Abstract
A through scale investigation of a porosity shape and morphology after sintering of the Distalloy AB powder is the goal of the paper. First, the classical two dimensional analysis of porosity geometrical aspects is presented with the use of the systematic scanning technique (SST) and the light microscopy (LM). Then, a three dimensional investigation is realized with the non-destructive computed tomography (CT) technique. Advantages and limitations of the approach are evaluated within the work. Finally, to investigate small pores which are beyond the computed tomography resolution, the destructive serial sectioning technique was applied. The developed three dimensional reconstruction algorithm of two dimensional images of obtained cross sections is also presented. Finally, an example of possible practical application of obtained three dimensional digital representation of porosity in sintered samples, during the finite element (FE) modelling of deformation conditions is presented.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
X.P. Qin, L. Hua, Deformation and strengthening of sintered ferrous material, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 187–188 (2007) 694–697.
N. Chawla, X. Deng, Microstructure and mechanical behavior of porous sintered steels, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 390 (2005) 98–112.
J. Segurado, E. Parteder A.F. Plankensteiner, H.J. Böhm, Micromechanical studies of the densification of porous molybdenum, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 333 (2002) 270–278.
N. Bilger, F. Auslender, M. Bornert, J.-C. Michel, H. Moulinec, P. Suquet, A. Zaoui, Effect of a nonuniform distribution of voids on the plastic response of voided materials: a computational and statistical analysis, Int. J. Solids Struct. 42 (2005) 517–538.
C. Soyarslan, C. Bargman M. Pradas, J. Weissmüller, 3D stochastic bicontinuous microstructures: generation, topology and elasticity, Acta Mater. 149 (2018) 326–340.
F. Fritzen, S. Forest, T. Böhkle, D. Kondo, T. Kanit, Computational homogenization of elasto-plastic porous metals, Int. J. Plast. 29 (2012) 102–119.
S. Bargmann, B. Klusemann, J. Markmann, J.E. Schnabel, K. Schneider, C. Soyarslan, J. Wilmers, Generation of 3D representative volume elements for heterogeneous materials: a review, Prog. Mater Sci. (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2018.02.
L. Madej, Digital/virtual microstructures in application to metals engineering – a review, Arch. Civil Mech. Eng. 17 (2017) 839–854.
L. Rauch, L. Madej, Application of the automatic image processing in modelling of the deformation mechanisms based on the digital representation of microstructure, Int. J. Multiscale Comput. Eng. 8 (2010) 343–356.
W. Kayser, A. Bezold, C. Broeckmann, EBSD-based FEM simulation of residual stresses in a WC6wt.-%Co hardmetal, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 73 (2018) 139–145.
Y. Hou, T. Sapanathan, A. Dumon, P. Culiere, M. Rachik, A novel artificial dual-phase microstructure generator based on topology optimization, Comput. Mater. Sci. 123 (2016) 188– 200.
G.J. Schmitz, U. Prahl, Handbook of Software Solutions for ICME, Wiley-VCH, 2016.
L. Wojnar, K.J. Kurzydlowski, J. Szala, Quantitative image analysis, ASM Handbook Metallography and Microstructures, vol. 9, 2004, pp. 403–427.
J. Szala, J. Cwajna, A. Wisniewski, The systematic scanning and variance analysis method for the evaluation of particles distribution, Acta Stereol. 8 (2) (1989) 237–242.
J. Chraponski, M. Malinski, J. Szala, J. Cwajna, FGM structure characterization by distance functions and systematic scanning method, Mater. Sci. Forum 567–568 (2007) 153–156.
G. Nicoletto, G. Anzoletti R. Konecna, X-ray computed tomography vs. metallography for Pore sizing and fatigue of cast al-alloys, Procedia Eng. 2 (2010) 547–554.
A. du Plessis, P. Rossouw X-ray computed tomography of a titanium aerospace investment casting, Case Stud. Nondestruct. Test. Eval. 3 (2015) 21–26.
M. Blackledge, D. Collins, D. Koh, M. Leach, Rapid development of image analysis research tools: bridging the gap between researcher and clinician with pyOsiriX, Comput. Biol. Med. 69 (2016) 203–212.
N. Otsu, A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms IEEE Trans. Syst. Man, Cybern. 9 (1979) 62–66.
L. Madej, M. Mojzeszo, J. Chraponski, S. Roskosz, J. Cwajna, Digital material representation model of porous microstructure based on 3D reconstruction algorithm, Arch. Metall. Mater. 62 (2017) 563–569.
C. Bond, An Efficient and Versatile Flood Fill Algorithm for Raster Scan Displays, Notes from www.crbond.com2011.
M. Madej, F. Kruzel, P. Cybulka, K. Perzynski, K. Banas, Generation of dedicated finite element meshes for multiscale applications with delaunay triangulation and adaptive finite element – cellular automata algorithms, Comput. Methods Mater. Sci. 12 (2012) 85–96.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
www.msm.agh.edu.pl
www.inom.polsl.pl
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Madej, L., Legwand, A., Mojzeszko, M. et al. Experimental and numerical two- and three-dimensional investigation of porosity morphology of the sintered metallic material. Archiv.Civ.Mech.Eng 18, 1520–1534 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2018.06.007
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2018.06.007