cumberbatch M, Tucker SC, Dearman RJ, Andrew S, Headon DR, Kimber I (2001) Exogenous topical lactoferrin inhibits allergen-induced Langerhans cell migration and cutaneous inflammation in humans. Br J Dermatol 144:715–725
Sato K, Kawasaki H, Nagayama H, Enomoto M, Morimoto C, Tadokoro K, Juji T, Takahashi TA (2000) TGF-beta 1 reciprocally controls chemotaxis of human peripheral blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells via chemokine receptors. J Immunol 164:2285–2295
Cumberbatch M, Tucker SC, Andrew S et al (1999) Influence of lactoferrin on allergen-induced Langerhans cell migration in humans. Br J Dermatol 140:789
Bhushan M, Cumberbatch M, Dearman RJ, Kimber I, Griffiths CEM (2001) Human epidermal Langerhans cell migration in response to interleukin-1 and regulation by topical lactoferrin. Br J Dermatol 145:96
Kuenzly S, Saurat J-H (2003) Peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptors in cutaneous biology. Br J Dermatol 149:229–236
Zhang X, Young HA (2002) PPAR and immune system-what do we know? Int Immunopharmacol 2:1029–1044
Angeli V, Hammad H, Staels B, Capron M, Lambrecht BN, Trottein F (2003) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma inhibits the migration of dendritic cells: consequences for the immune response. J Immunol 170: 5295–5301
Inaba K, Turley S, Iyoda T, Yamaide F, Shimoyama S, Reis e-Sousa C, Germain RN, Mellman I, Steinman RM (2000) The formation of immunogenicmajor histocompatibility complex class II-peptide ligands in lysosomal compartments of dendritic cells is regulated by inflammatory stimuli. J Exp Med 191:927–936
McLellan AD, Bröcker E-B, Kämpgen E (2000) Dendritic cell activation by danger and antigen-specific T-cell signalling. Exp Dermatol 9:313–322
Cumberbatch M, Scott RC, Basketter DA, Scholes EW, Hilton J, Dearman RJ, Kimber I (1993) Influence of sodium lauryl sulphate on 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced lymph node activation. Toxicology 77:181–191
Grabbe S, Schwarz T (1998) Immunoregulatory mechanisms involved in elicitation of allergic contact hypersensitivity. Immunol Today 19:37–44
Zhang L, Tinkle SS (2000) Chemical activation of innate and specific immunity in contact dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 115:168–176
Sabroe I, Parker LC, Wilson AG, Whyte MK, Dower SK (2002) Toll-like receptors: their role in allergy and nonallergic inflammatory disease. Clin Exp Allergy 32:984–989
McFadden JP, Basketter DA (2000) Contact allergy, irritancy and’ danger’. Contact Dermatitis 42:123–127
Smith HR, Holloway D, Armstrong DK, Basketter DA, McFadden JP (2000) Irritant thresholds in subjects with colophony allergy. Contact Dermatitis 42:95–97
Lepoittevin J-P, Goossens A (1998) Molecular basis for the recognition of haptens by T lymphocytes. In: Lepoittevin J-P, Basketter DA, Goossens A, Karlberg A-T (eds) Allergic contact dermatitis the molecular basis. Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 112–128
Steinbrink K, Kolde G, Sorg C, Macher E (1996) Induction of low zone tolerance to contact allergens in mice does not require functional Langerhans cells. J Invest Dermatol 107:243–247
Steinbrink K, Sorg C, Macher E (1996) Low zone tolerance to contact allergens in mice: a functional role for CD8. T helper type 2 cells. J Exp Med 183:759–768
Nakae S, Naruse-Nakajima C, Sudo K, Horai R, Asano M, Iwakura Y (2001) IL-1 alpha, but not IL-1 beta, is required for contact-allergen-specific T cell activation during the sensitization phase in contact hypersensitivity. Int Immunol 13:1471–1478
Hendriks J, Xiao Y, Borst J (2003) CD27 promotes survival of activated T cells and complements CD28 in generation and establishment of the effector T cell pool. J Exp Med 198:1369–1380
Chen A, McAdam AJ, Buhlmann JE, Scott S, Lupher ML Jr, Greenfield EA, Baum PR, Fanslow WC, Calderhead DM, Freeman GJ, Sharpe AH (1999) OX40-ligand has a critical costimulatory role in dendritic cell: T-cell interactions. Immunity 11:689–698
Nuriy S, Enomoto S, Azuma M (2001) The role of CTLA-4 in murine contact hypersensitivity. J Invest Dermatol 116:764–768
Wang L-F, Sun C-C, Wu J-T, Lin R-H (1999) Epicutaneous administration of hapten through patch application augments TH2 responseswhich can downregulate the elicitation of murine contact hypersensitivity. Clin Exp Allergy 29:271–279
Kitagaki H, Ono N, Hayakawa K, Kitazawa T, Watanabe K, Shiohara T (1997) Repeated elicitation of contact hypersensitivity induces a shift in cutaneous cytokine milieu froma T helper cell type 1 to a T helper cell type 2 profile. J Immunol 159:2484–2491
Kitagaki H, Kimishima M, Teraki Y, Hayakawa J, Hayakawa K, Fujisawa S, Shiohara T (1999) Distinct in vivo and in vitro cytokine profiles of draining lymph node cells in acute and chronic phases of contact hypersensitivity: importance of a type 2 cytokine-rich cutaneous milieu for the development of an early-type response in the chronic phase. J Immunol 163:1265–1273
Nasorri F, Sebastiani S, Mariani V, De Pita O, Puddu P, Girolomoni G, Cavani A (2002) Activation of nickel-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes in the absence of professional antigen-presenting cells. J Invest Dermatol 118:172–179
Kimber I, Dearman RJ (2002) Allergic contact dermatitis: the cellular effectors. Contact Dermatitis 46:1–5
Cavani A, Albanesi C, Traidl C, Sebastiani S, Girolomoni G (2001) Effector and regulatory T cells in allergic contact dermatitis. Trends Immunol 22:118–120
Yawalkar N, Egli F, Brand CU, Pichler WJ, Braathen LR (2000) Antigen-presenting cells and keratinocytes express interleukin-12 in allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 42:18–22
Wang B, Fujisawa H, Zhuang L, Freed I, Howell BG, Shahid S, Shivji GM, Mak TW, Sauder DN (2000) CD4+ Th1 and CD8+ type 1 cytotoxic T cells both play a crucial role in the full development of contact hypersensitivity. J Immunol 165:6783–6790
Xu B, Bulfone-Paus S, Aoyama K, Yu S, Huang P, Morimoto K, Matsushita T, Takeuchi T (2003) Role of Fas/Fas ligand-mediated apoptosis inmurine contact hypersensitivity. Int Immunopharmacol 3:927–938
Martin S, Simon JC (2001) Effector T cells and regulatory T cells in allergic contact dermatitis. ACI Int 13:117–121
Trautmann A, Akdis M, Kleemann D, Altznauer F, Simon HU, Graeve T, Noll M, Brocker EB, Blaser K, Akdis CA (2000) T cell-mediated Fas-induced keratinocyte apoptosis plays a key pathogenetic role in eczematous dermatitis. J Clin Invest 106:25–35
Kehren J, Desvignes C, Krasteva M et al (1999) Cytotoxicity ismandatory for CD8+ T cell-mediated contact hypersensitivity. J Exp Med 189:779–786
Akdis M, Trautmann A, Klunker S, Daigle I, Kucuksezer UC, Deglmann W, Disch R, Blaser K, Akdis CA (2003) T helper (Th) 2 predominance in atopic diseases is due to preferential apoptosis of circulating memory/effector Th1 cells. FASEB J 17:1026–1035
Asherson GL, Dieli F, Sireci G, Salerno A (1996) Role of IL-4 in delayed hypersensitivity. Clin Exp Immunol 103:1–4
Traidl C, Jugert F, Krieg T, Merk H, Hunzelmann N (1999) Inhibition of allergic contact dermatitis to DNCB but not to oxazolone in interleukin-4-deficientmice. J Invest Dermatol 112:476–482
Cavani A, Mei D, Guerra E, Corinti S, Giani M, Pirrotta L, Puddu P, Girolomoni G (1998) Patients with allergic contact dermatitis to nickel and nonallergic individuals display different nickel-specific T cell responses. Evidence for the presence of effector CD8+ and regulatory CD4+ T cells. J Invest Dermatol 111:621–628
Masjedi K, Ahlborg N, Gruvberger B, Bruze M, Karlberg AT (2003) Methylisothiazolinones elicit increased production of both T helper (Th)1-and Th2-like cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from contact allergic individuals. Br J Dermatol 149:1172–1182
Doyen V, Rubio M, Braun D, Nakajima T, Abe J, Saito H, Delespesse G, Sarfati M (2003) Thrombospondin 1 is an autocrine negative regulator of human dendritic cell activation. J Exp Med 198:1277–1283
Bondesson L, Nordlind K, Mutt V, Lidén S (1996) Inhibitory effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and ketanserin on established allergic contact dermatitis in man. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 76:102–106
Grabbe S, Bhardwaj RS, Mahnke K, Simon MM, Schwarz T, Luger TA (1996) alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone induces hapten-specific tolerance in mice. J Immunol 156:473–478
Jeong CW, Ahn KS, Rho NK, Park YD, Lee DY, Lee JH, Lee ES, Yang JM (2003) Differential in vivo cytokine mRNA expression in lesional skin of intrinsic vs. extrinsic atopic dermatitis patients using semiquantitative RT-PCR. Clin Exp Allergy 33:1717–1724
Novak N, Bieber T (2003) Allergic and nonallergic forms of atopic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 112:252–262
Akdis CA, Akdis M, Simon D, Dibbert B, Weber M, Gratzl S, Kreyden O, Disch R, Wuthrich B, Blaser K, Simon HU (1999) T cells and T cell-derived cytokines as pathogenic factors in the nonallergic form of atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 113:628–634
Novak N, Kraft S, Haberstok J, Geiger E, Allam P, Bieber T (2002) A reducing microenvironment leads to the generation of FcepsilonRI high inflammatory dendritic epidermal cells (IDEC). J Invest Dermatol 119:842–849
Kraft S, Novak N, Katoh N, Bieber T, Rupec RA (2002) Aggregation of the high-affinity IgE receptor Fc(epsilon)-RI on human monocytes and dendritic cells induces NFkappaB activation. J Invest Dermatol 118:830–837
Akdis M, Simon HU, Weigl L, Kreyden O, Blaser K, Akdis CA (1999) Skin homing (cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen-positive) CD8+ T cells respond to superantigen and contribute to eosinophilia and IgE production in atopic dermatitis. J Immunol 163:466–475
Girolomoni G, Sebastiani S, Albanesi C, Cavani A (2001) T-cell subpopulations in the development of atopic and contact allergy. Curr Opinion Immunol 13:733–737
Romagnani S (2004) Immunologic influences on allergy and the TH1/TH2.balance. J Allergy Clin Immunol 113: 395–400
Von Mutius E (2004) Influences in allergy: epidemiology and the environment. J Allergy Clin Immunol 113:373–379
Biedermann T, Röcken M, Carballido JM (2004) TH1 and TH2 lymphocyte development and regulation of TH cellmediated immune responses of the skin. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 9:5–14
Soumelis V, Reche PA, Kanzler H, Yuan W, Edward G, Homey B, Gilliet M, Ho S, Antonenko S, Lauerma A, Smith K, Gorman D, Zurawski S, Abrams J, Menon S, McClanahan T, Waal-Malefyt Rd R, Bazan F, Kastelein RA, Liu YJ (2002) Human epithelial cells trigger dendritic cell mediated allergic inflammation by producing TSLP. Nat Immunol 3:673–680
Horikawa T, Nakayama T, Hikita I, Yamada H, Fujisawa R, Bito T, Harada S, Fukunaga A, Chantry D, Gray PW, Morita A, Suzuki R, Tezuka T, Ichihashi M, Yoshie O (2002) IFN-gamma-inducible expression of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine/CCL17 and macrophagederived chemokine/CCL22 in epidermal keratinocytes and their roles in atopic dermatitis. Int Immunol 14: 767–773
Zheng X, Nakamura K, Furukawa H, Nishibu A, Takahashi M, Tojo M, Kaneko F, Kakinuma T, Tamaki K (2003) Demonstration of TARC and CCR4 mRNA expression and distribution using in situ RT-PCR in the lesional skin of atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol 30:26–32
Nakayama T, Fujisawa R, Yamada H, Horikawa T, Kawasaki H, Hieshima K, Izawa D, Fujiie S, Tezuka T, Yoshie O (2001) Inducible expression of a CC chemokine liver-and activation-regulated chemokine (LARC)/macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-3 alpha/CCL20 by epidermal keratinocytes and its role in atopic dermatitis. Int Immunol 13:95–103
Schmuth M, Neyer S, Rainer C, Grassegger A, Fritsch P, Romani N, Heufler C (2002) Expression of the C-C chemokine MIP-3 alpha/CCL20 in human epidermis with impaired permeability barrier function. Exp Dermatol 11:135–142
Kakinuma T, Saeki H, Tsunemi Y, Fujita H, Asano N, Mitsui H, Tada Y, Wakugawa M, Watanabe T, Torii H, Komine M, Asahina A, Nakamura K, Tamaki K (2003) Increased serum cutaneous T cell-attracting chemokine (CCL27) levels in patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis vulgaris. J Allergy Clin Immunol 111:592–597
Pastore S, Corinti S, La Placa M, Didona B, Girolomoni G (1998) Interferon-gamma promotes exaggerated cytokine production in keratinocytes cultured from patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 101:538–544
Junghans V, Gutgesell C, Jung T, Neumann C (1998) Epidermal cytokines IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-12 in patients with atopic dermatitis: response to application of house dust mite antigens. J Invest Dermatol 111:1184–1188
Zheng X, Nakamura K, Tojo M, Oyama N, Nishibu A, Satoh M, Kakinuma T, Wakugawa M, Tamaki K, Kaneko F (2002) TGF-beta1-mediated regulation of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC/CCL17) synthesis and secretion by HaCaT cells co-stimulated with TNFalpha and IFN-gamma. J Dermatol Sci 30:154–160
Sumiyoshi K, Nakao A, Ushio H, Mitsuishi K, Okumura K, Tsuboi R, Ra C, Ogawa H (2002) Transforming growth factor-beta1 suppresses atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. Clin Exp Allergy 32:309–314
Terui T, Sano K, Shirota H, Kunikata N, Ozawa M, Okada M, Honda M, Tamura G, Tagami H (2001) TGF-beta-producing CD4+ mediastinal lymph node cells obtained from mice tracheally tolerized to ovalbumin (OVA) suppress both Th1-and Th2-induced cutaneous inflammatory responses to OVA by differentmechanisms. J Immunol 167:3661–3667
Federici M, Giustizieri ML, Scarponi C, Girolomoni G, Albanesi C (2002) Impaired IFN-gamma-dependent inflammatory responses in human keratinocytes overexpressing the suppressor of cytokine signaling 1. J Immunol 169:434–442
Klunker S, Trautmann A, Akdis M, Verhagen J, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Blaser K, Akdis CA (2003) A second step of chemotaxis after transendothelialmigration: keratinocytes undergoing apoptosis release IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10, monokine induced by IFN-gamma, and IFN-gamma-inducible alpha-chemoattractant for T cell chemotaxis toward epidermis in atopic dermatitis. J Immunol 171:1078–1084
Den Heuvel MM van, Vanhee DD, Postmus PE, Hoefsmit EC, Beelen RH (1998) Functional and phenotypic differences of monocyte-derived dendritic cells from allergic and nonallergic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 101: 90–95
Bellinghausen I, Brand U, Knop J, Saloga J (2000) Comparison of allergen-stimulated dendritic cells fromatopic and nonatopic donors dissecting their effect on autologous naive and memory T helper cells of such donors. J Allergy Clin Immunol 105:988–996
Aiba S, Manome H, Yoshino Y, Tagami H (2003) Alteration in the production of IL-10 and IL-12 and aberrant expression of CD23, CD83 and CD86 by monocytes or monocyte-derived dendritic cells from atopic dermatitis patients. Exp Dermatol 112:86–95
Vulcano M, Albanesi C, Stoppacciaro A, Bagnati R, D’Amico G, Struyf S, Transidico P, Bonecchi R, Del Prete A, Allavena P, Ruco LP, Chiabrando C, Girolomoni G, Mantovani A, Sozzani S (2001) Dendritic cells as a major source of macrophage-derived chemokine/CCL22 in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Immunol 31:812–822
Reich K, Heine A, Hugo S, Blaschke V, Middel P, Kaser A, Tilg H, Blaschke S, Gutgesell C, Neumann C (2001) Engagement of the Fc epsilon RI stimulates the production of IL-16 in Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells. J Immunol 167:6321–6329
Higashi N, Gesser B, Kawana S, Thestrup-Pedersen K (2001) Expression of IL-18 mRNA and secretion of IL-18 are reduced in monocytes from patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 108:607–614
Habu Y, Seki S, Talayama E, Ohkawa T, Koike Y, Ami K, Majima T, Hiraide H (2001) Themechanism of a defective IFN-gamma response to bacterial toxins in an atopic dermatitismodel, NC/Ngamice, and the therapeutic effect of IFN-gamma, IL-12, or IL-18 on dermatitis. J Immunol 166:5439–5447
Rengarajan J, Szabo SJ, Glimcher LH (2000) Transcriptional regulation of Th1/th2 polarization. Immunol Today 21:479–483
Yagi R, Nagai H, Iigo Y, Akimoto T, Arai T, Kubo M (2002) Development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in STAT6-deficient NC/Ngamice. J Immunol 168:2020–2027
Finotto S, Neurath MF, Glickman JN, Qin S, Lehr HA, Green FH, Ackerman K, Haley K, Galle PR, Szabo SJ, Drazen JM, de-Sanctis GT, Glimcher LH (2002) Development of spontaneous airway changes consistent with human asthma in mice lacking T-bet. Science 295:336–338
Bluestone JA, Abbas AK (2003) Natural versus adaptive regulatory T cells. Nat Rev Immunol 3:253–257
Ling EM, Smith T, Nguyen XD, Pridgeon C, Dallman M, Arbery J, Carr VA, Robinson DS (2004) Relation of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cell suppression of allergendriven T-cell activation to atopic status and expression of allergic disease. Lancet 363:608–615
Suto A, Nakajima H, Kagami SI, Suzuki K, Saito Y, Iwamoto I (2001) Role of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells in T helper 2 cell-mediated allergic inflammation in the airways. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164:680–687
Ou LS, Goleva E, Hall C, Leung DY (2004) T regulatory cells in atopic dermatitis and subversion of their activity by superantigens. J Allergy Clin Immunol 113:756–763
Akdis CA, Blaser K (2001) Role of IL-10 in allergen-specific immunotherapy and normal response to allergens. Microbes Infect 3:891–898
Laouini D, Alenius H, Bryce P, Oettgen H, Tsitsikov E, Geha RS (2003) IL-10 is critical for Th2 responses in a murine model of allergic dermatitis. J Clin Invest 112:1058–1066
Akdis CA, Akdis M (2003) Immunological differences between intrinsic and extrinsic types of atopic dermatitis. Editorial. Clin Exp Allergy 33:1618–1621
DiLandro A, Valsecchi R, Imberti G, Cainelli T (1993) Dermatite atopica e sensibilizzazione a nichel solfato. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 128:95–99
Lammintausta K, Kalimo K, Fagerlund VL (192) Patch test reactions in atopic patients. Contact Dermatitis 26:234–240
Pons-Guiraud A (1996) Intérêt de la batterie standard chez l’atopique. Progrès en Dermato-Allergologie. Vol II. Mediscript Editions, Paris, pp 43–53
Katoh N, Hirano S, Suehiro M, Ikenaga K, Yasuno H (2002) Increased levels of serum tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 but not metalloproteinase-3 in atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Immunol 127:283–288
Kabesch M, Peters W, Carr D, Leupold W, Weiland SK, von Mutius E (2003) Association between polymorphisms in caspase recruitment domain containing protein 15 and allergy in two German populations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 111:813–817
Konishi H, Tsutsui H, Murakami T, Yumikura-Futatsugi S, Yamanaka K, Tanaka M, Iwakura Y, Suzuki N, Takeda K, Akira S, Nakanishi K, Mizutani H (2002) IL-18 contributes to the spontaneous development of atopic dermatitis-like inflammatory skin lesion independently of IgE/ stat6 under specific pathogen-free conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:11340–11345
Ahmad-Nejad P, Mrabet-Dahbi S, Breuer K, Klotz M, Werfel T, Herz U, Heeg K, Neumaier M, Renz H (2004) The toll-like receptor 2. R753Q polymorphism defines a subgroup of patients with atopic dermatitis having severe phenotype. J Allergy Clin Immunol 113:565–567
Hijnen D, De Bruin-Weller M, Oosting B, Lebre C, De Jong E, Bruijnzeel-Koomen C, Knol E (2004) Serum thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) and cutaneous T cell-attracting chemokine (CTACK) levels in allergic diseases: TARC and CTACK are disease-specific markers for atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 113:334–340
Reich K, Hugo S, Middel P, Blaschke V, Heine A, Gutgesell C, Williams R, Neumann C (2002) Evidence for a role of Langerhans cell-derived IL-16 in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 109:681–687
Nomura I, Gao B, Boguniewicz M, Darst MA, Travers JB, Leung DY (2003) Distinct patterns of gene expression in the skin lesions of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis: a gene microarray analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 112:1195–1202
Hijnen D, De Bruin-Weller M, Oosting B, Lebre C, De Jong E, Bruijnzeel-Koomen C, Knol E (2004) Serum thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) and cutaneous T cell-attracting chemokne (CTACK) levels in allergic diseases: TARC and CTACK are disease-specific markers for atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 113:334–340
Hon KL, Leung TF, Ma KC, Li AM, Wong Y, Fok TF (2004) Serum levels of cutaneous T-cell attracting chemokine (CTACK) as a laboratory marker of the severity of atopic dermatitis in children. Clin Exp Dermatol 29:293–296
Leung TF, Ma KC, Hon KL, Lam CW, Wan H, Li CY, Chan IH (2003) Serum concentration of macrophage-derived chemokine may be a useful inflammatory marker for assessing severity of atopic dermatitis in infants and young children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 14:296–301
Frezzolini A, Paradisi M, Zaffiro A, Provini A, Cadoni S, Ruffelli M, De Pita O (2002) Circulating interleukin 16.(IL-16) in children with atopic/eczema dermatitis syndrome (AEDS): a novel serological marker of disease activity. Allergy 57:815–820
Yawalkar N, Uguccioni M, Schärer J et al (1999) Enhanced expression of eotaxin and CCR3 in atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 113:43–48
Toda M, Leung DY, Molet S, Boguniewicz M, Taha R, Christodoulopoulos P, Fukuda T, Elias JA, Hamid QA (2003) Polarized in vivo expression of IL-11 and IL-17 between acute and chronic skin lesions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 111:875–881
Arkwright PD, Chase JM, Babbage S, Pravica V, David TJ, Hutchinson IV (2001) Atopic dermatitis is associated with a low-producer transforming growth factor beta(1) cytokine genotype. J Allergy Clin Immunol 108:281–284
Groves RW, Ross EL, Barker JN, MacDonald DM (1993) Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1: expression in normal and diseased skin and regulation in vivo by interferon gamma. J Am Acad Dermatol 29:67–72
Griffiths CE, Railan D, Gallatin WM, Cooper KD (1995) The ICAM-3/LFA-1 interaction is critical for epidermal Langerhans cell alloantigen presentation to CD4+ T cells. Br J Dermatol 133:823–829
Jung K, Imhof BA, Linse R, Wollina U, Neumann C (1997) Adhesion molecules in atopic dermatitis: upregulation of alpha6 integrin expression in spontaneous lesional skin as well as in atopen, antigen and irritative induced patch test reactions. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 113:495–504
Jarvikallio A, Harvima IT, Naukkarinen A (2003) Mast cells, nerves and neuropeptides in atopic dermatitis and nummular eczema. Arch Dermatol Res 295:2–7
Toyoda M, Nakamura M, Makino T, Hino T, Kagoura M, Morohashi M (2002) Nerve growth factor and substance P are useful plasma markers of disease activity in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 147:71–79
Kim KH, Park KC, Chung JH, Choi HR (2003) The effect of substance P on peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci 32:115–124
Bos JD, Van Leent EJ, Sillevis Smitt JH (1998) The millennium criteria for the diagnosis of atopic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 7:132–138
Williams HC, Burney PG, Hay RJ et al (1994) The U.K.’s Working Party criteria for atopic dermatitis. I. Derivation of a minimum set of discriminators for atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 131:383–396
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Schnuch, A., Uter, W., Reich, K. (2006). Allergic Contact Dermatitis and Atopic Eczema. In: Ring, J., Przybilla, B., Ruzicka, T. (eds) Handbook of Atopic Eczema. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29856-8_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29856-8_17
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-23133-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-29856-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)