Abstract
Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer on earth. Due to its excellent physical and biological traits, particularly its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low cytotoxicity, it has become promising material for biomedical applications. Moreover, cellulose-based hydrogels are the best-suited for biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility and ability to be controllably molded into different shapes. Therefore, in recent years, a significant amount of research has been focused on preparing cellulose-based materials such as cellulose hydrogels with different morphologies and functional groups. Among the various methods used to prepare cellulose-based hydrogels, three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has been used to generate these materials for drug delivery, tissue engineering, and scaffolds due to the customizability of their complex morphology. To date, many studies have been published on the important aspects of the bioprinting of cellulose-based hydrogels; however, despite an increasing amount of research in this area, various issues still exist that prevent their advanced applications. In addition, cellulose exists in various forms and, depending on its type, exhibits unique physical and rheological properties. It is, therefore, meaningful to fabricate advanced cellulose-based hydrogels only when the properties of the cellulose derivatives are well understood. In this review, the emerging approaches of the design and fabrication of advanced cellulose-based biomaterials (i.e., cellulose nanocrystals, cellulose nanofibrils, and bacterial nanocellulose) are discussed, as well as their roles in traditional and emerging (3D bioprinting) biomedical fields, mainly in drug delivery, wound dressings, tissue engineering, and scaffold applications.
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Abbreviations
- AA:
-
acrylic acid
- APS:
-
ammonium persulfate
- BNC:
-
bacterial cellulose
- BNC/COL:
-
collagen-based bacterial nanocellulose
- BCNC:
-
bacterial cellulose nanocrystals
- BCNF:
-
bacterial cellulose nanofibers
- BNCT:
-
thymol bacterial nanocellulose
- bFGF:
-
fibroblast growth factor
- BSA:
-
bovine serum albumin
- cCNC:
-
carboxylate cellulose nanocrystals
- CCNC:
-
cationic cellulose nanocrystals
- CHO-CNC:
-
aldehyde-based cellulose nanocrystals
- CMC:
-
carboxymethyl cellulose
- CNC:
-
cellulose nanocrystals
- CNF:
-
cellulose nanofibrils
- CS:
-
chitosan
- chCNFs:
-
chitin nanofibers
- DOPA:
-
dopamine
- ECMS:
-
extracellular matrix system
- ENS:
-
enteric nervous system
- G:
-
graphene
- GelMa:
-
gelatin methacrylamide
- GGM:
-
galactoglucomannan
- GMs:
-
gelatin microspheres
- GO:
-
oxidized graphene
- HA:
-
hydrogel alone
- HAP:
-
hydroxyapatite
- HC:
-
hydrogel filled with cells
- HEMA:
-
2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate
- HIPE:
-
high internal phase emulsion
- hNC:
-
human nasal chondrocytes
- IBU:
-
ibuprofen
- LbL:
-
layer-by-layer
- m(BNC):
-
microstructured bacterial nanocellulose
- MDI:
-
methylene diphenyl diisocyanate
- MNPs:
-
metal nanoparticles
- MONPs:
-
metal oxide nanoparticles
- PAA:
-
poly(acrylic acid)
- PAAm:
-
polyacrylamide
- PBS:
-
phosphate-buffered saline
- PDA:
-
phenylenediamine
- PEG:
-
polyethylene glycol
- PEGDA:
-
poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate
- PHEMA:
-
poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)
- PNIPAAM:
-
poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide)
- PMVEMA:
-
poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic acid)
- rGO:
-
reduced graphene oxide
- SA:
-
sodium alginate
- Semi-IPN:
-
semi-interpenetrating network
- SF:
-
silk fibroin
- SL:
-
stereolithography
- SMCs:
-
soft muscle cells
- SS:
-
silk sericin
- TEA:
-
triethylamine
- TEMED:
-
N, N, N′, N′-tetramethylethylenediamine
- TEMPO:
-
(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl) oxyl
- TiO2 :
-
titanium dioxide
- UPy:
-
2-ureido-4[1H] pyrimidinone
- Xls:
-
laponite mono clay
- XyG, XG:
-
xyloglucan
- ZnO:
-
zinc oxide
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Acknowledgements
The authors are very grateful for financial support from the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy of the Republic of Korea (20014762) and the National Research Foundation of Korea (Grant No. 20201I1A304491).
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In Woo Cheong obtained B.S., M.S., and Ph.D degree in Chem. Eng. at Yonsei Univ., Korea, in 1995, 1997, and 2001, respectively. From 2002 to 2004, he was a postdoctoral fellow at Sydney University and Yonsei University. He joined Kyungpook National University (KNU) in 2005 and is currently a professor in Dept. Appl. Chem. in KNU. He published more than 150 papers and 30 international and domestic patents. He is also the Chief Editor of J. Adhes. Interface (2020. 1.∼ present) and has been recognized with several awards including Best Lecture Awards (KNU, 2008, 2010), Excellent Researcher (KNU, JCR 5% - 2018, 2021), and Best Lecture Award (KSEE, 2020).
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Saddique, A., Cheong, I.W. Recent advances in three-dimensional bioprinted nanocellulose-based hydrogel scaffolds for biomedical applications. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 38, 2171–2194 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-021-0926-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-021-0926-x