Abstract
The effects of aging treatments on the tensile properties and compressive behavior of a thin-walled 6005 aluminum alloy tube were studied. Samples after three natural aging (NA) conditions were subsequently aged at 180 °C for 0.5–12.0 h artificial aging (AA). Tensile and compressive tests were performed after AA. The results show that for samples with the same NA, the longer the AA time is, the higher the strengths alloy owns, and at the same time the material shows a much lower elongation and faster process from plastic deformation to fracture. However, with NA prolonging, the alloy exhibits much better plastic deformation ability after AA, though its strength is decreased. The major cause of strength and plasticity variation induced by changing NA time is that the size of the main strengthening β″ precipitates is larger and the density is lower. This character is evaluated by the strain hardening exponent n. Compressive results show that the optimum energy absorption characteristics can be acquired at a moderate n (14<n<17). Large n (n⩾ 18) results in the fracture of tube during axial compression while low n (n⩽13) causes lower energy absorption.
摘要
本文研究了不同时效处理对6005铝合金薄壁管拉伸和压缩性能的影响. 薄壁管样品经过三种不 同自然时效后, 在180 °C 下人工时效0.5–12.0 h, 随后进行拉伸和压缩试验. 结果表明: 在相同自然时 效条件下, 人工时效时间越长, 合金强度越高, 同时其伸长率越低, 且从塑性变形到开裂的过程越快;而 随着自然时效时间的延长, 合金在人工时效后的强度降低, 但其具有更好的塑性变形能力. 由自然时 效变化引起的合金强度和塑性的改变, 主要是因为随着自然时效时间的延长, 主要的强化相 β″相的尺 寸更大、 密度更低. 此种特征可由应变硬化指数n 进行表征. 同时,压缩试验结果表明, 当14<n<17 时, 薄壁管的吸能最优;当n⩾18 时, 压缩过程中薄壁管发生开裂;而当n⩽14时, 薄壁管的吸能较少.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
ZHOU Cai-hua, WANG Bo, MA Jia-yao, YOU Zhong. Dynamic axial crushing of origami crash boxes [J]. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 2016, 118: 1–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2016.09.001.
LIU Zhi-wen, LI Luo-xing, YI Jie, LI Shi-kang, WANG Zhen-hu, WANG Guan. Influence of heat treatment conditions on bending characteristics of 6063 aluminum alloy sheets [J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2017, 27: 1498–1506. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(17)60170-5.
MAISONNETTE D, SUERY M, NELIAS D, CHAUDET P, EPICIER T. Effects of heat treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a 6061 aluminium alloy [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2011, 528: 2718–2724. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.12.011.
HIROSAWA S, SATO T. Nano-scale clusters formed in the early stage of phase decomposition of Al−Mg−Si alloys [J]. Materials Science Forum, 2005, 475–479: 357–360. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.475-479.357.
YU Wan-yu, HE Hong, ZHANG Wen-kang, LI Luo-xing, SUN Chao-rong. Modulation of the natural aging effect on subsequent artificial aging in Al − Mg − Si aluminum alloys with alloying content ∼1 wt% through temperature tuning [J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2020, 814: 152277. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152277.
POGATSCHER S, ANTREKOWITSCH R, LEITNER H, EBNER T, UGGOWITZER P J. Mechanisms controlling the artificial aging of Al − Mg − Si alloys [J]. Acta Materialia, 2011, 59: 3352–3363. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2011.02.010.
GRANUM R, MYHR O R, BΦRBIK T, HOPPERSTAD O S. Nanostructure-based finite element analyses of aluminium profiles subjected to quasi-static axial crushing [J]. Thin-Walled Structures, 2018, 131: 769–781. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2018.07.034.
ESMAEILI S, LLOYD D J, POOLE W J. Modeling of precipitation hardening for the naturally aged Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy AA6111 [J]. Acta Materialia, 2003, 51: 3467–3481. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(03)00167-8.
MARIOARA C D, ANDERSEN S J, JANSEN J, ZANDBERGEN H W. The influence of temperature and storage time at RT on nucleation of the β″ phase in a 6082 Al−Mg−Si alloy [J]. Acta Materialia, 2003, 51: 789–796. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(02)00470-6.
POGATSCHER S, ANTREKOWITSCH H, LEITNER H, SOLOGUBENKO A S, UGGOWITZER P J. Influence of the thermal route on the peak-aged microstructures in an Al−Mg−Si aluminum alloy [J]. Scripta Materialia, 2013, 68: 158–161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.10.006.
ESMAEILI S, VAUMOUSSE D, ZANDBERGEN M W, POOLE W J, CEREZO A, LLOYD D J. A study on the early-stage decomposition in the Al − Mg − Si − Cu alloy AA6111 by electrical resistivity and three-dimensional atom probe [J]. Philosophical Magazine, 2007, 87: 3797–3816. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786430701408312.
ESMAEILI S. Effect of composition on clustering reactions in AlMgSi(Cu) alloys [J]. Scripta Materialia, 2004, 50: 155–158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2003.08.030.
VAUMOUSSE D, CEREZO A, WARREN P J, COURT S A. An atom probe study of fine scale structure in AlMgSi(Cu) alloys [J]. Materials Science Forum, 2002, 396–402: 693–698. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.396-402.693.
HOANG N H, HOPPERSTAD O S, MYHR O R, MARIOARA C, LANGSETH M. An improved nano-scale material model applied in axial-crushing analyses of square hollow section aluminium profiles [J]. Thin-Walled Structures, 2015, 92: 93–103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2015.02.013.
EMGLER O, SCHÄFER C, MYHR O R. Effect of natural ageing and pre-straining on strength and anisotropy in aluminium alloy AA 6016 [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2015, 639: 65–74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.04.097.
LANGSETH M, HOPPERSTAD O S, HANSSEN A G. Crash behaviour of thin-walled aluminium members [J]. Thin-Walled Structure, 1998, 32: 127–150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S02638231(98)00030-5.
ZHANG Xiong, CHENG Geng-dong, ZHANG Hui. Theoretical prediction and numerical simulation of multi-cell square thin-walled structures [J]. Thin-Walled Structures, 2006, 44: 1185–1191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2006.09.002.
SUN Hong-tu, WANG Jian, SHEN Guo-zhe, HU Ping. Energy absorption of aluminum alloy thin-walled tubes under axial impact [J]. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 2016, 30: 3105–3111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-016-0619-2.
COSTAS M, MORIN D, LANGSETH M, ROMERA L, DIAZ J. Axial crushing of aluminum extrusions filled with PET foam and GFRP: An experimental investigation [J]. Thin-Walled Structures, 2016, 99: 45–57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2015.11.003.
COSTAS M, MORIN D, LANGSETH M, ROMERA L, DIAZ J, ROMERA L. Static crushing of aluminium tubes filled with PET foam and a GFRP skeleton: Numerical modelling and multiobjective optimization [J]. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 2017, 131–132: 205–217. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2017.07.004.
FARSHIDI M H. Effect of aging treatment on the crushing behavior of aluminum 6061 alloy tube [J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications, 2014, 229: 389–397. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464420714524931.
CUNIBERTI A, TOLLEY, RIGLOS M V C, GIOVACHINI G. Influence of natural aging on the precipitation hardening of an AlMgSi alloy [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2010, 527: 5307–5311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.05.003.
LI Hui, LIU Wen-qing. Nanoprecipitates and their strengthening behavior in Al−Mg−Si alloy during the aging process [J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2017, 48: 1990–1998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-017-3955-7.
MARTINSEN F A, EHLERS F J H, TORSAETER M, HOLMESTAD R. Reversal of the negative natural aging effect in Al−Mg−Si alloys [J]. Acta Materialia, 2012, 60: 6091–6101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2012.07.047.
TAO G H, LIU C H, CHEN J H, LAI Y X, MA P P, LIU L M. The influence of Mg/Si ratio on the negative natural aging effect in Al−Mg−Si−Cu alloys [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2015, 642: 241–248. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.06.090.
SERIZAWA A, HIROSAWA I, SATO T. 3DAP characterization and thermal stability of nano-scale clusters in Al-Mg-Si alloys [J]. Materials Science Forum, 2006, 519–521: 245–250. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.519-521.245.
MURAYAMA M, HONO K, SAGA M, KIKUCHI M. Atom probe studies on the early stages of precipitation in Al−Mg−Si alloys [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 1998, 250: 127–132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(98)00548-6.
ZUROB H S, SEYEDREZAI H. A model for the growth of solute clusters based on vacancy trapping [J]. Scripta Materialia, 2009, 61: 141–144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2009.03.025.
EHLERS F J H, WENNER S, ANDERSEN S J, MARIOARA C D, LEFEBVRE W, BOOTHROYD C B, HOLMESTAD R. Phase stabilization principle and precipitate-host lattice influences for Al−Mg−Si−Cu alloy precipitates [J]. Journal of Materials Science, 2014, 49: 6413–6426. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-014-8371-4.
DADBAKHSH S, KARIMI TAHERI A, SMITH C W. Strengthening study on 6082 Al alloy after combination of aging treatment and ECAP process [J]. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2010, 527: 4758–4766. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.04.017.
MOSTAGHEL N, BYRD R A. Inversion of Ramberg-Osgood equation and description of hysteresis loops [J]. International Journal of Non-linear Mechanics, 2002, 37: 1319–1335. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7462(02)00025-2.
SHARIFI S, SHAKERI M, FAKHARI H E, BODAGHI M. Experimental investigation of bitubal circular energy absorbers under quasi-static axial load [J]. Thin-Walled Structures, 2015, 89: 42–53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2014.12.008.
ESMAEILI S, LLOYD D. Modeling of precipitation hardening in pre-aged AlMgSi(Cu) alloys [J]. Acta Materialia, 2005, 53: 5257–5271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2005.08.006.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Foundation item
Project(2019JJ50054) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China; Projects(51975201, U1664252) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
Contributors
LI Luo-xing provided the concept and edited the draft of manuscript. HE Hong completed the experiment together and edited the draft of manuscript. ZHANG Long completed the experiment, conducted the literature review and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. LI Ke provided the experimental settings.
Conflict of interest
ZHANG Long, LI Ke, HE Hong and LI Luo-xing declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, L., Li, K., He, H. et al. Influence of prolonged natural aging followed by artificial aging on tensile properties and compressive behavior of a thin-walled 6005 aluminum alloy tube. J. Cent. South Univ. 28, 2647–2659 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-021-4799-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-021-4799-2