Abstract
Species diversity is commonly hypothesized to result from trade-offs for different limiting resources, providing separate niches for coexisting species1–4. As soil nutrients occur in multiple chemical forms, plant differences in acquisition of the same element derived from different compounds may represent unique niche dimensions5,6. Because plant productivity of ecosystems is often limited by phosphorus7, and because plants have evolved diverse adaptations to acquire soil phosphorus6,8, a promising yet untested hypothesis is phosphorus resource partitioning6,9,10. Here, we provided two different chemical forms of phosphorus to sown grassland mesocosms to investigate phosphorus acquisition of eight plant species that are common in European grasslands, and to identify subsequent patterns of plant abundance. For the first time, we show that the relative abundance of grassland plant species can be influenced by soil phosphorus forms, as higher abundance was linked to higher acquisition of a specific form of phosphorus. These results were supported by a subsequent isotope dilution experiment using intact grassland sods that were treated with different inorganic or organic phosphorus forms. Here, 5 out of 14 species showed greater phosphorus acquisition in the inorganic phosphorus treatment, and 4 in the organic phosphorus treatments. Furthermore, for the species used in both experiments we found similar acquisition patterns. Our results support the hypothesis of phosphorus resource partitioning and may provide a new mechanistic framework to explain high plant diversity in phosphorus-poor ecosystems6,11–13. As world biodiversity hotspots are almost invariably related to phosphorus limitation8,11,12, our results may thus also be key to understanding biodiversity loss in an era of ever-increasing nutrient enrichment14.
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Acknowledgements
We thank A. Waterkeyn, A. Geerts and P. Deschepper for their help with developing the figures. Finally, we thank P. Verwilt and M. Van Geel for their technical and statistical assistance. T.C. and J.B. are supported as postdoctoral and doctoral researcher respectively by the Flemish Fund for Scientific Research (Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, FWO-Vlaanderen).
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O.H. directed the project and contributed to the data analyses. S.B., J.B., E.S. and P.B. designed and directed the second experiment. K.V.A. carried out both experiments. G.P. carried out the second experiment and performed laboratory analyses of the second experiment. J.B., K.C., S.B., P.B. and E.S. helped to carry out the second experiment and directed its laboratory and data analyses. S.H. gave revision input on the first experiment. T.C. conceived and designed the project, carried out all experiments, performed all data analyses and drafted the manuscript. All authors contributed to editing the drafted manuscript.
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Supplementary Figures 1 and 2, Supplementary Tables 1–4. (PDF 626 kb)
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Ceulemans, T., Bodé, S., Bollyn, J. et al. Phosphorus resource partitioning shapes phosphorus acquisition and plant species abundance in grasslands. Nature Plants 3, 16224 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2016.224
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2016.224
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