Abstract
That dififerentiation and malignancy are different faces of the same coin is now almost a cliche. Although widely accepted as fact, exactly what are the points of similarity and differences that contribute to normal morphogenesis on the one hand and to neoplastic progression on the other? How can mechanisms that permit, guide and determine differentiation also contribute to malignancy? More specifically, what are the molecules that guide nor-mal morphogenesis yet contribute to neoplastic transformation and progression? These pro-cesses probably involve arrays of genetic programs. For the purpose of this review, we will focus on the roles of several genes that appear to fill these contradictory functions.
Access provided by Autonomous University of Puebla. Download to read the full chapter text
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
Pierce GB. Relationship between differentiation and carcinogenesis. J Toxicol Environ Health 1977; 2(6):1335–42.
Fata JWZ, Bissell MJ. Branching morphogenesis. 2003; in press.
Hu MC, Rosenblum ND. Genetic regulation of branching morphogenesis: Lessons learned from loss-of-function phenotypes. Pediatr Res 2003; 54(4):433–8.
Radisky DC, H.Y, Bissell MJ. Delivering the message: Epimorphin and mammary epithelial morphogenesis. Trends Cell Biol 2003; 13(8):426–434.
Affolter M et al. Tube or not tube: Remodeling epithelial tissues by branching morphogenesis. Dev Cell 2003; 4(1):11–8.
Davies JA. Do different branching epithelia use a conserved developmental mechanism? Bioessays 2002; 24(10):937–48.
Hovey RC, Trott JF, Vonderhaar BK. Establishing a framework for the functional mammary gland: From endocrinology to morphology. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2002; 7(1):17–38.
Silberstein GB. Postnatal mammary gland morphogenesis. Microsc Res Tech 2001; 52(2):155–62.
Petersen OW et al. The plasticity of human breast carcinoma cells is more than epithelial to mesenchymal conversion. Breast Cancer Res 2001; 3(4):213–7.
Lochter A. Plasticity of mammary epithelia during normal development and neoplastic progression. Biochem Cell Biol 1998; 76(6):997–1008.
Fleury V, Watanabe T. Morphogenesis of fingers and branched organs: How collagen and fibroblasts break the symmetry of growing biological tissue. C R Biol 2002; 325(5):571–83.
Smith GH, Chepko G. Mammary epithelial stem cells. Microsc Res Tech 2001; 52(2):190–203.
Metzger RJ, Krasnow MA. Genetic control of branching morphogenesis. Science 1999; 284(5420):1635–9.
Dick JE. Breast cancer stem cells revealed. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100(7):3547–9.
Al-Hajj M et al. Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100(7):3983–8.
Chang CC et al. A human breast epithelial cell type with stem cell characteristics as target cells for carcinogenesis. Radiat Res 2001; 155(1 Pt 2):201–207.
Medina D. Biological and molecular characteristics of the premalignant mouse mammary gland. Biochim Biophys Acta 2002; 1603(1):1–9.
Li P et al. Stem cells in breast epithelia. Int J Exp Pathol 1998; 79(4):193–206.
Dontu G et al. Stem cells in normal breast development and breast cancer. Cell Prolif 2003; 36(Suppl 1):59–72.
Wiseman BS, Werb Z. Stromal effects on mammary gland development and breast cancer. Science 2002; 296(5570):1046–9.
Wiseman BS et al. Site-specific inductive and inhibitory activities of MMP-2 and MMP-3 orchestrate mammary gland branching morphogenesis. J Cell Biol 2003; 162(6):1123–33.
Werb Z et al. Extracellular matrix remodeling and the regulation of epithelial-stromal interactions during differentiation and involution. Kidney Int Suppl 1996; 54:S68–74.
Roskelley CD, Bissell MJ. The dominance of the microenvironment in breast and ovarian cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2002; 12(2):97–104.
Zhang YW, Vande Woude GF. HGF/SF-met signaling in the control of branching morphogenesis and invasion. J Cell Biochem 2003; 88(2):408–17.
Rosario M, Birchmeier W. How to make tubes: Signaling by the Met receptor tyrosine kinase. Trends Cell Biol 2003; 13(6):328–35.
Soriano JV et al. Roles of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor and transforming growth factor-beta1 in mammary gland ductal morphogenesis. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 1998; 3(2):133–50.
van Tuyl M, Post M. From fruitflies to mammals: Mechanisms of signalling via the Sonic hedgehog pathway in lung development. Respir Res 2000; 1(1):30–5.
Deugnier MA, T.J, Faraldo MM et al. The important of being a myoepithelial cell. Breast Cancer Res 2002; 4(6):224–230.
Bartley JC, Emerman JT, Bissell MJ. Metabolic cooperativity between mammary epithelial cells and adipocytes of mice. Am J Physio 1981; 241:C240–248.
Gouon-Evans V, Lin EY, Pollard JW. Requirement of macrophages and eosinophils and their cytokines/chemokines for mammary gland development. Breast Cancer Res 2002; 4(4):155–64.
Chilliard Y et al. Leptin in ruminants. Gene expression in adipose tissue and mammary gland, and regulation of plasma concentration. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2001; 21(4):271–95.
Weaver VM, L. S, Lakins JN et al. beta4 integrin-dependent formation of polarized three-dimensional architecture confers resistance to apoptosis in normal and malignant mammary epithelium. Cancer Cell 2002; 2(3):205–216.
Thomasset N et al. Expression of autoactivated stromelysin-1 in mammary glands of transgenic mice leads to a reactive stroma during early development. Am J Pathol 1998; 153(2):457–67.
Bissell MJ et al. The organizing principle: Microenvironmental influences in the normal and malignant breast. Differentiation 2002; 70(9–10):537–46.
Earp 3rd HS, Calvo BF, Sartor CI. The EGF receptor family—multiple roles in proliferation, differentiation, and neoplasia with an emphasis on HER4. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 2003; 114:315–33, discussion 333–4.
Roberts AB, Wakefield LM. The two faces of transforming growth factor beta in carcinogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100(15):8621–3.
Turley EA, Noble PW, Bourguignon LY. Signaling properties of hyaluronan receptors. J Biol Chem 2002; 277(7):4589–92.
Ponta H, S. L, Herrlich PA. CD44: From adhesion molecules to signalling regulators. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2003; 4(1):33–45.
Naor D et al. CD44 in cancer. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2002; 39(6):527–79.
Yasuda M et al. CD44: Functional relevance to inflammation and malignancy. Histol Histopathol 2002; 17(3):945–50.
Ponta H, Sherman L, Herrlich PA. CD44: From adhesion molecules to signalling regulators. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2003; 4(1):33–45.
Rooney P et al. The role of hyaluronan in tumor neovascularization (review). Int J Cancer 1995; 60(5):632–6.
Tammi MI, Day AJ, Turley EA. Hyaluronan and homeostasis: A balancing act. J Biol Chem 2002; 277(7):4581–4.
Day AJ, Prestwich GD. Hyaluronan-binding proteins: Tying up the giant. J Biol Chem 2002; 277(7):4585–8.
Bissell MJ, Radisky D. Putting tumors in context. Nat Rev Cancer 2001; 1(1):46–54.
Sternlicht MD, Werb Z. How matrix metalloproteinases regulate cell behavior. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2001; 17:463–516.
de Launoit Y et al. The PEA3 group of ETS-related transcription factors. Role in breast cancer metastasis. Adv Exp Med Biol 2000; 480:107–16.
Benaud C, Dickson RB, Thompson EW. Roles of the matrix metalloproteinases in mammary gland development and cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1998; 50(2):97–116.
Rudolph-Owen LA et al. The matrix metalloproteinase matrilysin influences early-stage mammary tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 1998; 58(23):5500–6.
Yu WH et al. CD44 anchors the assembly of matrilysin/MMP-7 with heparin-binding epidermal growth factor precursor and ErbB4 and regulates female reproductive organ remodeling. Genes Dev 2002; 16(3):307–23.
Delehedde M et al. Proteoglycans: Pericellular and cell surface multireceptors that integrate external stimuli in the mammary gland. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2001; 6(3):253–73.
Bateman KL et al. Heparan sulphate. Regulation of growth factors in the mammary gland. Adv Exp Med Biol 2000; 480:65–9.
Bourhis XL et al. Autocrine and paracrine growth inhibitors of breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2000; 60(3):251–8.
McDonald JA, Camenisch TD. Hyaluronan: Genetic insights into the complex biology of a simple polysaccharide. Glycoconj J 2002; 19(4–5):331–9.
Weigel PH. Functional characteristics and catalytic mechanisms of the bacterial hyaluronan synthases. IUBMB Life 2002; 54(4):201–11.
Itano N, Kimata K. Mammalian hyaluronan synthases. IUBMB Life 2002; 54(4):195–9.
DeAngelis PL. Hyaluronan synthases: Fascinating glycosyltransferases from vertebrates, bacterial pathogens, and algal viruses. Cell Mol Life Sci 1999; 56(7–8):670–82.
Weigel PH, Hascall VC, Tammi M. Hyaluronan synthases. J Biol Chem 1997; 272(22):13997–4000.
Silbert JE, Sugumaran G. Biosynthesis of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate. IUBMB Life 2002; 54(4):177–86.
Prydz K, Dalen KT. Synthesis and sorting of proteoglycans. J Cell Sci 2000; 113 (Pt 2):193–205.
Hall CL, Wang FS, Turley E. Src-/-fibroblasts are defective in their ability to disassemble focal adhesions in response to phorbol ester/hyaluronan treatment. Cell Commun Adhes 2002; 9(5–6):273–83.
Slevin M, Kumar S, Gaffney J. Angiogenic oligosaccharides of hyaluronan induce multiple signaling pathways affecting vascular endothelial cell mitogenic and wound healing responses. J Biol Chem 2002; 277(43):41046–59.
Ghatak S, Misra S, Toole BP. Hyaluronan oligosaccharides inhibit anchorage-independent growth of tumor cells by suppressing the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt cell survival pathway. J Biol Chem 2002; 277(41):38013–20.
Fujita Y et al. CD44 signaling through focal adhesion kinase and its anti-apoptotic effect. FEBS Lett 2002; 528(1–3):101–8.
Bourguignon LY et al. Hyaluronan-mediated CD44 interaction with RhoGEF and Rho kinase promotes Grb2-associated binder-1 phosphorylation and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling leading to cytokine (macrophage-colony stimulating factor) production and breast tumor progression. J Biol Chem 2003; 278(32):29420–34.
Toole BP, Wight TN, Tammi MI. Hyaluronan-cell interactions in cancer and vascular disease. J Biol Chem 2002; 277(7):4593–6.
Zoltan-Jones A et al. Elevated hyaluronan production induces mesenchymal and transformed properties in epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2003.
Auvinen P et al. Hyaluronan in peritumoral stroma and malignant cells associates with breast cancer spreading and predicts survival. Am J Pathol 2000; 156(2):529–36.
Hirano S et al. Effect of growth factors on hyaluronan production by canine vocal fold fibroblasts. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2003; 112(7):617–24.
Russell DL et al. Hormone-regulated expression and localization of versican in the rodent ovary. Endocrinology 2003; 144(3):1020–31.
Pohl M et al. Role of hyaluronan and CD44 in vitro branching morphogenesis of ureteric bud cells. Dev Biol 2000; 224(2):312–25.
Gakunga P et al. Hyaluronan is a prerequisite for ductal branching morphogenesis. Development 1997; 124(20):3987–97.
Xu YYQ. E-cadherin negatively regulates CD44-hyalruonan interaction and CD44-mediated tumor invasion and branching moprhogenesis. J Biol Chem 2003; 278(mar 7):8661–8.
Lee JY, Spicer AP. Hyaluronan: A multifunctional, megaDalton, stealth molecule. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2000; 12(5):581–6.
Turley EA. The control of adrenocortical cytodifferentiation by extracellular matrix. Differentiation 1980; 17(2):93–103.
Saad S et al. Induction of matrix metalloproteinases MMP-1 and MMP-2 by coculture of breast cancer cells and bone marrow fibroblasts. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2000; 63(2):105–15.
Yu Q, Stamenkovic I. Cell surface-localized matrix metalloproteinase-9 proteolytically activates TGF-beta and promotes tumor invasion and angiogenesis. Genes Dev 2000; 14(2):163–76.
Spessotto P et al. Hyaluronan-CD44 interaction hampers migration of osteodast-like cells by down-regulating MMP-9. J Cell Biol 2002; 158(6):1133–44.
Mori H et al. CD44 directs membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase to lamellipodia by associating with its hemopexin-like domain. Embo J 2002; 21(15):3949–59.
Kajita M, I. Y, Chiba T et al. Membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase cleaves CD44 and promotes cell migration. J Cell Biol 2001; 153(5):893–904.
Yu QSI. Localization of matrix metalloproteinase 9 to the cell surface provides a mechanism for CD44-mediated tumor invasion. Genes Dev 1999; 13(1):35–38.
Imai K et al. Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase 1 is a gelatinolytic enzyme and is secreted in a complex with tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2. Cancer Res 1996; 56(12):2707–10.
Deryugina EI et al. Tumor cell invasion through matrigel is regulated by activated matrix metalloproteinase-2. Anticancer Res 1997; 17(5A):3201–10.
Vincent T et al. Hyaluronic acid induces survival and proliferation of human myeloma cells through an interleukin-6-mediated pathway involving the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein. J Biol Chem 2001; 276(18):14728–36.
Pellegrini L. Role of heparan sulfate in fibroblast growth factor signalling: A structural view. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2001; 11(5):629–34.
Boyd NF et al. Mammographic densities and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998; 7(12):1133–44.
Rowley DR. What might a stromal response mean to prostate cancer progression? Cancer Metastasis Rev 1998; 17(4):411–9.
Sternlicht MD et al. The stromal proteinase MMP3/stromelysin-l promotes mammary carcinogenesis. Cell 1999; 98(2):137–46.
Bullard KM, Longaker MT, Lorenz HP. Fetal wound healing: Current biology. World J Surg 2003; 27(1):54–61.
Turino GM, Cantor JO. Hyaluronan in respiratory injury and repair. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167(9):1169–75.
Neal MS. Angiogenesis: Is it the key to controlling the healing process? J Wound Care 2001; 10(7):281–7.
Park MJ et al. PTEN suppresses hyaluronic acid-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells through focal adhesion kinase dephosphorylation. Cancer Res 2002; 62(21):6318–22.
Han F et al. Effects of sodium hyaluronate on experimental osteoarthritis in rabbit knee joints. Nagoya J Med Sci 1999; 62(3–4):115–26.
Takahashi K et al. The effects of hyaluronan on matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), interleukin-lbeta(IL-lbeta), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) gene expression during the development of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1999; 7(2):182–90.
Bourguignon LY. CD44-mediated oncogenic signaling and cytoskeleton activation during mammary tumor progression. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2001; 6(3):287–97.
Henke CA, T.U, Mickelson DJ et al. CD44-related chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, a cell surface receptor implicated with tumor cell invasion, mediates endothelial cell migration on fibrinogen and invasion into a fibrin matrix. J Clin Invest 1996; 97(11):2541–2552.
Hayes GM et al. Identification of sequence motifs responsible for the adhesive interaction between exon v10-containing CD44 isoforms. J Biol Chem 2002; 277(52):50529–34.
Hebbard L et al. CD44 expression and regulation during mammary gland development and function. J Cell Sci 2000; 113 (Pt 14):2619–30.
Alpaugh ML et al. Myoepithelial-specific CD44 shedding contributes to the anti-invasive and antiangiogenic phenotype of myoepithelial cells. Exp Cell Res 2000; 261(1):150–8.
Lee MC et al. Myoepithelial-specific CD44 shedding is mediated by a putative chymotrypsin-like sheddase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 279(1):116–23.
Jones FE et al. ErbB4 signaling in the mammary gland is required for lobuloalveolar development and Stat5 activation during lactation. J Cell Biol 1999; 147(1):77–88.
Rudolph-Owen LA et al. Coordinate expression of matrix metalloproteinase family members in the uterus of normal, matrilysin-deficient, and stromelysin-1-deficient mice. Endocrinology 1997; 138(11):4902–11.
Toelg C, B.M, Turley EA. Unpublished data 2003.
Nagase H, Woessner Jr JF. Matrix metalloproteinases. J Biol Chem 1999; 274(31):21491–4.
Egeblad M, Werb Z New functions for the matrix metalloproteinases in cancer progression. Nat Rev Cancer 2002; 2(3):161–74.
Chang C, Werb Z. The many faces of metalloproteases: Cell growth, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. Trends Cell Biol 2001; 11(11):S37–43.
Lochter A et al. The significance of matrix metalloproteinases during early stages of tumor progression. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 857:180–93.
Van den Steen PE et al. Biochemistry and molecular biology of gelatinase B or matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 37(6):375–536.
Mueller MM, Fusenig NE. Tumor-stroma interactions directing phenotype and progression of epithelial skin tumor cells. Differentiation 2002; 70(9–10):486–97.
Fillmore HL, VanMeter TE, Broaddus WC. Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs): Expression and function during glioma invasion. J Neurooncol 2001; 53(2):187–202.
Schenk S et al. Binding to EGF receptor of a laminin-5 EGF-like fragment liberated during MMP-dependent mammary gland involution. J Cell Biol 2003; 161(1):197–209.
Seiki M. The cell surface: The stage for matrix metalloproteinase regulation of migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2002; 14(5):624–32.
Noe V et al. Release of an invasion promoter E-cadherin fragment by matrilysin and stromelysin-1. J Cell Sci 2001; 114(Pt 1):111–118.
Tester AM et al. MMP-9 secretion and MMP-2 activation distinguish invasive and metastatic sublines of a mouse mammary carcinoma system showing epithelial-mesenchymal transition traits. Clin Exp Metastasis 2000; 18(7):553–60.
Hazan RB et al. Exogenous expression of N-cadherin in breast cancer cells induces cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. J Cell Biol 2000; 148(4):779–90.
Rolli M et al. Activated integrin alphavbeta3 cooperates with metalloproteinase MMP-9 in regulating migration of metastatic breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100(16):9482–7.
Mira E et al. Insulin-like growth factor I-triggered cell migration and invasion are mediated by matrix metalloproteinase-9. Endocrinology 1999; 140(4):1657–64.
Koshikawa N et al. Role of cell surface metalloprotease MT1-MMP in epithelial cell migration over laminin-5. J Cell Biol 2000; 148(3):615–24.
Rozanov DV et al. Mutation analysis of membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP). The role of the cytoplasmic tail Cys(574), the active site Glu(240), and furin cleavage motifs in oligomerization, processing, and self-proteolysis of MT1-MMP expressed in breast carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 2001; 276(28):25705–14.
Barcellos-Hoff MH et al. Functional differentiation and alveolar morphogenesis of primary mammary cultures on reconstituted basement membrane. Development 1989; 105(2):223–35.
Petersen OW et al. Interaction with basement membrane serves to rapidly distinguish growth and differentiation pattern of normal and malignant human breast epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89(19):9064–8.
Schmeichel KL, Bissell MJ. Modeling tissue-specific signaling and organ function in three dimensions. J Cell Sci 2003; 116(Pt 12):2377–88.
Ha HY et al. Overexpression of membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1 gene induces mammary gland abnormalities and adenocarcinoma in transgenic mice. Cancer Res 2001; 61(3):984–90.
Itoh T et al. Reduced angiogenesis and tumor progression in gelatinase A-deficient mice. Cancer Res 1998; 58(5):1048–51.
Sympson CJ et al. Targeted expression of stromelysin-1 in mammary gland provides evidence for a role of proteinases in branching morphogenesis and the requirement for an intact basement membrane for tissue-specific gene expression. J Cell Biol 1994; 125(3):681–93.
Vargo-Gogola T et al. Matrilysin (matrix metalloproteinase-7) selects for apoptosis-resistant mammary cells in vivo. Cancer Res 2002; 62(19):5559–63.
Kenny PA, Bissell MJ. Tumor reversion: Correction of malignant behavior by microenvironmental cues. Int J Cancer 2003; 107(5):688–95.
Welm B et al. Isolation and characterization of functional mammary gland stem cells. Cell Prolif 2003; 36(Suppl 1):17–32.
Petersen OW et al. Epithelial progenitor cell lines as models of normal breast morphogenesis and neoplasia. Cell Prolif 2003; 36(Suppl 1):33–44.
Boudreau N, Myers C. Breast cancer-induced angiogenesis: Multiple mechanisms and the role of the microenvironment. Breast Cancer Res 2003; 5(3):140–6.
Shekhar MP, Pauley R, Heppner G. Host microenvironment in breast cancer development: Extracellular matrix-stromal cell contribution to neoplastic phenotype of epithelial cells in the breast. Breast Cancer Res 2003; 5(3):130–5.
Radisky D, Muschler J, Bissell MJ. Order and disorder: The role of extracellular matrix in epithelial cancer. Cancer Invest 2002; 20(1):139–53.
Werb Z et al. Extracellular matrix remodeling as a regulator of stromal-epithelial interactions during mammary gland development, involution and carcinogenesis. Braz J Med Biol Res 1996; 29(9):1087–97.
van Golen KL. Inflammatory breast cancer: Relationship between growth factor signaling and motility in aggressive cancers. Breast Cancer Res 2003; 5(3):174–9.
Hasebe T et al. Highly proliferative intratumoral fibroblasts and a high proliferative microvessel index are significant predictors of tumor metastasis in T3 ulcerative-type colorectal cancer. Hum Pathol 2001; 32(4):401–9.
Cunha GR, Hom YK. Role of mesenchymal-epithelial interactions in mammary gland development. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 1996; 1(1):21–35.
Dong LJ, Chung AE. The expression of the genes for entactin, laminin A, laminin B1 and laminin B2 in murine lens morphogenesis and eye development. Differentiation 1991; 48(3):157–72.
Sloan EK, Anderson RL. Genes involved in breast cancer metastasis to bone. Cell Mol Life Sci 2002; 59(9):1491–502.
Rudolph-Owen LA, Matrisian LM. Matrix metalloproteinases in remodeling of the normal and neoplastic mammary gland. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 1998; 3(2):177–89.
Herrera-Gayol A, Jothy S. Adhesion proteins in the biology of breast cancer: Contribution of CD44. Exp Mol Pathol 1999; 66(2):149–56.
Naot D, Sionov RV, Ish-Shalom D. CD44: Structure, function, and association with the malignant process. Adv Cancer Res 1997; 71:241–319.
Peterson RM et al. Perturbation of hyaluronan interactions by soluble CD44 inhibits growth of murine mammary carcinoma cells in ascites. Am J Pathol 2000; 156(6):2159–67.
Wang CTZ, Moore IInd DH, Zhao Y et al. The overexpression of RHAMM, a hyaluronan-binding protein that regulates ras signaling, correlates with overexpression of mitogen-activated protein kinase and is a significant parameter in breast cancer progression. Clin Cancer Res 1998; 4(3):567–576.
Passegue E et al. Normal and leukemic hematopoiesis: Are leukemias a stem cell disorder or a reacquisition of stem cell characteristics? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100(Suppl 1):11842–9.
Smadja-Joffe F et al. CD44 and hyaluronan binding by human myeloid cells. Leuk Lymphoma 1996; 21(5–6):407–20, color plates following 528.
Erickson AC, Barcellos-Hoff MH. The not-so innocent bystander: The microenvironment as a therapeutic target in cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2003; 7(1):71–88.
Sternlicht MD, W.Z. How matrix metalloproteinases regulate cell behavior. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2001; 17:463–516.
Macaluso M, Paggi MG, Giordano A. Genetic and epigenetic alterations as hallmarks of the intricate road to cancer. Oncogene 2003; 22(42):6472–8.
Berx G, Van Roy F. The E-cadherin/catenin complex: An important gatekeeper in breast cancer tumorigenesis and malignant progression. Breast Cancer Res 2001; 3(5):289–93.
Elenbaas B et al. Human breast cancer cells generated by oncogenic transformation of primary mammary epithelial cells. Genes Dev 2001; 15(1):50–65.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Eurekah.com and Springer Science+Business Media
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Turley, E.A., Bissell, M.J. (2005). Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in Mammary Gland Branching Morphogenesis and Breast Cancer. In: Branching Morphogenesis. Molecular Biology Intelligence Unit. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-30873-3_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-30873-3_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-25615-3
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-30873-9
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)