Abstract
Background
The main olfactory epithelium (MOE) in mammals is a specialized organ to detect odorous molecules in the external environment. The MOE consists of four types of cells: olfactory sensory neurons, supporting cells, basal cells, and microvillous cells. Among these, development and function of microvillous cells remain largely unknown. Recent studies have shown that a population of microvillous cells expresses the monovalent cation channel Trpm5 (transient receptor potential channel M5). To examine functional differentiation of Trpm5-expressing microvillous cells in the MOE, we investigated the expression and function of Skn-1a, a POU (Pit-Oct-Unc) transcription factor required for functional differentiation of Trpm5-expressing sweet, umami, and bitter taste bud cells in oropharyngeal epithelium and solitary chemosensory cells in nasal respiratory epithelium.
Results
Skn-1a is expressed in a subset of basal cells and apical non-neuronal cells in the MOE of embryonic and adult mice. Two-color in situ hybridization revealed that a small population of Skn-1a-expressing cells was co-labeled with Mash1/Ascl1 and that most Skn-1a-expressing cells coexpress Trpm5. To investigate whether Skn-1a has an irreplaceable role in the MOE, we analyzed Skn-1a-deficient mice. In the absence of Skn-1a, olfactory sensory neurons differentiate normally except for a limited defect in terminal differentiation in ectoturbinate 2 of some of MOEs examined. In contrast, the impact of Skn-1a deficiency on Trpm5-expressing microvillous cells is much more striking: Trpm5, villin, and choline acetyltransferase, cell markers previously shown to identify Trpm5-expressing microvillous cells, were no longer detectable in Skn-1a-deficient mice. In addition, quantitative analysis demonstrated that the density of superficial microvillous cells was significantly decreased in Skn-1a-deficient mice.
Conclusion
Skn-1a is expressed in a minority of Mash1-positive olfactory progenitor cells and a majority of Trpm5-expressing microvillous cells in the main olfactory epithelium. Loss-of-function mutation of Skn-1a resulted in complete loss of Trpm5-expressing microvillous cells, whereas most of olfactory sensory neurons differentiated normally. Thus, Skn-1a is a critical regulator for the generation of Trpm5-expressing microvillous cells in the main olfactory epithelium in mice.
Similar content being viewed by others
Background
A sense of smell is essential for the survival of both individuals and species. The main olfactory epithelium (MOE) is considered to be responsible for detecting a vast number of airborne odorous chemicals. The MOE consists of four major types of cells: olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), supporting cells, basal cells, and microvillous cells [1]. The OSNs are ciliated bipolar neurons specialized in detecting odorants and send their information to the axonal target in the main olfactory bulb. The cell bodies of the terminally differentiated OSNs are located in the intermediate position of the MOE. The supporting cells, also called sustentacular cells, protect and support OSNs, much like glial cells in the central nervous system. The supporting cells span the entire basal to apical extent of the MOE, and their somata are located in the apical/superficial layer of the MOE. The basal cells, which are globose and horizontal cells, are considered to function as stem cells that give rise to OSNs and supporting cells.
Although the properties of OSNs, supporting cells, and basal cells have been well studied and characterized in terms of both development and function, those of the microvillous cells remain largely unknown in the MOE. Microvillous cells are less abundant than are OSNs and supporting cells and are scattered in the superficial layer of the MOE [2–5]. Morphologically, at least three different types of microvillous cells have been described [3]. Two of them express the monovalent cation channel transient receptor potential channel M5 (Trpm5). Because Trpm5 plays a critical role in chemical sensing in sweet, umami, and bitter taste cells (so-called type II taste cells) and in solitary chemosensory cells (SCCs) [6–10], and because the chemosensory activities of these taste cells are Trpm5-dependent and thermosensitive [11], Trpm5-expressing microvillous cells (Trpm5-microvillous cells) in the MOE are considered to be chemo- and/or thermosensitive. Indeed, Trpm5-microvillous cells were shown to express choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter, to respond to chemical or thermal stimuli, and to release acetylcholine to modulate activities of neighboring supporting cells and OSNs [12]. However, molecular mechanisms underlying the generation and differentiation of these cells are not well understood.
Skn-1a (also known as Pou2f3), a POU (Pit-Oct-Unc) transcription factor, is expressed in Trpm5-expressing chemosensory cells: type II taste cells in taste buds of oropharyngeal epithelium and SCCs in nasal respiratory epithelium. Its loss-of-function mutation resulted in defective generation and/or functional differentiation of type II taste cells and SCCs [13, 14]. Thus, Skn-1a functions as a determinant for the generation and functional differentiation of these cells. Here we show that Skn-1a is expressed in the MOE, where neither taste cells nor SCCs have been observed. We characterized Skn-1a-expressing cells and investigated the function of Skn-1a in the MOE using Skn-1a-deficient mice. We demonstrate that Skn-1a is necessary for the generation of Trpm5-microvillous cells.
Results
The expression of Skn-1ain the main olfactory epithelium
We previously demonstrated that Skn-1a is expressed in SCCs in nasal respiratory epithelium [14]. During expression analyses of Skn-1a in the nasal cavity, we noticed that Skn-1a mRNA signals were also observed in the MOE. Because Skn-1a is a crucial factor for the generation and/or functional differentiation of chemosensory cells such as sweet, umami, and bitter taste cells and SCCs, we hypothesized that Skn-1a could be involved in the generation of a certain cell type comprised in the MOE. First, we characterized Skn-1a-expressing cells in the MOE. In situ hybridization analyses revealed that the scattered signals of Skn-1a mRNA were first detectable at embryonic day 13.5 (Figure 1A). Skn-1a-expressing cells were located in apical, intermediate, and basal positions of the MOE during embryonic stages and were gradually restricted to apical and basal positions during postnatal development. We also analyzed the distribution of Skn-1a-expressing cells along the rostral-caudal axis and found scattered Skn-1a expression throughout the MOE at postnatal day 7 (Figure 1B). The distribution of Skn-1a-expressing cells in the dorso-ventral and the medial-lateral axis were uniform during embryonic and early postnatal stages, and shifted to a graded pattern in the adult MOE: smaller number of Skn-1a-expressing cells in the dorsomedial region and larger number in the ventrolateral region (Figure 1C).
To our knowledge, neither SCCs nor taste cells have been found in the MOE. Both cell types share expression of Tas1r3, Tas2r family genes, Gnat3 (gustducin), Plcb2, and Trpm5. We examined the mRNA expression of these genes in the MOE and detected only Trpm5 (Figure 1D). The Trpm5 mRNA signals were observed in the superficial layer, where Skn-1a mRNA expression was also observed, indicating a possible role of Skn-1a in generation of cells of the MOE.
To characterize Skn-1a-expressing cells in the MOE, we performed two-color in situ hybridization using riboprobes for specific molecular markers. Because of the scattered expression of Skn-1a in basal and apical positions of the adult MOE, Skn-1a-positive cells were considered to be neither terminal differentiated OSNs nor supporting cells, which occupy the intermediate and apical regions of MOE, respectively. But they could be basal OSN progenitor/precursor cells and/or apical microvillous cells. We first tested coexpression with basally located olfactory neuronal markers: Mash1/Ascl1 (neuronal progenitors), Ngn1/Neurog1 (neuronal precursors), and NeuroD (differentiating/postmitotic neurons). A small population of Skn-1a-potitive cells was co-labeled with Mash1, but no Skn-1a-positive cells were co-labeled with Ngn1 or NeuroD (Figure 2A), indicating that Skn-1a is transiently expressed in some OSN progenitors, turning off prior to the subsequent precursor stage. As expected, Skn-1a-expressing cells were not co-labeled with OMP, a marker for mature OSNs (Figure 2B). We then examined the relationship of the expression of Skn-1a with Trpm5 and found that Skn-1a-expressing cells in the apical position were co-labeled with Trpm5 (Figure 2C).
To analyze the population of Skn-1a-expressing cells, we performed two-color in situ hybridization for Skn-1a in combination with either Mash1 or Trpm5 and counted the number of single- and double-positive cells at postnatal day 30 (Figure 2D). Because of total number of cells counted differed between sections due to the scattered expression of Skn-1a and Trpm5, we represent the population of Skn-1a-expressing cells in percentage. Quantitative analyses revealed that 8.34 ± 2.82% (mean ± SD) of the Skn-1a-expressing cells were Mash1 positive (n = 3, see Additional file 1: Table S1) and 77.7 ± 5.95% were Trpm5 positive (n = 3, see Additional file 1: Table S1). Thus, a large population of Skn-1a-expressing cells is Trpm5 positive, and Mash1-positive cells are a minor population. In the OSN lineage, Mash1-positive olfactory progenitors rarely expressed Skn-1a (1.41 ± 0.564%, n = 3, see Additional file 1: Table S1; Figure 2E), whereas 36.9 ± 15.0% of Trpm5-expressing cells coexpress Skn-1a (n = 3, see Additional file 1: Table S1). These results suggest involvement of Skn-1a in the Trpm5-microvillous cell lineage rather than in the OSN lineage.
Impact of Skn-1adeficiency on olfactory sensory neuronal lineage
Coexpression analyses revealed that Skn-1a is expressed in both OSN and Trpm5-microvillous cell lineages. To investigate the function of Skn-1a in these cell lineages, we analyzed Skn-1a-deficient mice. We first examined the impact of loss of Skn-1a function on differentiation of OSNs by in situ hybridization using RNA probes for neuronal marker genes Mash1, Ngn1, NeuroD, GAP43 (immature OSNs), and OMP. The expression of all marker genes in Skn-1a-/- mice was basically the same as in wild-type mice (Figure 3A). However, some Skn-1a-/- mice showed a partial and limited phenotype of defective differentiation of OSNs, in which the expression of GAP43 and OMP was greatly downregulated but expression of Mash1, Ngn1, and NeuroD was upregulated. This impaired terminal differentiation into OSNs was restricted in the area of ectoturbinate 2. Among five mice analyzed, we found this region-specific phenotype bilaterally (right and left MOE) in one mouse, unilaterally in two, and not at all in two. When we counted the right and left MOE separately (i.e., two MOE per mouse), the penetrance of this phenotype could be calculated as 40% (4 of 10 half MOEs). Because most of the MOE developed grossly normal and incomplete development of OSNs was observed partially in terms of both number and area of the Skn-1a-/- MOE, we conclude that Skn-1a is not critical for the generation of OSNs in most MOE regions.
In the MOE, Mash1 functions as a determinant factor to generate OSNs. Because a small population of Skn-1a-expressing cells coexpress Mash1, it is conceivable that Mash1 affects Skn-1a function and/or Trpm5-microvillous cell lineage. To test this possibility, we also investigated the impact of Mash1 deficiency on Skn-1a-expressing cells by analyzing Mash1-/- embryos at embryonic day 18.5. In situ hybridization showed expression of both Skn-1a and Trpm5 in both wild-type and Mash1-/- mice MOE (Figure 4), indicating that Mash1 is not a determinant gene for Trpm5-microvillous cell lineage. Although the number of Skn-1a/Trpm5-coexpressing cells per unit area tended to increase in Mash1-/- MOE, it is not clear if this was caused by a direct effect of the loss of function of Mash1. Because loss of Mash1 function causes severe malformation of the MOE and massive loss of OSNs, it is possible that the apparent increased number of Skn-1a/Trpm5-coexpressing cells is due to relative effects arising from a small MOE in the mutant.
Impact of Skn-1adeficiency on Trpm5-positive microvillous cells
Because Skn-1a is expressed in Trpm5-microvillous cells, we next examined the impact of Skn-1a deficiency on Trpm5-microvillous cells. In situ hybridization revealed that the expression of Trpm5 was completely absent in Skn-1a-/- MOE (Figure 5A). We then analyzed the expression of markers for Trpm5-microvillous cells in Skn-1a-/- mice by double-label immunostaining against Trpm5 combined with villin, a marker for microvilli, and ChAT. No immunoreactivity to villin or ChAT was detected in Skn-1a-/- mice, but immunoreactivity was observed in Trpm5-positive cells in the MOE of wild-type mice (Figure 5B, C). These results suggest that Skn-1a is required for functional differentiation of Trpm5-microvillous cells, including the expression of Trpm5, villin, and ChAT, or the generation of Trpm5-microvillous cells.
Quantitative comparison of ChAT/Trpm5-expressing microvillous cell density in Skn-1a-/- and ChAT-eGFPmice
To clarify the impact of Skn-1a deficiency on the generation of Trpm5-microvillous cells, we quantified the microvillous cell density in the most superficial layer of the MOE of Skn-1a-/- mice and compared it with the density obtained from the ChAT(BAC)-eGFP transgenic mice (ChAT-eGFP) as control. This quantification is possible because the MOE layer structure is largely unchanged in the Skn-1a-/- mice. Because the epithelium in the lateral MOE is generally thinner, and because nuclei of ChAT/Trpm5-expressing microvillous cells often reside along with supporting cell nuclei [5], we focused on the dorsomedial region, where a majority of ChAT/Trpm5-expressing microvillous cells have their nuclei located in the most superficial layer, separated from the tightly packed nucleus layer of the supporting cells (Figure 6A; see also enlarged images from ChAT-eGFP and Skn-1a-/- mice in B and C, respectively). We found that, on average, the densities of DAPI-stained nuclei and GFP-positive (ChAT/Trpm5-expressing) microvillous cells were 915 ± 67.6 nuclei/mm2 and 733 ± 38.2 cells/mm2 surface area, respectively, in the ChAT-eGFP mice (mean ± SD, n = 3). Thus, ChAT/Trpm5-expressing microvillous cells account for about 80% of the cells in the superficial layer in the dorsomedial region of the MOE (Figure 6D). Approximately 20% of the nuclei in the most superficial layer belong to cells with unknown identity. In Skn-1a-/- mice, the number of DAPI-stained nuclei in the superficial layer of the dorsomedial region was drastically reduced, and the averaged nucleus density was 244 ± 49.5 nuclei/mm2 surface area (n = 3 mice; Figure 6E). Compared with the density obtained from the ChAT-eGFP mice (915 ± 67.6 nuclei/mm2), this is a 73% reduction in the density of superficial nuclei, comparable to the percentage of ChAT/Trpm5-expressing microvillous cells in the total cell (nuclei) count of the region. The reduction is statistically significant (Student’s t-test, p < 0.001). Since we did not observe apparent zonal variation in the density of ChAT/Trpm5-expressing microvillous cells in our previous studies [5, 12], or in the present study, we believe these results are representative and that Skn-1a knockout diminishes the population of ChAT/Trpm5-expressing microvillous cells in the MOE. Thus, combined with the lack of Trpm5, villin, and ChAT expression in the Skn-1a-/- mice, our results strongly indicate that Skn-1a functions as a critical regulator for the generation of Trpm5-microvillous cells in the MOE.
Discussion
We found that Skn-1a is expressed in both Mash1-positive olfactory progenitors and Trpm5-microvillous cells in the MOE. Although Skn-1a is expressed in both cell lineages, the loss-of-function mutation of Skn-1a had differential impacts: grossly normal differentiation of OSNs and complete loss of Trpm5-microvillous cells.
In the absence of Skn-1a, OSNs differentiated normally except for a partial defective differentiation in a limited region of the MOE: ectoturbinate 2. Because only a small population of Skn-1a-expressing cells coexpressed Mash1, and most of Mash1-expressing progenitors did not coexpress Skn-1a, Skn-1a could not be a determining factor for OSN differentiation. Considering the partial penetrance of this minor phenotype (defective differentiation in ectoturbinate2), it could be due to a secondary effect of loss of Skn-1a function. However, we could not exclude the possibility that Skn-1a somehow interacts with Mash1 genetic pathways and might cause this phenotype in Skn-1a-/- mice.
In contrast, none of the markers for Trpm5-microvillous cells were detectable in the Skn-1a-/- MOE, and a drastic loss of microvillous cells was clearly demonstrated. Therefore, Skn-1a is not simply required for the expression of marker genes, but is necessary for generation of Trpm5-microvillous cells. Previous studies have shown that Skn-1a is essential for the generation and/or functional differentiation of chemosensory cells, such as sweet, umami, and bitter taste cells in taste buds and SCCs in nasal epithelium [13, 14]. Both types of chemosensory cells share molecular characteristics of chemoreceptors, intracellular signaling molecules, and physiological functions to detect noxious substances [7, 9, 13, 15]. Although they do not express taste-cell-like signaling molecules except for Trpm5 and ChAT [5, 7, 12], Trpm5-microvillous cells function as chemo- and thermo-sensitive cells by responding to certain chemical or thermal stimuli, and they release acetylcholine to modulate activities of neighboring supporting cells and OSNs [12]. It is intriguing that Skn-1a is commonly critical to generate these chemosensory cells.
There are at least three types of microvillous cell in the MOE [3]: two are Trpm5-microvillous cells, and one is a Trpm5-negative microvillous cell. Our quantitative analyses of the density of superficial cells showed that the reduction in the density of Trpm5-microvillous cells in Skn-1a-/- mice is comparable to the percentage of ChAT/Trpm5-expressing microvillous cells, and that there are residual superficial cells, presumably non-Trpm5-microvillous cells. Currently, the identity of non-Trpm5-microvillous cells is unknown. The MOE, however, has a population of non-Trpm5-microvillous cells, called IP3 receptor type 3-expressing microvillous cells (IP3R3-microvillous cells) that express distinct cell markers, such as TRPC6, IP3R3, and PLC-β2 [2–5]. Double-label immunostaining against IP3R3 showed that immuno-signal of IP3R3 remained in Skn-1a-/- mice, whereas that of Trpm5 was abolished, suggesting that one of remaining superficial microvillous cells in Skn-1a-/- mice would be IP3R3-microvillous cells. (see Additional file 2: Figure S1). These indicate that Skn-1a is involved in the generation of Trpm5-microvillous cells but that its deficiency would not cause loss or expansion of non-Trpm5-microvillous cells; this differs from the case in taste buds, where Skn-1a regulates the fates of type II (sweet, umami, and bitter) and type III (sour) taste cells. In the microvillous cell lineages in the MOE, Skn-1a would not function to determine the lineage between Trpm5- and non-Trpm5-microvillous cells but would promote functional differentiation of Trpm5-microvillous cells. Further analysis of the function of Skn-1a in the olfactory epithelial cell lineages would provide us better understanding on the olfactory epithelial cell lineages.
Conclusions
Here we show that in the MOE, Skn-1a is expressed mainly in Trpm5-expressing microvillous cells and is required for their generation in the MOE. Combined with previous observations, this study shows that Skn-1a is a critical transcription factor for generation and/or functional differentiation of several types of chemosensory cells, that is, sweet, umami, and bitter taste cells, SCCs, and Trpm5-microvillous cells in the nasal and oropharyngeal epithelium. It is possible that Skn-1a could be involved in generation of chemosensory cells in other epithelial tissues, such as brush cells in trachea and intestine. The expression and function of Skn-1a in those cell types will be investigated in future studies to reveal common molecular mechanisms of Skn-1a function in generation of closely related chemosensory cells.
Methods
Mutant mice
Skn-1a/Pou2f3-deficient mice (Skn-1a-/-) and Mash1-deficient mice (Mash1-/-) were generated as described elsewhere [13, 16]. The ChAT(BAC)-eGFP transgenic (ChAT-eGFP) mice were kindly provided by Dr. M. I. Kotlikoff [17]. All mice used in this study were C57BL/6 background, and mutant and wild-type mice/embryos of either sex were used. For embryo staging, midday of the day of the vaginal plug was designated as embryonic day 0.5. The day of birth was designated postnatal day 0. All mouse studies were approved by the institutional animal experiment committees of University of Maryland, Baltimore County, of Monell Chemical Senses Center, and of Tokyo Institute of Technology and were performed in accordance with institutional and governmental guidelines.
In situhybridization
Probes for Skn-1a, Trpm5, Plcb2, Gnat3, Tas1r3, Tas2r105, Tas2r108, Mash1, Ngn1, NeuroD, GAP43, and OMP were prepared as previously described [13, 14, 18]. The MOE was cryosectioned coronally at 10 μm thick. Single- and two-color in situ hybridization was performed according to the method described previously [19, 20]. For two-color in situ hybridization, the tyramide signal amplification-dinitrophenyl system (PerkinElmer) was used. The images were taken on an Olympus BX51 microscope with a DP71 digital CCD camera for bright-field images and a Leica SPE confocal microscope for fluorescent images.
Quantitative analyses
To quantify the number of Skn-1a-, Mash1-, and Trpm5-expressing cells, every 10th coronal section (10 μm thickness) throughout the MOE was collected for in situ hybridization experiments, and the number of positive cells was counted. Experiments were conducted using three mice at P30, and the populations were calculated as the mean value.
Immunohistochemistry
Immunohistochemistry was performed according to a previously described method using coronal cryosections of 10 μm thick [12, 21]. The following primary antibodies and dilutions were used: goat anti-villin antibody (1:50; #sc-7672, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA), rabbit anti-Trpm5 antibody (1:500; #ACC-045, Alomone Labs, Jerusalem, Israel), goat anti-ChAT antibody (1:100; #AP144P, Millipore, Billerica, MA), mouse anti-IP3R3 antibody (1:500; #61312, BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA) with the Vector M.O.M. Immunodetection Kit (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). The following appropriate secondary antibodies were used: Alexa-546-conjugated anti-goat IgG antibody, Alexa-555-conjucated anti-goat IgG antibody (both from Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), and biotin-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody (Vector Laboratories) with streptoavidin-Alexa-488 fluorescence (Invitrogen). We performed antigen-retrieval pretreatments in Target Retrieval Solution, pH 9.0 (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) for 20 min at 80°C. The sections were coverslipped with Vectashield mounting medium with DAPI (Vector Laboratories) or Fluomount-G including DAPI for nuclear staining (Southern Biotechnology, Birmingham, AL).
Quantitative analysis of the microvillous cell density
The density of the microvillous cells and nuclei in the most superficial layer of the MOE, which corresponds to the region above the nucleus layer of the supporting cells, was determined. Olfactory epithelial tissues from ChAT-eGFP control mice, in which ChAT/Trpm5-expressing microvillous cells are found throughout the entire MOE [12], and from Skn-1a-/- mice were prepared as described previously [5, 12], and a pair of noses from ChAT-eGFP and Skn-1a-/- mice, respectively, were embedded side by side in a single block using Tissue-Tek OCT compound (Sakura Finetek, Torrance, CA). Every 20th coronal section (14 μm thickness) throughout the MOE was examined. Images of dorsal recess and septum region of the both sides of MOE in the sections were taken using an epifluorescence microscope (Olympus BX41, 10x objective) equipped with a CCD camera (QImaging Retiga 4000) and reconstituted using the MosaicJ plug-in of NIH Image J software. In the ChAT-eGFP mouse, both GFP-positive (GFP+; ChAT/Trpm5-expressing) microvillous cells and DAPI-stained nuclei in the most superficial layer of the MOE above the nuclei of supporting cells were counted manually. To avoid including supporting cells in the count, we counted only nuclei separated from the supporting cell nucleus layer, regardless the GFP expression. The surface area where the counting was conducted was determined by measuring the epithelial length using NIH Image J multiplied by the thickness of the section (14 μm). The density of both ChAT/Trpm5-expressing GFP+ cells and DAPI-stained nuclei of the MOE superficial layer was calculated using the number of cells or nuclei counted divided by the MOE surface area where the counting was conducted. Similarly, in Skn-1a-/- mouse, DAPI-stained nucleus density of the MOE superficial layer was determined. Data were expressed in number of cells ± SD per mm2, and Student’s t-test was used to determine the statistical significance.
References
Farbman A: Cell Biology of Olfactory Epithelium. 2000, New York: Wiley-Liss, 2
Elsaesser R, Montani G, Tirindelli R, Paysan J: Phosphatidyl-inositide signalling proteins in a novel class of sensory cells in the mammalian olfactory epithelium. Eur J Neurosci. 2005, 21 (10): 2692-2700. 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04108.x.
Hansen A, Finger TE: Is TrpM5 a reliable marker for chemosensory cells? Multiple types of microvillous cells in the main olfactory epithelium of mice. BMC Neurosci. 2008, 9: 115-10.1186/1471-2202-9-115.
Hegg CC, Jia C, Chick WS, Restrepo D, Hansen A: Microvillous cells expressing IP3 receptor type 3 in the olfactory epithelium of mice. Eur J Neurosci. 2010, 32 (10): 1632-1645. 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07449.x.
Lin W, Ezekwe EA, Zhao Z, Liman ER, Restrepo D: TRPM5-expressing microvillous cells in the main olfactory epithelium. BMC Neurosci. 2008, 9: 114-10.1186/1471-2202-9-114.
Lin W, Ogura T, Margolskee RF, Finger TE, Restrepo D: TRPM5-expressing solitary chemosensory cells respond to odorous irritants. J Neurophysiol. 2008, 99 (3): 1451-1460. 10.1152/jn.01195.2007.
Ogura T, Krosnowski K, Zhang L, Bekkerman M, Lin W: Chemoreception regulates chemical access to mouse vomeronasal organ: role of solitary chemosensory cells. PLoS One. 2010, 5 (7): e11924-10.1371/journal.pone.0011924.
Riera CE, Vogel H, Simon SA, Damak S, Le Coutre J: Sensory attributes of complex tasting divalent salts are mediated by TRPM5 and TRPV1 channels. J Neurosci. 2009, 29 (8): 2654-2662. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4694-08.2009.
Tizzano M, Gulbransen BD, Vandenbeuch A, Clapp TR, Herman JP, Sibhatu HM, Churchill ME, Silver WL, Kinnamon SC, Finger TE: Nasal chemosensory cells use bitter taste signaling to detect irritants and bacterial signals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010, 107 (7): 3210-3215. 10.1073/pnas.0911934107.
Zhang Z, Zhao Z, Margolskee R, Liman E: The transduction channel TRPM5 is gated by intracellular calcium in taste cells. J Neurosci. 2007, 27 (21): 5777-5786. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4973-06.2007.
Talavera K, Yasumatsu K, Voets T, Droogmans G, Shigemura N, Ninomiya Y, Margolskee RF, Nilius B: Heat activation of TRPM5 underlies thermal sensitivity of sweet taste. Nature. 2005, 438 (7070): 1022-1025. 10.1038/nature04248.
Ogura T, Szebenyi SA, Krosnowski K, Sathyanesan A, Jackson J, Lin W: Cholinergic microvillous cells in the mouse main olfactory epithelium and effect of acetylcholine on olfactory sensory neurons and supporting cells. J Neurophysiol. 2011, 106 (3): 1274-1287. 10.1152/jn.00186.2011.
Matsumoto I, Ohmoto M, Narukawa M, Yoshihara Y, Abe K: Skn-1a (Pou2f3) specifies taste receptor cell lineage. Nat Nneurosci. 2011, 14 (6): 685-687. 10.1038/nn.2820.
Ohmoto M, Yamaguchi T, Yamashita J, Bachmanov AA, Hirota J, Matsumoto I: Pou2f3/Skn-1a is necessary for the generation or differentiation of solitary chemosensory cells in the anterior nasal cavity. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2013, 77 (10): 2154-2156. 10.1271/bbb.130454.
Finger TE, Bottger B, Hansen A, Anderson KT, Alimohammadi H, Silver WL: Solitary chemoreceptor cells in the nasal cavity serve as sentinels of respiration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003, 100 (15): 8981-8986. 10.1073/pnas.1531172100.
Guillemot F, Lo LC, Johnson JE, Auerbach A, Anderson DJ, Joyner AL: Mammalian achaete-scute homolog 1 is required for the early development of olfactory and autonomic neurons. Cell. 1993, 75 (3): 463-476. 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90381-Y.
Tallini YN, Shui B, Greene KS, Deng KY, Doran R, Fisher PJ, Zipfel W, Kotlikoff MI: BAC transgenic mice express enhanced green fluorescent protein in central and peripheral cholinergic neurons. Physiol Genomics. 2006, 27 (3): 391-397. 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00092.2006.
Hirota J, Mombaerts P: The LIM-homeodomain protein Lhx2 is required for complete development of mouse olfactory sensory neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004, 101 (23): 8751-8755. 10.1073/pnas.0400940101.
Ishii T, Hirota J, Mombaerts P: Combinatorial coexpression of neural and immune multigene families in mouse vomeronasal sensory neurons. Curr Biol. 2003, 13 (5): 394-400. 10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00092-7.
Ishii T, Omura M, Mombaerts P: Protocols for two- and three-color fluorescent RNA in situ hybridization of the main and accessory olfactory epithelia in mouse. J Neurocytol. 2004, 33 (6): 657-669. 10.1007/s11068-005-3334-y.
Hirota J, Omura M, Mombaerts P: Differential impact of Lhx2 deficiency on expression of class I and class II odorant receptor genes in mouse. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2007, 34 (4): 679-688. 10.1016/j.mcn.2007.01.014.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported in part by grant support from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan, a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) (20570208 to JH), the Mishima Kaiun Memorial Foundation and Yamazaki Spice Promotion Foundation to JH, and NIH grants DC009269 and DC012831 to W Lin, DC00882 to AAB, and DC011143 to IM. Parts of the histochemical analyses were performed at the Monell Histology and Cellular Localization Core, which is supported, in part, by funding from NIH Core Grant P30DC011735 (to Robert F. Margolskee, Monell Chemical Senses Center). MO was a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Postdoctoral Fellow for Research Abroad.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
WL, IM, and JH designed and performed the research. TY, JY, MO, and AB performed in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. IA, TO, and W Luo performed quantitative analysis of the cell density. W Lin, IM, and JH wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Tatsuya Yamaguchi, Junpei Yamashita, Makoto Ohmoto contributed equally to this work.
Electronic supplementary material
12868_2013_3467_MOESM1_ESM.pdf
Additional file 1: Table S1: Summary of the quantification of Skn-1a-, Trpm5-, and Mash1-expressing cells in the MOE. The populations of Skn-1a-, Trpm5-, and Mash1-expressing cells in the MOE were quantified by in situ hybridization. This table summarizes the total numbers of cells counted in individual mice to calculate the populations in Figure 2D and E. (PDF 51 KB)
12868_2013_3467_MOESM2_ESM.pdf
Additional file 2: Figure S1: IP3R3 -positive microvillous cells remained in the Skn-1a-/- MOE. Effects of Skn-1a deficiency on IP3R3 -positive microvillous cells were examined by immunostaining with an anti-Trpm5 (green) and an anti-IP3R3 (red) antibodies using coronal sections of the wild-type and Skn-1a-/- MOE of adult mice. Trpm5-positive cells did not overlap with IP3R3-positive cells in the wild-type MOE. In the Skn-1a-/- MOE, IP3R3-positive cells were observed, whereas no immunoreactive signal for Trpm5 was detected, suggesting that one of remaining superficial microvillous cells in the Skn-1a-/- MOE would be IP3R3-microvillous cells, and Skn-1a is not essential to generate them. Scale bars, 10 μm. (PDF 1 MB)
Authors’ original submitted files for images
Below are the links to the authors’ original submitted files for images.
Rights and permissions
This article is published under an open access license. Please check the 'Copyright Information' section either on this page or in the PDF for details of this license and what re-use is permitted. If your intended use exceeds what is permitted by the license or if you are unable to locate the licence and re-use information, please contact the Rights and Permissions team.
About this article
Cite this article
Yamaguchi, T., Yamashita, J., Ohmoto, M. et al. Skn-1a/Pou2f3 is required for the generation of Trpm5-expressing microvillous cells in the mouse main olfactory epithelium. BMC Neurosci 15, 13 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-15-13
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-15-13